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SEMA Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de fizik ve fizik ötesi boyutuyla gök için kullanılan bir kelime.
Sözlükte “yükseklik” anlamında bir isim olup sümüv (semâ) kökünden türemiştir (çoğulu semâvât); “gök, bulut, yüksekte olan her şey, evin tavanı, yağmur, atın sırtı” gibi mânalara da gelir. Daha çok “gökyüzü” anlamıyla zikredilen semâ yerine göre müzekker (el-Müzzemmil 73/18) ve müennes (Fussılet 41/11), yerine göre müfred (Fussılet 41/11) ve cemi (el-Bakara 2/29) şeklinde kullanılmıştır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “smv” md.). İslâm düşüncesinde varlık ve kâinat tasavvurunun bir parçası olarak sema kelimesinin biri fizikî, diğeri fizik ötesi iki anlamından söz edilir. Yeryüzünün herhangi bir noktasından yukarıya doğru bakıldığında uzaydaki gök cisimleri dahil görülen bütün uzaklıklar semanın kozmoloji, astronomi ve astrofizik gibi ilimlerin konusunu teşkil eden fizikî boyutunu oluşturur (bk. FELEK). Kur’an’da daha çok “yedi gök” şeklinde kelimenin çoğul kullanımlarında veya mi‘rac gibi bazı olaylara değinen hadislerde semanın, mahiyeti tam olarak bilinemeyen gayb âlemine ilişkin fizik ötesi boyutundan söz edilir ve bu boyutuyla sema farklı din ve kültürlerde de yer alır. Bu anlamda semalardan sonra kürsî ve arş gibi melekût âleminin diğer varlıkları gelir (ayrıca bk. ÂLEM; BEYTÜLİZZE). Kur’an’da tekil olarak 120, çoğul olarak 190 yerde geçen sema (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “smv” md.), hadislerde de aynı anlamlarda ve özellikle metafizik boyuta dair tasvirlerle birlikte zikredilir (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem, “smv” md.).
Yaratılışı. Kur’an semaların yoktan mı var edildiğini yoksa bir özden veya cevherden mi oluşturulduğunu açıklamaz. Arş su üstünde iken semaların ve arzın yaratıldığının (Hûd 11/7) ve semaların vaktiyle duhân (duman) halinde olduğunun (Fussılet 41/11) bildirilmesi göklerin bir çeşit dumandan (buhar) yaratıldığı izlenimini uyandırmaktadır. Ayrıca göklerle yerin birleşik iken ayrıldığından ve hayat sahibi olan her şeyin sudan yaratıldığından bahsedilmesi (el-Enbiyâ 21/30) göklerin arşın altındaki suyun dumanından yaratılmış olabileceğini hatıra getirmekte ve Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’dan buna dair bir rivayet nakledilmekteyse de (Taberî, I, 462) semaların ve arzın yaratılışının Kur’an’da “haleka” (yarattı) (el-En‘âm 6/1), “fetara” (yok iken var etti) (el-En‘âm 6/79) ve “bedea” (eşsiz olarak yarattı) (el-En‘âm 6/101) gibi fiillerle ifade edilmesi onların yoktan var edildiğini düşündürmektedir. Bazı filozofların iddia ettiği âlemin kadîm olduğu görüşü İslâm âlimleri tarafından kabul görmemiştir (Gazzâlî, s. 22 vd.).
Kur’an’da semaların yaratılışının bir süreç takip ettiği, sürecin sırası kesin belirtilmemekle birlikte önceleri semalarla arzın (muhtemelen gaz kütlesi halinde) birleşik olduğu, sonra ayrıldığı (el-Enbiyâ 21/30), ayrıldıktan sonra duhândan semaların oluşturulduğu (Fussılet 41/11) anlaşılmaktadır. Semaların ve arzın ayrı ayrı kendi arasında bitişik olduğu, Allah’ın semaları da arzı da ayrı ayrı yedi kat haline getirdiği, ayrıca göklerin birbirine yapışık olup yağmur yağdırmadığı, arzın da birbirine birleşik olup bitki bitirmediği” şeklinde bazı müfessirler tarafından değişik yorumlar yapılmakla birlikte genel görüş “semalarla arzın tek bir kütle halinde bitişik olduğu, Allah’ın onları sonradan parçalara ayırdığı ve her birini yedi tabakaya böldüğü şeklindedir. Semanın bütünden ayrılış safhasındaki duhân hali, genel olarak “duman, buhar, gaz kütlesi, karanlık, hidrojen, nebula, plazma” gibi kelimelerle açıklanmış ve semaların bu safhadan sonra iki günde / aşamada yaratıldığı belirtilmiştir. Konuya modern bilim açısından yaklaşan müfessirler ise özetle şu görüşleri dile getirirler: Uzaydaki cisimler vaktiyle gaz kütlesi halinde (nebula) olup merkezî çekim sebebiyle büzüşmüş, çeşitli bölgelerde yoğunlaşan bu gaz kütlesinden küreler halinde parçalar koparak uzayın boşluğuna savrulmuş, merkezî çekim sebebiyle dönmeye, uzayın soğukluğu sebebiyle de soğumaya yüz tutmuştur. Bu dönüş sırasında yoğunlaşan ana kütleden bazı parçalar kopmuş ve ana kütlenin etrafında dönmeye başlamıştır. Neticede tek bir kütle, galaksi ve güneş sistemlerine, bunlardan da gezegen, yıldız ve onların uydularına dönüşmüş, nihayet güneşin uydusu olan arzın da içinde bulunduğu gezegenler iyice soğuyarak bugünkü şeklini almıştır (İbn Âşûr, XVII, 55-56; Ateş, VIII, 127).
Kur’an’da birçok âyette açıkça semalarla arzın altı günde yaratıldığı bildirilmekte, bazı âyetlerde ise arzın iki günde yaratıldığı, dört günde üzerinde dağların meydana getirildiği ve orada canlıların rızıklarının programlandığı haber verilmekte, ayrıca semaların yaratılışının iki günde tamamlandığı beyan edilmektedir (Fussılet 41/9-12). Buna göre semalarla arzın yaratılışı toplam sekiz günde gerçekleşmiş olmaktadır. Halbuki başka âyetlerde defalarca zikredildiği için (Hûd 11/7; el-Hadîd 57/4) her ikisinin yaratılışının altı günde olduğunda şüphe bulunmamaktadır. Müfessirler çelişki gibi görünen bu durumu sözü edilen dört gün içinde arzın yaratıldığı iki günün de bulunduğunu belirterek açıklamış, arzın toplam dört günde, semanın da iki günde yaratıldığını zikretmiştir. Burada geçen “yevm” (gün) kelimesi gerek semalar ve arzın henüz yeni oluşmaya başlaması, gerekse Kur’an’da bu kelimenin izâfî olarak kullanılması sebebiyle (el-Hac 22/47; es-Secde 32/5 âyetlerinde Allah katında bir gün 1000 yıl, el-Meâric 70/4 âyetinde ise 50.000 yıl olarak geçmektedir) yirmi dört saatlik zaman dilimi şeklinde kabul edilmemiş, mahiyeti kapalı “safha, evre, zaman dilimi” olarak anlaşılmıştır. Haftanın günlerinden perşembe günü semanın, cuma günü de yıldızların, güneşin, ayın ve meleklerin yaratıldığı şeklinde bir hadis de nakledilmiştir (Râzî, XXVII, 95).
Müfessirler semanın mı yoksa arzın mı önce yaratıldığını uzun uzadıya tartışmış, bir kısmı Bakara 29 ve Fussılet 9-12. âyetlerine göre arzın önce yaratılmış olduğunu, çoğunluk ise birçok âyette semaların yaratılışının arzdan önce zikredilmesine, Nâziât sûresinde (âyet 27-33) arzın semanın yaratılışından sonra yaşanabilir hale getirildiğinin ifade edilmesine dayanarak önce semanın, ardından arzın yaratıldığını kabul etmiştir. Semalarla arzın başlangıçta birleşik iken sonradan ayrıldığını beyan eden âyete göre (el-Enbiyâ 21/30) her ikisinin önceleri tek bir kütle olduğu, dolayısıyla yaratılışlarının birlikte başladığı, ayrıldıktan sonra önce arzın yaratılmaya başlandığı, sonra semaya geçildiği, semanın yedi gök olarak bütünüyle tanzim edildiği (el-Bakara 2/29; Fussılet 41/9-10), ardından arzın insanın yaşamasına uygun hale getirildiği (en-Nâziât 79/27-33) anlaşılmaktadır. Bazı âyetlerde semanın genişletilmesinden söz edilmesi (ez-Zâriyât 51/47) “Allah’ın büyük kudret sahibi olması, hiçbir şeye muhtaç bulunmaması, darda kalanlara yardım etmesi”, modern fizikteki genişleme teorisine göre de yaratılışından beri evrenin ve uzaydaki cisimlerin git gide genişlemesi, aralarındaki mesafenin uzaması şeklinde izah edilmiştir (Musaoğlu, s. 37).
Yedi kat oluşu. Birçok âyette Allah’ın semaları yedi kat olarak yarattığı haber verilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/29; Fussılet 41/12; el-Mülk 67/3). “O öyle bir Allah’tır ki yedi kat semayı tabaka tabaka yarattı” âyetindeki (el-Mülk 67/3) “tıbâkan” (tabaka tabaka) ifadesi, “Üzerinizde yedi yol yarattık” âyetindeki (el-Mü’minûn 23/17) “seb‘a tarâik” (yedi yol) terkibi ve, “Üzerinize yedi sağlamı (yedi kat semayı) bina ettik” âyetindeki (en-Nebe’ 78/12) “seb‘an şidâden” (yedi sağlam-şedîd) tamlaması genellikle yedi kat sema şeklinde anlaşılmıştır (Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, III, 252-253). Hadislerde de sema yedi kat olarak geçmiş, katlar arası mesafenin 500 yıl olduğu ifade edilmiştir (Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 57). Bununla birlikte buradaki yedi rakamının temsilî bir değer taşıdığı, bu sebeple semanın katlarının yedi ile sınırlı olamayacağı ileri sürülmüş, bazıları kürsîyi ve arşı, bazıları Uranüs ve Neptün’ü ayrı ayrı sekiz ve dokuzuncu katlar olarak saymıştır (Tantâvî Cevherî, I, 46-49). Diğer bir kısım yorumcular ise yedi rakamının gerçek mânada kullanıldığını belirtmiştir. Bu görüşte olanların yorumlarının da çeşitliliği dikkat çekmektedir. 1. Eski astronomi âlimlerinin görüşü. Semanın katları sırasıyla Venüs, Merkür, Güneş, Merih, Jüpiter, Satürn, Satürn sonrası şeklindedir. Bu görüş geçerliliğini yitiren Batlamyus nazariyesini esas aldığı, ayrıca Uranüs ile Neptün’ün sonradan keşfedilmesi gerekçesiyle eleştirilmiştir. 2. Müfessirlerin genel görüşü. Kur’an’da “yakın gök” (es-semâü’d-dünyâ) şeklinde söz edilen, güneş ve ay dahil olmak üzere bütün yıldızların süslediği maddî semanın hepsi birinci kat semayı oluşturmakta, bunun ötesinde ayrıca altı kat sema bulunmaktadır ki onların mahiyeti bilinmemektedir. Bu hususta; “Biz yakın semayı yıldızların ziynetiyle süsledik” meâlindeki âyet (es-Sâffât 37/6) delil olarak kullanılmıştır. 3. Çağdaş bazı coğrafyacı ve astrofizikçilerin görüşü. Bunlar semanın katlarını troposfer, stratosfer, ozonosfer, mezosfer, termosfer, iyonosfer ve ekzosfer şeklinde sıralamışlardır. Bu yorum semayı yalnız atmosferin tabakalarıyla sınırlandırdığı için kabul görmemiştir (Kocabaş, s. 96-97). 4. Tasavvuf âlimlerinin görüşü. Bazı mutasavvıflar yedi kat semayı işârî ve ruhanî anlamda yorumlamışlardır. Onlara göre sema insanın olgunlaşarak yükseldiği mertebeler, insanla Allah arasında aşılması gereken yüce basamaklardır. İrfanla donanan, çokluktan (kesret) sıyrılan, birliğe (vahdet) ulaşan her insan ruhu semâvâtı derece derece aşar, sonunda Allah’a ulaşır.
Birçok âyette semanın yedi kat olduğunun haber verilmesi, yine birçok hadiste Resûl-i Ekrem’in mi‘raca çıkışta yedi kat semanın her katında bir peygamberle karşılaştığının bildirilmesi (Buhârî, “Ṣalât”, 1; “Ḥac”, 76; “Enbiyâʾ”, 5; Müslim, “Îmân”, 259, 263) semanın yedi kat olduğunu ortaya koymaktaysa da “yedi sema” terkibinin kapalı oluşu birçok ihtilâfı da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bundan dolayı bazı müfessirler semanın yedi kat olarak yaratıldığını beyan eden âyetlerin müteşâbih olduğunu söylemiştir (Sıddîk Hasan Han, XIV, 199). Bununla birlikte konuyla ilgili âyetler ve bazı yeni bilimsel gelişmeler dikkate alındığında yedi kat semayı, tek bir merkez etrafında dışa doğru gidildikçe daha büyükleri bulunan ve birbirlerini sarmalarıyla muazzam büyüklüğe ulaşan bir küre olarak düşünmek mümkün görünmektedir (Özdemir, s. 82). Semanın Kur’an’da “korunmuş tavan” olarak zikredilmesi (el-Enbiyâ 21/32), sarsılıp insanların üzerine düşmekten muhafaza edilmesi, yüce âlemlerden bilgi aşırmak isteyen şeytanlardan korunması, bilgi kaçırmak isteyenlerin üzerine ışın gönderilerek yok edilmesi (el-Hicr 15/16-17; es-Sâffât 37/7-10; bk. İSTİRÂK-ı SEM‘) gibi ifadeler, modern bilimde güneşten gelen zararlı ışınların atmosfer tarafından süzgeçten geçirilerek elenmesi şeklinde açıklanmıştır. Kur’an semalarda hayatın ve canlı varlıkların bulunduğunu gösteren bazı işaretler taşır. Nitekim Nesefî gibi bazı müfessirlerle Kudüslü Ali Rızâ gibi yazarlar, “Semalarda ve arzda bulunan canlılar (dâbbe) ve melekler büyüklük taslamadan Allah’a secde ederler meâlindeki âyetten (en-Nahl 16/49) ve benzerlerinden (el-Enbiyâ 21/4; eş-Şûrâ 42/29) hareketle diğer semalarda canlı varlıkların olabileceğini düşünmüşlerdir. Sema terimiyle ilgili olarak Ali Rıza Çelik (Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Seb’a Semâvât, 1988, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) ve İsmail Özdemir (bk. bibl.) birer yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Riyad 1424/2003, I, 462; XVI, 255-259; Gazzâlî, Tehâfütü’l-felâsife, Dımaşk 1994, s. 22 vd.; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1411/1990, XVII, 89, 95; XXII, 140-141; XXVII, 95; Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî, Medârikü’t-tenzîl (nşr. İbrâhim M. Ramazan), Beyrut 1408/1989, II, 868; III, 1585; Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî), Beyrut 1408/1988, III, 252-253; İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Rûḥu’l-beyân, İstanbul 1389/1969, I, 91; Sıddîk Hasan Han, Fetḥu’l-beyân (nşr. Abdullah b. İbrâhim el-Ensârî), Beyrut 1412/1992, XIV, 199; M. Tâhir İbn Âşûr, et-Taḥrîr ve’t-tenvîr , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Dârü’t-Tûnisiyye li’n-neşr), XVII, 55-56; Elmalılı, Hak Dini, VI, 4188-4190; Tantâvî Cevherî, Cevâhir, Kahire 1350, I, 46-49; Süleyman Ateş, Yüce Kur’ân’ın Çağdaş Tefsiri, İstanbul 1990; V, 502-503; VIII, 127; Celâl Yeniçeri, Uzay Âyetleri Tefsiri, İstanbul 1995, s. 81-102, 395-396; Ahmet Musaoğlu, Kendiliğinden Oluşa İnanmak: Yaratılışın Altı Günü, İstanbul 2002, s. 37; Hayreddin Karaman v.dğr., Kur’an Yolu, Ankara 2003-2004, I, 30; IV, 599; V, 81; Şakir Kocabaş, Kur’an’da Yaratılış, İstanbul 2004, s. 87, 96-97, 142; İsmail Özdemir, Kur’an-ı Kerim’de Göklerin ve Yerin Yaratılışı ve “Altı Gün” Problemi (yüksek lisans tezi, 2007), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 82; Kudüslü Ali Rıza, “Sükkân-ı Semâ”, SM, III/59 (1325), s. 106-107.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 453-455 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.