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SERASKER Skip to content Ordu kumandanı, yeniçeriliğin kaldırılmasından sonra Osmanlı kara ordularının en yüksek rütbeli âmiri.
Farsça ser (baş) ve Arapça asker kelimelerinden oluşan ser-asker “başasker, ordu kumandanı, başkumandan” demektir. Bu terim, sipeh-sâlâr ve ser-leşker unvanlarıyla eş anlamlı olarak Büyük Selçuklu ve Anadolu Selçuklu devletlerinde “ordu ve eyalet askeri kumandanı” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Osmanlılar’da ise sefere çıkan orduya kumanda edenlere klasik dönemde genellikle serasker ve ser-dâr, son dönemlere doğru yalnızca serasker unvanı verilmiştir. 1826’da Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasının ardından kurulan yeni ordu ve askerî teşkilâtla birlikte serasker Osmanlı kara ordusunun en yüksek rütbeli kumandanının unvanı olmuştur.
Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde serasker terimi yer almamakla birlikte o devirde de savaşlarda orduya kumanda edenlere serasker unvanı verildiği görülmektedir. Genelde ilk defa Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde İbrâhim Paşa’ya vezîriâzamlık yanında geniş yetkilerle seraskerlik unvanının tevcih edildiği belirtilir. Ancak İbrâhim Paşa’nın şahsında söz konusu unvanın, önceki ve sonraki dönemlere göre “saltanat ortağı” anlamına gelebilecek derecede hayli farklı bir statüyü ifade etmekte olduğu, askerî ve sivil bakımdan olağan üstü geniş yetkiler içerdiği ve hatta kendisinin gurura kapılarak “serasker sultan” unvanını kullanmaya başladığı bilinmektedir.
Vak‘a-i Hayriyye ile Yeniçeri Ocağı ve yeniçeri ağalığı kaldırıldı, Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye adıyla kurulan yeni ordunun kumandanına serasker unvanı verildi. Başlangıçta seraskerlik makamı Asâkir-i Mansûre’nin kumandanı olarak teşkil edilmekle birlikte kısa sürede bütün kara ordularının kumandanı haline geldi. Bu mânada ilk serasker olan Ağa Hüseyin Paşa’nın yanında yeni ordunun idarî, malî ve teknik işlerini yürütmek üzere Hacı Sâib Efendi, Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye nâzırı, Yektâ Efendi kâtip tayin edildi. Osmanlı deniz kuvvetleri ise eskiden olduğu gibi kaptan paşaların kumandasında bırakıldı. Serasker Ağa Hüseyin Paşa birkaç gün Süleymaniye Camii avlusunda görev yaptıktan sonra Ağa Kapısı’na taşındı. Ardından eski döneme ait izlerin toptan tasfiyesi amacıyla Ağa Kapısı’nın adı Serasker Paşa Kapısı olarak değiştirildi. Ardından burası meşihat dairesi / fetvahâne haline getirilerek seraskerlik makamı Beyazıt’taki Eski Saray’a (Sarây-ı Atîk) taşındı ve birtakım hizmet binaları ilâve edildi. Bugün Beyazıt Meydanı’na bakan Dâire-i Umûr-ı Askeriyye binası Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde yaptırıldı (1864-1866).
Asâkir-i Mansûre ile seraskerlik makamı Yeniçeri Ocağı ve ağalığı yerine kurulduğundan bu kurumların birtakım görev ve sorumluluklarını da üstlenmiş oluyordu. İstanbul’da asayişin sağlanması, nüfus hareketliliğinin takibi, birtakım zâbıta hizmetleri ve yangınların söndürülmesi devralınan başlıca görev ve sorumluluklardandı. Şiddetli bir iç savaşın ardından ihdas edilen seraskerlik, 1826 tarihi itibariyle sadrazam ve şeyhülislâm gibi devletin en üst düzeydeki makamları arasına katıldı. Bunda seraskerliğin nezâretlerden önce kurulmuş olmasının etkisi büyüktür.
Yeniçeri Ocağı ilga edildiğinde eski sistemin bakiyesi olan topçu, lağımcı, humbaracı ve timarlı sipahi gibi bazı askerî sınıflar yeni orduya paralel bir düzen içinde varlıklarını sürdürmekteydi. Bu sebeple askerî sınıfların birleştirilmesi ve taşranın sisteme dahil edilmesiyle tek elden sevk ve idareyi temin etmek için birtakım yeni düzenlemeler yapıldı. 1831’de İstanbul’daki alaylar Hassa, Üsküdar’dakiler Mansûre diye adlandırılarak ordu iki kısma ayrıldı. Bu bağlamda seraskerliğe bağlı bir birim olarak 1832’de Tophane Müşirliği kuruldu; topçu, humbaracı, lağımcı ocakları ile harbiye, levazım ve baruthâneler idaresi aynı çatı altında toplandı. Daha sonra Sultan Abdülmecid devrinde Meclis-i Tophâne-i Âmire teşkil edilerek söz konusu sınıfların idarî ve askerî işleri burada görülmeye başlandı. 1834’te kurulan redif teşkilâtı da aynı şekilde seraskerliğe bağlandı. Avrupa’daki askerî literatürün tercümesi için 1837’de seraskerlik kapısında bir tercüme odası açıldı. Kuruluşunun hemen ardından yaklaşık on yıl seraskerlik görevini yürüten Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın teşkilâtın gelişmesinde büyük katkıları oldu. Askerlikle ilgili bütün meseleleri görüşmek ve karara bağlamak üzere Mart 1836’da seraskerliğe bağlı bir danışma meclisi olarak kurulan ve 1843’te görev ve yetkileri yeniden düzenlenen Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî seraskerliğin yükünü azalttı ve karar alma sürecini daha sağlıklı hale getirdi. 1838’de Seraskerlik Müsteşarlığı’nın ihdası kurumsallaşma yönünde atılmış bir diğer önemli adımdır.
Askerî sistemdeki değişim ve dönüşüm süreci seraskerliğin statüsünü, önemini, yetki ve sorumluluklarını da belirledi. 1836’daki teşrifat düzenlemesiyle idareci sınıf yeniden kalemiye, askeriye ve ilmiye diye üç grup halinde tanzim edildi. Bu yeni düzenlemeyle serasker protokol bakımından şeyhülislâm ve sadrazamla denk hale geldi. Öte yandan Masârifat Nezâreti ve dikimhâne gibi teşekküllerin zamanla seraskerliğe bağlanmasıyla kurumun sorumlulukları ve aynı oranda idarî-malî sistem içindeki önemi arttı. Ancak kurumsallaşma çabalarına paralel biçimde genişleyen sorumluluk ve artan bürokratik yük sebebiyle seraskerlerin ordunun başında sefere gitmeleri gündeme dahi gelmedi. Bu sebeple önceden olduğu gibi orduya serasker unvanıyla kumandanlar tayin edilmeye başlandı. Bunun yanında teşvik ve taltif maksadıyla sadrazam olmadıkları halde serdâr-ı ekrem unvanıyla 1853 Kırım savaşına Ömer Lutfi Paşa ve daha sonra Doksanüç Harbi’nde Abdülkerim Nâdir Paşa başkumandan olarak gönderildi.
Mustafa Nûri Paşa Ocak 1843’te azledildiğinde seraskerlik unvanı da lağvedilerek yerine 17 Ocak 1843’te Hassa Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî reisi Darphor Reşid Paşa Asâkir-i Nizâmiyye müşiri ve İstanbul muhafızı unvanıyla getirildi. Bu oldubittinin perde arkasında Mâbeyin Müşirliği’nden ayrılmak istemeyen, bununla birlikte rütbe ve nüfuz bakımından serasker paşanın altında kalmayı hazmedemeyen Hassa Müşiri Rızâ Paşa bulunmaktaydı. Eylül 1843’te amaçladığı nüfuza kavuşmakla düşüncesi değişen ve mâbeyinden çıkmayı siyasî kariyeri bakımından riskli görmeyen Rızâ Paşa’ya yeniden serasker unvanı verilerek bu makam ihya edildi, böylece uygulamada eskiye dönüldü. Rızâ Paşa döneminde (Eylül 1843 – Ağustos 1845) seraskerlik makamı Üsküdar’a taşındı. Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın Ocak 1846’da ikinci defa göreve getirilmesiyle seraskerlik yine Beyazıt’a nakledildi.
Tanzimat Fermanı’nda askerî meselelerin önemi vurgulanmış, seraskerlik makamının ve Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî’nin önerileri çerçevesinde yeni düzenlemelerin yapılacağına işaret edilmişti. Buna istinaden 1843-1847 yılları arasında yapılan düzenlemelerde mevcut askerî birlikler beş ordu şeklinde tanzim edildi (1. Hassa Ordusu / İstanbul; 2. Dersaâdet Ordusu / İstanbul; 3. Rumeli Ordusu / Manastır; 4. Anadolu Ordusu / Harput; 5. Arabistan Ordusu / Şam); askere almada ise kura usulü benimsendi. 1848’de merkezi Bağdat olmak üzere Irak ve Hicaz Ordusu kuruldu. Ayrıca ordu muvazzaf, redif, yardımcı ve başıbozuk kuvvetler olmak üzere dört temel sınıf halinde yeniden düzenlendi. 1843’te Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî’nin işleyişinde birtakım yenilikler yapıldı. Şûranın sorumluluk alanındaki işler harbiye, nizam ve levazım şeklinde üç kısma ayrıldı. Bâb-ı Seraskerî’de mektûbî, yoklama, jurnal, nizâmiye, muhabere, rûznâmçe ve vezne kalemleri kurularak bürokratik işleyiş geliştirildi. Tophane Müşirliği’ne bağlı olarak 1845’te polis teşkilâtının ve Zaptiye Müşirliği’nin teşkiliyle seraskerliğin sorumluluğunda olan İstanbul’un zâbıta, itfaiye ve güvenlik işleri tedrîcen bu yeni kurumlara devredildi.
XIX. yüzyılda birkaç defa seraskerliğin aynı zamanda sadârete getirilenlere tevcih edildiği görülmektedir. Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’nın sadâretinde (1 Haziran 1863) uhdesinde bulunan seraskerlik unvanı da sadârete ilâve edildi, böylece ilk defa en üst düzey mülkî ve askerî makamlar tek bir şahıs tarafından temsil edilir oldu. Bu iki önemli görevin aksamadan yürütülmesini sağlamak amacıyla askerlikle ilgili işler harbiye nâzırı unvanıyla tayin edilen kişiye havale edildi. Yeni düzende harbiye nezâreti diye bir kurum henüz teşekkül etmemişti. Bu unvan sadece seraskere yardımcı olmakla mükellef bir şahsı işaret etmekteydi. Seraskerliğin sadâretle beraber yürütülmesinden ötürü ayrıca serasker kaymakamlığı ihdas edilerek bu göreve Hüseyin Avni Paşa tayin edildi. Bu uygulama Fuad Paşa’nın Haziran 1866’da sadâret ve seraskerlikten azliyle son buldu. Bu dönemde seraskerlik tarafından ordu mensuplarının hem meslekî-teknik konularda hem de genel anlamda dünyadaki gelişmeleri takip edebilmelerini sağlamak amacıyla Şinâsi’nin editörlüğünde Cerîde-i Askeriyye adıyla bir dergi çıkarılmaya başlandı (1863). Fuad Paşa serasker sıfatıyla Sultan Abdülaziz’in Mısır seyahatine katıldı ve ilk defa kendisine “yâver-i ekrem” unvanı verildi. Sadâret ve seraskerliğin tek bir şahıs tarafından temsili uygulaması 13 Şubat 1874’te Hüseyin Avni Paşa’nın sadârete getirilmesiyle bir defa daha tekrarlandı. Hüseyin Avni Paşa’nın ilk seraskerliği esnasında (Şubat 1869 – Eylül 1871) Kuvve-i Umûmiyye-i Askeriyye Nizamnâmesi’yle 1869’da merkezi San‘a olan Yemen Ordusu kuruldu ve ordu sayısı altıdan yediye çıkarıldı; nizâmiye, redif ve müstahfız şeklinde üç ana sınıf olarak yeniden teşkilâtlandırıldı. 1873’te Tophâne-i Âmire Müşirliği seraskerliğe bağlandıysa da kısa süre sonra bu uygulamadan vazgeçildi.
II. Abdülhamid devrinin başlarında askerî teşkilâtın ana unsurları Bâb-ı Seraskerî, Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî, Erkân-ı Harbiyye Riyâseti ve Tophâne-i Âmire Nezâreti’dir. 1876 anayasası ile padişaha başkumandanlık unvanı verildiğinden seraskerlik askerî silsilenin en üst rütbesi olma özelliğini kaybetti. Bu dönemde seraskerin maiyetinde müsteşar, mektupçu, nizâmiye muhasebecisi ve bir hassa muhasebecisi bulunmaktaydı. Bundan başka şu daireler hizmet vermekteydi: Makām-ı Seraskerî Dairesi, mektupçu, şifre, tercüme ve nizâmiye evrak kalemleri. Aynı dönemde Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye Dairesi de müstakil hale getirildi. Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî ve Tophâne meclisleri seraskerliğe bağlı yardımcı kurumlar olma özelliğini sürdürdü. Doksanüç Harbi’nde alınan yenilginin sebep ve sonuçlarını değerlendirmek üzere oluşturulan komisyonun tavsiyeleri doğrultusunda 1879’da kapsamlı düzenlemeler yapıldı. Bu çerçevede seraskerlik ile Dâr-ı Şûrâ-yı Askerî kaldırıldı, bunların yerine Harbiye Nezâreti ikame edildi. Yaklaşık beş yıllık bir uygulamanın ardından 1884’te her iki kurum ihya edildi.
II. Abdülhamid devrinde seraskerlik makamının etkinliği önceki dönemlere göre hayli azaldı. Padişahın idarî anlayışından kaynaklanan otoriter tutumu yanında selefi Sultan Abdülaziz’in şâibeli ölümü ve serasker sıfatını haiz Hüseyin Avni Paşa’nın bu işte başrolde olması bu hususta önemli rol oynadı. Benzer bir âkıbete mâruz kalmaktan endişe eden II. Abdülhamid seraskerliğin siyaseten etkin olmasına izin vermedi. Maiyyet-i Seniyye Erkân-ı Harbiyye Dairesi, Teftîş-i Umûmî-i Askerî Komisyon-ı Âlîsi vb. kuruluşların teşkili bu amaca hizmet etti. Bu dönemde siyasetin merkezi Bâbıâli ile Bâb-ı Seraskerî’den Yıldız Sarayı’na kaydı. Kurulan geniş hafiye teşkilâtı ile jurnalcilik sayesinde sivil ve askerî kurumlar sıkı kontrol altında tutuldu. 22 Temmuz 1908’de azledilen Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa’nın yerine sadârete Küçük Said Paşa getirilince önceki hükümette serasker sıfatıyla görev yapan Mehmed Rızâ Paşa’yı kabinesine almayıp yerine harbiye nâzırı unvanıyla Ömer Rüşdü Paşa’yı tayin etti. Bu şekilde Harbiye Nezâreti, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından bir gün önce (22 Temmuz 1908) kuruldu, böylece seksen iki yıllık seraskerlik makamı tarihe karışmış oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, Kānunnâme-i Askerî Defteri , nr. 1, 2; Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, Üss-i Zafer, İstanbul 1293, s. 190-195; Cevad Paşa, Târîh-i Askerî-i Osmânî, İstanbul 1297, I, 292-301; II, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4178; III, a.y., nr. 6127, tür.yer.; Mahmud Şevket Paşa, Osmanlı Askeri Teşkilatı ve Kıyafeti (haz. Nurettin Türsan – Semiha Türsan), Ankara 1983, II, 79-95; Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları, I, 557, 582, 594; İhsan Hün, Osmanlı Ordusunda Genelkurmayın Ne Suretle Teşekkül Ettiği ve Geçirdiği Safhalar, İstanbul 1952; M. A. Griffiths, The Reorganization of the Ottoman Army under Abdülhamid II: 1880-1897 (doktora tezi, 1968), University of California; Musa Çadırcı, “Osmanlı Ordusunda Yeni Düzenlemeler”, Birinci Askeri Tarih Semineri: Bildiriler, Ankara 1983, II, 85-100; Ali Akyıldız, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Merkez Teşkilâtında Reform: 1836-1856, İstanbul 1993; Abdülkadir Özcan, “Osmanlı Askerî Teşkilâtı”, Osmanlı Devleti ve Medeniyeti Tarihi (haz. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu), İstanbul 1999, I, 359-362; a.mlf., “Bâb-ı Seraskerî”, DİA, IV, 364; Veli Şirin, Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye Ordusu ve Seraskerlik, İstanbul 2002, s. 42-70; Yüksel Çelik, Hüsrev Mehmet Paşa, Siyasi Hayatı ve Askeri Faaliyetleri: 1756-1855 (doktora tezi, 2004), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 275-364; A. Süheyl Ünver, “Beyazıt’ta Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye’nin Serasker Dairesi Kapısı”, Ön Asya Dergisi, III/33, Ankara 1968, s. 14-23; Fahri Çoker, “Seraskerler ve Harbiye Nazırları”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, I/1, İstanbul 1968, s. 22-24; a.mlf., “Tanzimat ve Orduda Yenilikler”, TCTA, V, 1260-1266; T. W. Haig, “Serdâr”, İA, X, 512-513; Pakalın, III, 176-177; Bernard Lewis, “Bāb-ı Serʿaskeri”, EI2 (İng.), I, 838.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 547-549 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.