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SENED-i İTTİFAK Skip to content Osmanlı tarihinde merkez bürokrasisi ile âyan arasında imzalanan belgenin adı.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren devletle halk arasında irtibatı sağlayan ve âyan, eşraf gibi adlarla anılan mahallî otoriteler, zamanla devletin içine düştüğü sıkıntılardan faydalanıp bulundukları bölgede güçlerini ve nüfuzlarını merkezî otorite aleyhine genişletmiş, XVIII. yüzyılda Anadolu ve Rumeli’de güçlü aileler ve hânedanlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Taşrada otoritesini tesis edemeyen devlet bu güçlerin varlığını kabul etmek zorunda kalmış, âyanların kendi aralarında ve devletle olan mücadeleleri sosyal yapıyı ve dengeleri iyice bozmuştur. Kabakçı Mustafa isyanı neticesinde tahtından indirilen III. Selim’i tekrar padişah yapmak amacıyla askerleriyle beraber İstanbul’a gelen Rusçuk yâranından Alemdar Mustafa Paşa, III. Selim’in öldürülmesi üzerine 28 Temmuz 1808 tarihinde II. Mahmud’u tahta geçirmiş ve kendisi de sadrazam olmuştur (bk. ÂYAN ).
Ülkede düzenin sağlanabilmesi için hükümetle âyanların görüşmesi gerektiğini anlayan Alemdar Mustafa Paşa onları İstanbul’a davet etti. Bu arada âyana karşı nasıl bir tavır ortaya konacağını tesbit etmek için vükelâ ve merkez bürokrasisi de toplantılar yapmaya başladı. Tepedelenli Ali Paşa, Bulgaristan âyanı ve İstanbul’a uzak yerlerde yaşayan bazı âyanlar davete icâbet etmedi. Müzakerelere katılan âyanların sayısı belli olmayıp Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey, Karaosmanoğlu Ömer Ağa, Sirozlu İsmâil Bey, Şile âyanı Ahmed Ağa, Bolu Voyvodası Hacıahmedoğlu Seyyid İbrâhim Ağa, Bilecik âyanı Kalyoncu Mustafa Bey ve Çirmen mutasarrıfı Mustafa Bey’in isimleri kaynaklarda zikredilir. Kuvvetleriyle birlikte İstanbul’a gelen âyanların askerleri Üsküdar ve Davutpaşa gibi şehrin dışında olan yerlerde konakladı.
II. Mahmud 29 Eylül 1808’de Kâğıthane’deki Çağlayan Kasrı’na geldi ve huzura kabul ettiği âyanlardan Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey, Sirozlu İsmâil Bey ve Karaosmanoğlu Ömer Ağa’ya samur kürkler ve hançerler hediye etti. Diğer âyanlara da sadrazamın otağında hil‘atler giydirildi. Şeyhülislâm, devlet ricâli, yeniçeri ağası ve âyanın katılımıyla Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın başkanlığında yapılan toplantı sadrazamın açış konuşmasıyla başladı. Müzakereler neticesinde âyanın bir kısmıyla merkez bürokratları arasında Sened-i İttifak diye isimlendirilen ve Osmanlı tarihinde benzeri görülmeyen bir metin kaleme alındı (7 Ekim 1808). Bürokrasinin ileri gelenleriyle Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey, Sirozlu İsmâil Bey, Karaosmanoğlu Ömer Ağa ve Çirmen mutasarrıfı Mustafa Bey’in imzaladığı Sened-i İttifak onay için padişaha sunuldu. Senedin maddelerini ağır bulan II. Mahmud konuyu müzakere etti ve başçuhadarı Eğriburun Ömer Ağa’nın senedin onaylanıp daha sonra ortadan kaldırılması yönündeki tavsiyesine uyarak bir hatt-ı hümâyunla onu tasdik etti. Âyanlar senedin imzalanmasından sonra şehirden ayrıldılar.
Toplantıya katılanların ağzıyla kaleme alınan Sened-i İttifak bir giriş, yedi madde (şart) ve bir sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Girişte devletin güçlü olduğu devirlerde birlik ve beraberliğin bulunduğu, bir süreden beri düzenin bozulduğu, merkez bürokrasisi ile taşradaki âyan arasında mücadelenin eksik olmadığı, bunun içte ve dışta devletin nüfuzunu yok ettiği belirtilerek din ve devletin ihyası için çaba sarfetmek üzere bir araya gelindiğine dikkat çekilir. Birinci madde, padişahın zatının ve saltanatının devletin esası olduğuna ve bunun senedi imzalayanların taahhüt ve güvencesi altında bulunduğuna dairdir. Padişaha veya otoritesine karşı ulemâ, devlet adamları, âyan ve askerler tarafından sözlü yahut fiilî bir itaatsizlik veya ihanet söz konusu olduğunda bu el birliğiyle engellenecek ve sorumluları cezalandırılacaktır. Padişahın ve saltanatının her türlü ihanetten korunması, hayatta oldukları sürece âyanın kendileri ve ölümlerinden sonra evlât ve hânedanları tarafından garanti edilmekteydi. İkinci maddede âyanın ve hânedanlarının varlığının devletin bekasına ve gücünün artmasına bağlı olduğu belirtilerek toplanacak askerin devlet askeri olarak yazılacağına ve Kapıkulu ocaklarının karşı gelmesi durumunda el birliğiyle cezalandırılacaklarına vurgu yapılmakta, devlete bir saldırı olması halinde hep birlikte buna karşı çıkılacağı ifade edilmekteydi. Üçüncü madde hazine gelirlerinin tahsiline, hazinenin zarar görmesinin önlenmesine ve padişahın emirlerine karşı çıkanların cezalandırılmasına dairdir. Sadrazamın konumunun ele alındığı dördüncü madde, devlet işlerinin görülmesinde padişahın mutlak vekili olan sadrazamın verdiği emirlerin padişahın emri gibi telakki edilmesi, herkesin kendi yetki ve sorumluluğu içinde davranıp başkalarının alanına müdahale etmemesi ve her işin sadrazama sunulup onun vereceği emir doğrultusunda yerine getirilmesi hükümlerini içeriyordu. Öte yandan sadrazamın iltimas, rüşvet vb. yolsuzluklara sapması halinde bunlar da önlenecekti. Âyanların ve devlet ricâlinin birbirine kefil olmasını düzenleyen beşinci madde, senetteki kurallara uygun davranan bir âyana devlet görevlileri veya başka bir âyan tarafından saldırı olması durumunda saldırgana el birliğiyle karşı çıkılacağı, devlet adamlarının âyana ve âyanın birbirine kefil olacağı ve âyanın birbirinin haklarına saygı gösterip halka eziyet etmemeleri hususlarını öngörüyordu. Bu kurallara aykırı davranan âyan sadrazam tarafından cezalandırılacaktı. İstanbul’un güvenliğinin sağlanmasına ve âyanların bunu garanti etmesine dair olan altıncı madde, Kapıkulu ocaklarının veya başka bir güç odağının isyan çıkarması durumunda âyanın izin almaksızın şehre gelip isyanı bastırmasına ve sorumluları cezalandırmasına imkân tanımaktaydı. Vergilere dair olan yedinci madde, vergilerin halkın ödeyebileceği oranda olmasına, ağır vergilerin vükelâ ile âyanın görüşmeleri sonucu hafifletilmesine ve âyanın halka zulmedenleri devlete bildirmesine dairdi. Sonuç kısmında bundan böyle sadâret ve şeyhülislâmlık makamlarına tayin edilecek olanların Sened-i İttifak’ı onaylayıp göreve başlamalarının gerektiğine işaret edilmekteydi. Onaylanmasından birkaç hafta sonra çıkan bir yeniçeri ayaklanmasında senedin mimarı Alemdar Mustafa Paşa öldüğü için (16 Kasım 1808) Sened-i İttifak sahipsiz kaldı. Böylece uygulama alanına konulamadı ve daha sonra da bu belgeyi gündeme getiren olmadı.
Sened-i İttifak karşılıklı sadakat ve güveni sağlamaya yönelik bir sözleşme olup taraflar görev ve yükümlülüklerini yeminle kuvvetlendirmişlerdi. Âyana verilen teminatlar kendilerinden sonra gelen mirasçılarını da kapsamaktaydı. Sadrazam ve şeyhülislâm değişikliklerinde senedin onaylanması istendiği halde padişah değişikliklerinde ne yapılacağına dair senette bir açıklık yoktur. Senetle ilgili en önemli tartışmalardan biri padişahın senetle mukayyet olmadığı veya senede dolaylı bağlı olduğu noktasındadır. Halbuki senedin üzerindeki hatt-ı hümâyunda yer alan, “İşbu ittifak senedinde muharrer uhûd ve şerâit-i ma‘lûmenin bi-fazlillâhi teâlâ harf-be-harf icra ve îfâsına bi’n-nefs zât-ı hümâyunum müteahhid olmağla” şeklindeki ifade II. Mahmud’un senedin uygulanması işini bizzat üzerine aldığını ortaya koymaktadır.
Senet metninde ikisi hatt-ı hümâyunda, ikisi senette olmak üzere dört âyet bulunmaktadır. Senedin giriş kısmında kullanılan, “Ey akıl sahipleri, ibret alın!” âyetiyle (el-Haşr 59/2) toplumda yaşanan gerginlik ve huzursuzluktan ders alınması gerektiğine işaret edilir. Anlaşmaya varılan noktalar sıralandıktan sonra zikredilen, “Her kim bunu işittikten ve kabullendikten sonra vasiyeti değiştirirse günahı onu değiştirene aittir. Şüphesiz Allah her şeyi işitir ve bilir” meâlindeki âyet (el-Bakara 2/181), anlaşmayı imzalayanların imzalarına sahip çıkmalarını ve sözlerini tutmalarını sağlamaya yöneliktir. Hatt-ı hümâyun metninde geçen, “Sen yeryüzünde bulunan her şeyi verseydin yine onların gönüllerini birleştiremezdin, fakat Allah onların aralarını bulup kaynaştırdı” âyetiyle (el-Enfâl 8/63) yapılan ittifakın önemi vurgulanır. Padişah hatt-ı hümâyunun sonunda taraflara, “Anlaşma yaptığı zaman sözlerini yerine getirir” meâlindeki âyeti (el-Bakara 2/177) hatırlatarak sözleşmeye uymalarını ister.
Sened-i İttifak tarihî olayların ve şartların zorlamasıyla ortaya çıkan bir metin olup özellikle anayasa hukukçularının fazlaca vurgu yaptığı gibi ileri bir devlet düzenini öngören bir belge değildir. Alemdar Mustafa Paşa dışındaki merkez bürokrasisi ve yine onun isteğiyle İstanbul’a gelmiş olan taşra âyanları istemeden imzaladıkları bu belgeye daha sonra sahip çıkmamışlardır. Dolayısıyla belgenin ve içeriğindeki şartların uygulaması yoktur. Buna rağmen belge, bir kısım araştırmacılar tarafından 1215’te İngiltere’de Kral Topraksız John ile soylular arasında imzalanan Magna Carta’ya benzetilir. Magna Carta soyluların kral ve Sened-i İttifak ise âyanın padişah karşısında elde ettiği hakları korumaya yönelik olduğundan ortaya çıkış biçimleri ve içerikleri yönünden aralarında bazı benzerliklerin bulunduğu söylenebilir; ancak sonuçları bakımından iki belgenin birbirine benzediğini ileri sürmek güçtür. Zira Magna Carta, İngiltere’de soyluların haklarının teminat altına alınmasının ve zamanla bu hakların halka doğru genişlemesinin yolunu açmasına rağmen Sened-i İttifak için böyle bir durum söz konusu değildir. Ayrıca Magna Carta’da haklarını krala karşı korumak isteyen güçlü bir sosyal grup olarak soylular varken Sened-i İttifak’ta senedin içeriğindeki hakları benimseyen böyle bir taraf yoktur.
Yakın bir zamana kadar Sened-i İttifak’ın tam metni ortada olmadığı için araştırmacılar Târîh-i Cevdet ve Şânîzâde Târihi ’ndeki eksik metin üzerinden değerlendirme yapmakta, bu da yetersiz ve yanlış yorumlara sebep olmaktaydı. 1998’de Sened-i İttifak’ın ilk tam metni bulunarak yayımlandı (bk. Akyıldız, bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, HH , nr. 35242.
Şânîzâde, Târih , I, 61-75.
Cevdet, Târih , IX, 2-8, 275-283.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından Tirsinikli İsmail, Yılık Oğlu Süleyman Ağalar ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa , İstanbul 1942, s. 138-144.
Sıddık Sami Onar, İdare Hukukunun Umumî Esasları , İstanbul 1960, I, 135.
Server Tanilli, Anayasalar ve Siyasal Belgeler , İstanbul 1976, s. 3-8.
Yücel Özkaya, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Âyânlık , Ankara 1977.
Suna Kili – A. Şeref Gözübüyük, Türk Anayasa Metinleri , Ankara 1985, s. 3-7.
Bülent Tanör, Osmanlı-Türk Anayasa Gelişmeleri: 1789-1980 , İstanbul 1996, s. 30-47.
Ali Akyıldız – Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Negotiating the Power of the Sultan: Ottoman Sened-i Ittifak (Deed of Agreement), 1808”, The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History (ed. C. M. Amin v.dğr.), Oxford 2006, s. 22-30.
Ali Akyıldız, “Sened-i İttifak’ın İlk Tam Metni”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 2, İstanbul 1998, s. 209-222.
Halil İnalcık, “Sened-i İttifak ve Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümâyunu”, TTK Belleten , XXVIII/112 (1964), s. 607.
Hayati Hazır, “Sened-i İttifak’ın Kamu Hukuku Bakımında Önemi”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 2, Diyarbakır 1984, s. 17-28.
Sina Akşin, “Sened-i İttifak ile Magna Carta’nın Karşılaştırılması”, TAD , XVI/27 (1994), s. 115-123.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 512-514 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.