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ŞEMSÜ’l-MAÂRİF Skip to content Ahmed b. Ali el-Bûnî’ye (ö. 622/1225) nisbet edilen havas ilimlerine dair eser.
Tam adı Şemsü’l-maʿârif ve leṭâʾifü’l-ʿavârif ’tir. Taşköprizâde, havas ilimlerinin öncelikle Kur’an sûrelerinin başında yer alan hurûf-ı mukattaayı, ilâhî kelâmı oluşturan bütün harfleri, bu harflerden meydana gelen besmeleyi, Allah’ın isimlerini ve âyetlerin bazı gizli özelliklerini (havas) sayılarla ve diğer varlık türleriyle irtibat halinde keşfetme, bu keşfin sonunda harfler, isimler ve dualarla tasarrufta bulunma, ayrıca maddî ve mânevî ihtiyaçları temin etme gayesiyle ortaya çıktığını, bu sebeple havas ilimlerinin temelde tefsir ilminin alt kolları sayıldığını ve şer‘î ilimlerden kabul edilebileceğini, bu ilimlere dair en meşhur eserin Bûnî’nin Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’i olduğunu söyler (Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm , II, 233). Kırk bölümden oluşan eser, İslâm dünyasında bâtınî ilimlere dair yazılmış ansiklopedik mahiyette en hacimli kitaplardan biri olup yedi ilmin konularını içerir: Harfler ilmi; sayılar ilmi; cefr ve vefkler ilmi, zâyirçe ilmi, anâsır-ı erbaa ilmi, yıldızlar, felekler, burçlar ve menziller ilmi; isimler, rukyeler, tılsımât ve dualar ilmi; simya ilmi. Müellif eserin girişinde maksadının esmâ-i hüsnânın yüceliğini belirtmek, harflerin sayılarla muvafakatinden (vefk) ortaya çıkan ilâhî hikmetleri açıklamak, dua, ilâhî isimler ve onlara tâbi olan sûre ve âyetlerdeki harflerle tasarruf ve teshîrde bulunmanın keyfiyetini bildirmek olduğunu söyler. Bu kitaptan ancak maddî ve mânevî temizlenmeyi gerçekleştiren, Allah’ı zikreden, seyrüsülûk yapan kimselerin faydalanabileceğini, içerdiği bilgilerin sadece belli bir riyâzet ve halvetle tatbik edilebileceğini, bu sebeple tasavvufî bir mahiyet arzettiğini belirtir. Yirmi sekiz harf ile sayılardan, harflerle kozmik varlıklar arasındaki münasebetlerden, felek ve burçların havassından, ayrıca bazı geometrik ve girift şekillerden ruhanî etkilerin meydana gelebileceği düşüncesinde olan Bûnî eserini başta esmâ-i hüsnâ, besmele, Fâtiha, Âyetü’l-kürsî olmak üzere bazı dua, âyet ve sûrelerin mânevî tesirlerine dayanarak maddî âlemde birtakım tasarruflarda bulunmanın mümkün olduğu görüşünden hareketle telif etmiştir. Eser Kur’ânî unsurlara dayandığından bir tür işârî tefsir; ilâhî isimleri açıklamayı amaçladığından tasavvufî mahiyette bir esmâ-i hüsnâ şerhi; harfler, isimler, âyetler, dualar, tılsımlar ve vefklerle âlemde tasarrufta bulunmak için bazı riyâzet ve halvet uygulamalarını içerdiğinden tasavvufî âdâb kitabı olarak görülebilir.
Harflerin sırları, harflerle kozmik menziller arasındaki ilişkiler, gün ve saatlerin insanlar üzerindeki etkisi; yirmi sekiz ay menzilinin keyfiyeti, harflerle ilişkisi ve kozmostaki hükümleri; on iki burcun içerdiği gizli işaretler; besmeledeki sırlar, besmeleyle yapılan muska (rukye) ve tılsım türleri; Hz. Îsâ’nın ölüleri diriltmek için kullandığı ilâhî isimler ve bu isimlerle yapılan vefkler; hurûf-ı mukattaa ve âyetlerin havassı; Fâtiha’nın sırları, duaları ve havassı, Fâtiha ile yapılan rukyeler ve riyâzetler; Allah ismiyle yapılan gizli tasarruflar, hastalıklara ve musibetlere karşı okunacak dualar, çeşitli ihtiyaçların giderilmesi, rızık temini için dualar, bu dualarla beklenen tesir ve bereketin gerçekleşmesi için yapılacak riyâzetler; esmâ-i hüsnâ ve vefkleri, Hz. Süleyman’ın mührü; Âyetü’l-kürsî ve gizli bereketleri; Yâsîn sûresi ve duaları, haftanın günlerine ait dualar; on grup esmâ-i hüsnânın havassı, duaları, Allah’ın doksan dokuz isminin dışındaki bazı ilâhî isimler, bu isimlere hizmet eden melekler; varlık dairesinin sırlarının şerhi, cefr ilmi, zâyirçe ilmi; cefr kaidelerinde bulunan gizli harfler, bitkilerin havassı; simya ilmi; harflerle tasarrufta bulunmak için gereken halvet ve riyâzetler; Bûnî’nin tecrübe ettiği ilâhî isimlerle çeşitli vakitlerde yapılacak dualar eserin başlıca bölümlerini oluşturur. Kitapta en geniş yer esmâ-i hüsnâ ile tasarrufta bulunmanın birbirinden farklı metotlarına ayrılmıştır. Bûnî’ye göre harfler, sayılar, kozmolojik mertebeler ve varlıklar (hizmet melekleri), canlı cansız varlıklardaki unsurlar birbiriyle münasebet içinde varlık şifresini çözmektedir. Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’te yer alan 400 civarında şekil (diyagram) bu şifrelerin geometrik ifadeleridir. Bu şifrelere ulaşmak ve onlarla tasarrufta bulunmak için sülûk, riyâzet, halvet ve helâl lokma zorunludur; aksi takdirde kötü sonuçlara yol açabilir. Müellif bunların bizzat kendisi tarafından tecrübe edildiğini belirtir.
Ahmed el-Bûnî, Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’te zikrettiği bilgilerin asıl kaynağının Hz. Âdem’e kadar uzanan peygamberler olduğunu söyler. Hz. Dâvûd, Süleyman, Dânyâl, Zülkarneyn, Hz. Muhammed gibi peygamberler bu bilgileri açıklamış, bazı peygamberler ise saklamıştır. Hz. Muhammed havas bilgilerini cemetmiş ve Hz. Ali’ye öğretmiştir. Evliya bu tür bilgileri Hz. Ali yoluyla almıştır. Bu intikalde Ca‘fer es-Sâdık önemli halkalardan biridir (Şemsü’l-maʿârif , III, 358). İbn Haldûn, bu bilgilerin kitapta vurgulandığı üzere mantıkî akıl yürütmelerle değil ilâhî ilham ve hikmetle elde edilebileceğini söyler. Havas ilimleri sadece yazılı metinden okumakla değil silsileye tâbi bir mânevî üstadın verdiği nefes ve tâlimatla öğrenilir ve uygulanır. Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’in sonundaki silsilelere göre Bûnî, kelime-i şehâdet sırrını Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Mahmûd b. Ya‘kūb et-Tûnisî’den; huruf ve vefk ilmini şeyhleri Ebû Abdullah Şemseddin el-İsfahânî, Sirâceddin el-Hanefî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ali, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Harrânî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kureşî’den ve Kudüs’te görüştüğü abdallardan almıştır. Ona göre şeyhi Kureşî bu ilimleri 600’den fazla Mağribli ve Mısırlı şeyhten öğrenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra kitapta anlattığı havas bilgilerini elde etmek için Kudüs, Dımaşk, Halep ve Hermetik birikimin yaygın olduğu Mısır’daki İhmîm şehrine seyahatte bulunmuş; Nuh tûfanından önce Yunanlılar tarafından saklanan İhmîm piramitlerindeki hazinelerde bulduğu simya kitaplarıyla Devsem İbn Sâse, Pisagor, Eflâtun, Menelaus, Câbir b. Hayyân, Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, Âres, Hipokrat, Hermes, Câlînûs, Arsûs, Rolika, Luka, Miskin, İbnü’l-Muhtâr, Maria, Hâlid b. Yezîd gibi müelliflerin kadim okült ilimlere dair kitaplarından faydalanmıştır (Şemsü’l-maʿârif , III, 373). Julius Ruska, Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’teki kimya ilmine dair bilgilerin büyük çoğunluğunun Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin Kitâbü’l-Esrâr ’ından nakledildiğini söyler (Isl. , XXII [1934], s. 307-310). Bazı modern kaynaklarda Bûnî’nin Cezayirli olmasından hareketle İspanya yahudilerinin “kabala” denilen mistik rakamsal sistemlerinden, muskacılık konusunda Keldânî kültüründen, “il” ekli hizmet melekleri, cin ve ifrit isimleri zikretmesiyle İbrânî ve Süryânî kültürlerinden etkilendiği; İsmâilîler vasıtasıyla Kuzey Afrika’da yayılan Ca‘fer es-Sâdık kaynaklı cefr ilminin Ebû Mesleme Muhammed b. İbrâhim Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Mecrîtî’den sonra onun tarafından devam ettirildiği ileri sürülmüştür. Bununla birlikte Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’in Hermetik literatür içerisinde değerlendirilmesi, kadim okültist geleneğin İslâmî dönemde de devam ettiğini gösteren bir kitap olarak görülmesi daha doğrudur. Şemsü’l-maʿârif sihir, büyü, tılsım gibi konularda pratik metotlar içermesi bakımından İslâm dünyasında yaygın biçimde kullanılmış ve yine bu sebeple bazı İslâm ülkelerinde mutaassıp çevreler tarafından yasaklanmıştır.
Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’in Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ , Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-vüsṭâ ve Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’ṣ-ṣuġrâ adlı büyük, orta ve küçük hacimli üç versiyonu bulunmaktadır. Eserin 618 (1221) tarihli en eski yazması (Manisa İl Halk Ktp., nr. 1445) küçük hacimlidir (60 varak). Paris Bibliothèque National’daki nüshada (nr. 2467), Leiden ve Berlin’deki bazı nüshalarda eserin VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda yazıldığı belirtilir. Tevfîk Fehd’e göre Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’in orijinali bu nüshalardır; geniş ve orta hacimli nüshaları ise daha geç dönemlere aittir. İlk dönem yazmalarının adında “kübrâ, vüstâ, suğrâ” kelimeleri bulunmamaktadır. Bunlarla eseri tanıtan en eski kaynak Kâtib Çelebi’nin Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’udur. M. Ullmann, M. Gevherî ve Edgar W. Francis’e göre günümüzde yaygın biçimde kullanılan Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ versiyonu Bûnî’nin vefatının ardından bir talebesi veya takipçileri tarafından çeşitli ilâvelerle zenginleştirilmiş, sonuna da bir senet eklenmiştir. Senette ve kitabın çeşitli yerlerinde Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî, İbn Seb‘în, Tâceddin İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî gibi Bûnî’den sonra vefat etmiş şahsiyetlerin zikredilmesi, XXXIV. bölümde VIII-IX. yüzyıllarda gizli bilimlere yöneltilen tenkitlere cevap verilmesi Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ ’nın sonradan yazıldığını göstermektedir. Eserin eski nüshalarında Bûnî’nin senedi bulunmamaktadır.
Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ Kahire (1291 [taşbaskı], 1900, 1321, 1905, 1927 vd.); Bombay (1287, 1874, 1298/1880) ve Beyrut’ta (ts., 1970, 1985, 2000) genellikle dört cilt halinde basılmıştır. Son olarak eseri Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’ṣ-ṣuġrâ adıyla neşreden (Kahire 2003) Ebû Selâme el-Ferîdî el-Felekî neşrin girişinde “suğrâ” versiyonunun herhangi bir yazmasını elde edemediğini, mevcut “kübrâ” yazmalarından farklı olan, İnânî es-Sa‘dî’nin 1863’te istinsah ettiği bir nüshayı kullandığını belirtmiştir. Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’in henüz tenkitli neşri yapılmamıştır. Eseri Selahattin Alpay (I-IV, İstanbul 1979, 1988, 1995), Mustafa Varlı (I-IV, İstanbul, ts.) ve A. Nihad Fazıl Alsan (İstanbul 2004) Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir. Urduca tercümesi 1978’de yayımlanmıştır. Kâtib Çelebi, Bûnî’nin kendi eserini Teysîrü’l-ʿavârif fî telḫîṣi Şemsi’l-maʿârif adıyla (Kahire 1358) ihtisar ettiğini belirtir. Müellifin el-Uṣûl ve’ż-żavâbıṭi’l-muḥkeme ve Şerḥu’l-Celcelûtiyyeti’l-kübrâ (Menbaʿu uṣûli’l-ḥikme içinde I ve IV. risâleler) adlı risâleleri eserde geçen bazı pratik uygulamaları içermektedir.
Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’in Doğu’da ve Batı’da havas ilimlerine dair yazılan eserler üzerinde önemli etkileri olmuştur. Eserdeki cefr ile ilgili açıklamalardan derlenen bir risâle İbnü’l-Arabî’ye nisbet edilmiştir (EI2 [İng.] , II, 375-377). Esere Şemsü’l-âfâḳ adlı bir nazîre yazan Abdurrahman el-Bistâmî (ö. 858/1454), el-Fevâʾiḥu’l-miskiyye fi’l-fevâtiḥi’l-Mekkiyye adlı bu kitabında Şemsü’l-maʿârif ile el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye ’yi mezcetmiştir. İbnü’l-Hâc et-Tilimsânî’ye nisbet edilen, ancak ona aidiyeti şüpheli olan Şümûsü’l-envâr ve künûzü’l-esrâr ’ı Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi’nin Risâletü’ş-şifâ’ fî advâi’l-vebâ ’sı, Ebû Sâlim en-Nasîbî’nin Dürrü’l-munaẓẓam fi’s-sırri’l-aʿẓam ’ı, Seyyid Süleyman el-Hüseynî’nin Kenzü’l-havâs ve Keyfiyyet-i Celb ve Teshîr ’i (İstanbul 1322, 1341) Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’e dayalı çalışmalar arasında zikredilebilir. Vefk ilminin Avrupa’ya Bûnî vasıtasıyla geçtiği, Bizans âlimi Manuel Moscopoulos’un 1300’lü yıllarda vefklere dair yazdığı kitapta Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’ten esinlendiği, H. P. Lovecraft’ın hayalî kitabı Necronomicon ’un Şemsü’l-maʿârif ile, aslı Mecrîtî tarafından Ġāyetü’l-ḥakîm adıyla yazılıp 1256’da Kral X. Alfonso’nun sarayında Latince’ye çevrilen Picatrix kitabından ilhamla kaleme alındığı Batılı çağdaş okültist akımlarca iddia edilmiştir (http://danharms.wordpress.com/2009/01/19/is-the-shams-al-maarif-the-necronomicon/). Kitap Doğu’da Hurûfîlik, Batı’da New Lettrist International hareketlerinin ortaya çıkmasında etkili olmuştur. Şemsü’l-maʿârif ’i Batı bilim çevrelerine Wilhelm Ahlwardt tanıtmış, bunu W. Ahrens, Jan Just Witkam, Tevfîk Fehd, Pierre Lorry’nin çalışmaları takip etmiştir (bk. bibl.). Eserdeki bilgilere dayanarak Bûnî hakkında Muhammed el-Gevherî (Die Gottesnamen im Magischen Gebrauch in den al-Buni zugeschriebenen Werken , Bonn 1968) ve Edgar Walter Francis (Islamic Symbols and Sufi Rituals for Protection and Healing: Religion and Magic in the Writings of Ahmad ibn Ali al-Buni [d. 622/1225] , University of California, Los Angeles 2005) tarafından doktora çalışmaları yapılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed b. Ali el-Bûnî, Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ , Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’s-sekāfiyye).
a.mlf., Menbaʿu Uṣûli’l-ḥikme , Kahire 1979.
Taşköprizâde, Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm , II, 233.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 413.
Toufic Fahd, La divination arabe , Leiden 1966, s. 231-232, 237-238, 243.
a.mlf., “La magie comme ‘source’ de la sagesse, d’après l’ouevre d’al-Būnī”, Res orientales , XIV, Paris 2002, s. 61-108.
a.mlf., “D̲j̲afr”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 375-377.
M. Ullmann, İslâm Kültür Tarihinde Maji (trc. Yusuf Özbek), İstanbul 1994, s. 310-311.
E. W. Francis, Islamic Symbols and Sufi Rituals for Protection and Healing: Religion and Magic in the Writings of Ahmad ibn Ali al-Buni (d. 622/1225) (doktora tezi, 2005), University of California, s. 97-119.
J. J. Witkam, “Gazing at The Sun, Remarks on the Egyptian Magician Al Bûnî and His Work”, O ye Gentlemen: Arabic Studies on Science and Literary Culture in Honour of Remke Kruk (ed. A. Virolijk – J. P. Hogendijk), Leiden 2007, s. 183-199.
W. Ahrens, “Die magischen Quadrate al-Bûnî’s”, Isl. , XII (1922), s. 157-177.
J. Ruska, “Die Alchimie ar-Razi’s”, a.e. , XXII (1934), s. 307-310.
P. Lory, “La magie des lettres dans le Šams al-Ma’ârif d’al-Bûnî”, BEO , XXXIX-XL (1989), s. 97-111.
Hikmet Tanyu, “Büyü”, DİA , VI, 501.
Metin Yurdagür, “Cefr”, a.e. , VII, 215.
İlyas Çelebi, “Muska”, a.e. , XXXI, 267.
A. Dietrich, “al-Būnī”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , s. 156.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 531-533 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.