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SENÛSÎ, Muhammed Mehdî Skip to content Seyyid Muhammed el-Mehdî b. Muhammed b. Alî es-Senûsî (1844-1902)
Senûsiyye tarikatı şeyhi.
Senûsiyye tarikatının pîri Muhammed b. Ali es-Senûsî’nin oğludur. Bingazi ile Derne arasındaki Mâsse’de doğdu. Annesi Seyyid Ahmed b. Ferecullah’ın kızı Fâtıma’dır. İlk çocukluk yılları, babasının 1846 yılında Hicaz’a tekrar dönerken ailesini emanet ettiği Derne’nin dindar aileleri ve bedevî Araplar arasında geçti. İlk eğitimini babasının önde gelen mensuplarından Seyyid Ahmed er-Rîfî, Ali b. Abdülmevlâ, İmrân b. Bereke el-Feytûrî gibi âlimlerden aldı. Muhammed Mehdî babasının 1859’da vefatının ardından henüz on altı yaşında tarikatın ikinci postnişini oldu. Bu sırada kardeşi Muhammed Şerîf on dört yaşındaydı. 1859 yılından itibaren, Senûsiyye’nin önderi Muhammed Mehdî olmakla birlikte iki kardeş birbirine bağlı kalarak bütün meselelerde ortak hareket etti. Bu örnek kardeşlik Muhammed Şerîf’in vefatına (1896) kadar sürdü.
Babasının vasiyeti üzerine Muhammed Mehdî, tarikatı Büyük Sahrâ ve Bilâdüssûdan diye bilinen siyahî toplumların yaşadığı Afrika’nın iç bölgelerinde yaymak için büyük gayret gösterdi. Babasının dostu olan Çad’ın doğusundaki Vedây’ın sultanı Muhammed Şerîf’in ölümünden sonra tahta geçen Sultan Ali ve Sultan Yûsuf, Senûsiyye’ye bağlılıklarını sürdürdüler. Böylece Bingazi’den Vedây’a, oradan daha güneye uzanan ticaret yolu, Trablusgarp-Fizan arasındaki tarihî yolun alternatifi olarak giderek daha fazla kullanılan bir güzergâha dönüştü. Tüccarların geçtikleri bütün yerleşim yerlerinde Senûsî zâviyeleri açıldı. Bu zâviyeler her taraftan gelen misafirlerin ağırlandığı, aynı zamanda İslâm’ın öğretildiği birer merkez şeklinde yapılandırıldı. Afrika’nın iç kesimlerinden getirilen köleler bu zâviyelerde İslâm dinini öğrendikleri gibi çevrede açılan arazilerde ziraat, ticaret ve el sanatları konularında meslek eğitimi almalarından sonra memleketlerine gönderiliyordu. Özellikle bu bölgedeki ihvanın bölgede İslâm’ın yayılmasında büyük katkıları oldu.
Muhammed Mehdî, babasının kurup geliştirdiği tarikatı Fas’tan Şam’a ve İstanbul’dan Hindistan’a, Yemen’den Cava’ya kadar yayma konusunda büyük başarı gösterdi. Mısır’ın güneybatı sınırından Sudan’daki Dârfûr’a kadar uzanan bölgede, buradan bütün Büyük Sahrâ çölünü çevreleyen Çad’daki Vedây, Kânim, Bagirmi, Enîdî (Ennedi), Borku ve Tibesti; Nijerya’daki Bornu, Sokoto ve Kano; Nijer’deki Kavâr, Âir (Ayr) ve Zinder’deki sultanlıklardaki nüfuzu iyice arttı. Kuzeyde Trablusgarp’tan güneydeki Fizan’a, yine bu vilâyetin doğusundaki Kufra’dan batısındaki Gāt ve Gadâmis kasabalarına kadar her tarafta zâviyeler açıldı. Bütün bu bölgelerdeki ticaret Senûsîler’in yönlendirdiği kimselerce yapılıyor, onların koydukları kurallara herkes uyuyordu. Bu mahallî idarelerin çevrelediği Büyük Sahrâ çölü ve etrafındaki yerleşim yerlerinde Senûsî ihvanın faaliyetleri giderek yoğunlaştı. Muhammed Mehdî’nin Bilâdüssûdan bölgesinde iki vekili vardı. Bunlardan Muhammed el-Barânî Kânim’de ikamet ediyordu ve Evlâdüsüleymân, Zevâyâ, Tîbû ve Tevârik’i özellikle Fransız işgaline karşı teşkilâtlandırmaktan sorumluydu. Muhammed es-Sünnî ve yerine geçen Mehdî isimli oğlu ise Vedây, Bornu ve Bagirmi sultanlarıyla Muhammed Mehdî es-Senûsî arasındaki irtibatı sağlamaktaydı.
Muhammed Mehdî biri Sultan Abdülaziz, diğeri II. Abdülhamid’den olmak üzere Osmanlı sultanlarından iki ferman aldı. Bunlarda babasına verilen fermanda kendilerine tanınan haklar korunuyordu. İtalyanlar, kendisine çok kıymetli hediyeler göndererek onunla yakınlık kurmak istedilerse de o Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlılığından dolayı bu hediyeleri reddetti. 14 Eylül 1884 tarihinde Bâbıâli tarafından Senûsî’nin Bingazi vilâyeti sınırları içindeki elli kadar zâviyesine dağıtılmak üzere 250 mushaf satın alınıp gönderilmesi padişah tarafından uygun görüldü. Ardından mushafların sayısının arttırılmasına karar verildi. Muhammed Mehdî 1886’da halifelerinden Abdürrahim Efendi ile II. Abdülhamid’e bir mektup gönderdi. Onun Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlılığının en ciddi delillerinden biri bu mektubudur. 1891 yılında Bingazi’deki Senûsiyye Zâviyesi postnişini Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed el-Îsevî’ye 1000 kuruş, Derne Zâviyesi’ndeki Şeyh Miftâh Efendi’ye 500 kuruş maaş bağlanması üzerine Muhammed Mehdî bu konuda teşekkürlerini ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlılığını bir defa daha İstanbul’a bildirdi.
Babası gibi dönemin büyük siyasî güçlerine karşı mesafeli durmak isteyen Muhammed Mehdî, 1876-1878 yılları arasındaki Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında Osmanlı Devleti’nin kendisine yaptığı yardım çağrısına cevap vermedi. 1882’de Mısır’ın İngilizler tarafından işgali sürecinde Urâbî Paşa’nın istediği yardıma da sıcak bakmadı. Aynı yıl Sudan Mehdîsi olarak bilinen Muhammed Ahmed’in kendisine mektupla yaptığı beraber hareket etme teklifini, ayrıca Fransa, İngiltere, İtalya ve Almanya’nın diplomatik münasebet kurma isteklerini de kabul etmedi.
Hareketin yoğun biçimde faal olduğu Bingazi-Vedây hattında ve çevresinde Muhammed Mehdî’nin karşısına çıkan en büyük engel kendine Mehdî unvanını veren Muhammed Ahmed’in Sudan’da başlattığı direniş hareketi oldu. Sudan Mehdîsi, 1882 yılından itibaren ülkesinde İngiliz işgaline karşı verdiği mücadelede Senûsî’nin desteğini almak istiyor, hatta bütün Senûsî ihvanının Mısır’a saldırmasını veya Sudan’da kendi güçlerine katılmasını arzu ediyordu. Muhammed Mehdî onun bu taleplerini reddetmekle kalmadı, Çad’a doğru yayılmasını engellemek için önünü kesti. Ayrıca nüfuzunu kullanarak Sudan’ın batısındaki Dârfûr ve Nijerya’daki Bornu sultanlıklarının onun safına geçmesini engelledi. Ancak bu durum daha çok İngilizler’in işine yaradı. Çünkü İngilizler’in en büyük korkusu bu iki yerli önderin kuvvetlerini birleştirip karşılarına çıkmasıydı. Öte yandan bu sıralarda Muhammed Mehdî, Sudan’ın iç kısımlarında Osmanlı halifesi adına hutbe okutmaktaydı. Böyle bir birleşmenin kısa vadede gerçekleşmesi çok zor olmakla birlikte Sudan Mehdîsi ondan ümidini kesmemişti. Ölüm döşeğinde bile kendisinden sonra üçüncü halifesi olarak onu tayin ettiği söylenmekteydi. 1888-1889 yıllarında Çad’ın kuzeyindeki Borku bölgesiyle bilhassa Dârfûr’da Sudan Mehdîsi’nin yerine geçen Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Teâyişî’nin birlikleriyle Senûsîler arasında çarpışmalar meydana geldi. Senûsîler’in Sudan’ın Dârfûr bölgesine saldırdıklarına ve burasını Abdullah et-Teâyişî ile yaptıkları çarpışmanın ardından ele geçirdiklerine dair haberler İstanbul’a kadar ulaştı. Kuzey Afrika’da Cezayir ve Tunus eyaletlerinin Fransa tarafından işgal edilmesi yüzünden Osmanlı Devleti’nin elinde sadece Trablusgarp vilâyeti kalmıştı. Bu bölge halkı üzerinde çok etkili olan Muhammed Mehdî’nin faaliyetlerini yakından takip eden II. Abdülhamid yaverlerinden Sâdık el-Müeyyed Bey’i 1887’de Cağbûb’a, 1895’te Kufra’ya gönderdi. Bu özel ilgi Muhammed Mehdî ve ihvanı tarafından büyük bir takdirle karşılandı ve Osmanlı halifesine bağlılıklarını daha da kuvvetlendirdi.
Osmanlı Devleti, Muhammed Mehdî döneminde başta bugünkü Libya olmak üzere Çad, Nijer, Cezayir ve Tunus’un güney bölgeleriyle münasebetlerini geliştirmeye özen gösterdi. Bilhassa Trablusgarp vilâyetindeki görevlerinden İstanbul’a dönen Osmanlı memurlarından Senûsîler hakkında devamlı bilgi alınıyordu. Batılılar’ın iddia ettiklerinin aksine Muhammed Mehdî’nin Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı düşmanca bir tavrı olmadığı gibi kendi nüfuz bölgelerindeki müslümanların halifeye bağlılıklarını temin ettiği biliniyordu. Muhammed Mehdî es-Senûsî’nin Akdeniz sahilinden Çad gölü havzasına kadar binlerce kilometre uzunluğundaki bir alana hâkim büyük bir siyasî güç olduğunu bilen İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya ve Almanya gibi sömürgeci ülkeler kendisiyle irtibat kurabilmek için her yolu deniyor, bu durumun farkında olan Bingazi mutasarrıfları da her hareketini yakından takip ediyordu. Onun Cağbûb’daki merkez zâviyeyi daha güneydeki Kufra’ya götürmesi Osmanlı Devleti ve diğer devletler tarafından takip edildi. İngiltere’nin himayesine giren Mısır hidivinin 1894 yılında beraberinde İngilizler olduğu halde 2000 deve ile Cağbûb’a geleceğine dair haberlerin kendisine ulaşması üzerine Cağbûb’dan ayrılmaya kesin karar veren Muhammed Mehdî Kufra’daki Vâdiülarş’a gitmek için 17 Nisan 1895 tarihinde kardeşi Muhammed Şerîf, ailesi ve aralarında Ömer el-Muhtâr’ın da bulunduğu 100 kadar talebesiyle birlikte yola çıktı. Bu yolculuğa çıkarken Osmanlı idaresinden kaçtığına ve 2000 silâhlı adamıyla seyahat edeceğine dair söylentiler yayıldı. Osmanlı Zaptiye nâzırı, Bingazi’deki polis komiserinden aldığı telgrafa istinaden Muhammed Mehdî’nin 500 çadır, 2000’den fazla silâhlı ihvanı ile Cağbûb’dan belirsiz bir istikamete doğru hareket etmesinin yerliler arasında heyecana sebep olduğunu Bâbıâli’ye bildirdi. Halbuki o, Cağbûb’dan ayrılırken bütün zâviye şeyhlerinden Osmanlı Devleti’ne itaate devam etmelerini istemişti. Cağbûb’da vekil olarak yeğeni Muhammed el-Abîd’i bırakan Muhammed Mehdî, Kufra’da inşa ettirdiği Tâc Zâviyesi’ne yerleşti. Çamurdan evlerin bulunduğu bu yerleşim mahalli kısa zamanda Senûsiyye’nin önemli bir merkezi oldu. Derviş Paşa, Cağbûb’dan Muhammed Mehdî es-Senûsî’nin ayrılacağı yönündeki haberlerin gerçekleştiğini, yerine en güvendiği halifelerinden Seyyid Ahmed er-Rîfî’yi bıraktığını, yolculuğa kardeşi Muhammed Şerîf, ailesi, kırk talebesi ve altmış kadar hizmetçisiyle çıktığını, yanlarına yedi çadır ve gerekli malzemeleri yükledikleri 116 deve alıp Kufra’ya gittiklerini bildirdi. II. Abdülhamid, Kuzey Afrika’da Osmanlılar’a bağlı tek vilâyet olarak kalan Trablusgarp sınırlarında büyük nüfuz sahibi olan Muhammed Mehdî es-Senûsî’ye 1895 yılında bir nâme-i hümâyunla çeşitli hediyeler göndermeye karar verdi. Senûsî’nin İstanbul’daki halifelerinden Şeyh Abdülaziz Efendi, padişahın yaverlerinden Sâdık el-Müeyyed Paşa ile birlikte Kufra’ya giderek padişahın fermanını ve hediyelerini kendisine takdim etti (Kasım 1895).
Muhammed Mehdî, Kufra’daki zâviyede dört yıl kaldıktan sonra 1899’da bu defa daha güneyde kalan, bugünkü Çad sınırları içinde Tibesti ile Borku bölgeleri arasında bulunan Garû’daki (Gouro) zâviyesine gitti. Amacı bölgedeki arazilerini idare etmek, tüccarlar için önemli olan Vedây Sultanlığı’na yakın olmak ve özellikle her geçen gün artan Fransız işgali tehlikesine karşı daha etkili mücadele edebilmekti. Ayrıca bu bölgede dengeler hızlı bir şekilde değişmekteydi. Sudan’daki İngiliz işgalinin ardından birliklerini alarak 1880’li yılların başında Çad gölü çevresine gelen Râbih b. Fazlullah adlı bir kumandan, Bagirmi ve Bornu gibi yüzlerce yıldır bölgede hüküm süren devletleri ortadan kaldırıp Dikeo merkezli yeni bir devlet kurmuştu. Öte yandan bu bölgeyi 1880’li yılların sonunda kendi aralarında paylaşan Fransa, İngiltere ve Almanya’nın Çad gölü havzasına kadar saldırılarda bulunmaları bekleniyordu.
Avrupa sömürgeciliğinin büyük bir tehlike olarak belirdiği Büyük Sahrâ’da Osmanlı askerî birlikleri, Senûsî taraftarlarının desteğiyle Çad ve Nijer’in kuzey bölgelerinin Trablusgarp vilâyetine ait Fizan sancağına bağlı birer kaza merkezine dönüşmesini sağladılar. Bundan sonraki hedef Çad’ın tamamını istilâya karşı korumaktı. Yaklaşık on yıl Senûsî-Osmanlı birlikteliğiyle Fransızlar’a karşı Büyük Sahrâ’da önemli bir mücadele yaşandı. Fransız sömürge birlikleri 9 Kasım 1901’de Çad gölünün 100 km. uzağındaki Bi’rü Alâlî Zâviyesi’ne saldırdılarsa da başarılı olamadılar. Ancak bölgeden vazgeçmeye niyetleri yoktu ve 20 Ocak 1902’de burayı ele geçirmeleriyle birlikte Afrika’nın bu bölgesinin sömürgeleştirilmesi sürecinde yeni bir dönem başladı.
Bir ara Muhammed Mehdî’nin Fransızlar’ın himayesine girdiği yönünde haberler çıktıysa da Trablusgarp Valisi Hâfız Paşa 8 Mart 1902 tarihinde bunun doğru olmadığını, himaye isteyen kişinin aynı adı taşıyan başka bir Afrikalı olduğunu telgrafla İstanbul’a bildirdi. Muhammed Mehdî es-Senûsî 24 Safer 1320 (2 Haziran 1902) tarihinde Garû’da vefat etti. Sâdık el-Müeyyed, Cağbûb’a gittiği dönemde Muhammed Mehdî’nin o sırada kırk iki yaşında olduğunu, iki hanımı olmasına rağmen dünyaya gelen çocuklarının yaşamadığını, bu yüzden yerine geçecek oğlunun bulunmadığını bildirmektedir. Ancak bu tarihte onun on yaşlarında Muhammed İdrîs (Bağımsız Libya Devleti’nin ilk kralı) ve Muhammed Rızâ adlı iki oğlu olduğu bilinmektedir. Kardeşi Muhammed Şerîf’in, ilki Senûsiyye tarikatının üçüncü postnişini olan Ahmed Şerîf olmak üzere beş oğlu vardı. Sömürgeci güçlerle mücadele Muhammed Mehdî’nin vefatından sonra yerine geçen yeğeni Ahmed Şerîf tarafından sürdürülmüştür.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 531-533 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.