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ŞERHU’l-USÛLİ’l-HAMSE Skip to content Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın (ö. 415/1025) Mu‘tezile mezhebince benimsenen beş inanç esasını açıkladığı eseri.
Müellifin kendi eseri el-Muġnî yanında (XX/2, s. 258) Hâkim el-Cüşemî, İbnü’l-Murtazâ, Ṭabaḳātü’z-Zeydiyye müellifi Sârimüddin İbrâhim b. Kāsım, Cündârî ve el-Ḥadâʾiḳu’d-dürriyye müellifi Ahmed b. Hamîd tarafından da bazı farklılıklarla ona nisbet edilmektedir (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , neşredenin girişi, s. 26). Usûl-i hamse üzerine Kādī Abdülcebbâr’dan önce de eserler yazılmış olup Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf, Hişâm b. Amr el-Fuvatî ve Ca‘fer b. Harb’in el-Uṣûlü’l-ḫamse ’leri örnek olarak zikredilebilir. Ayrıca öğrencilerinden Ebû Muhammed İsmâil b. Ali el-Ferzâzî ve Kıvâmüddin Ahmed b. Ebû Hâşim el-Hüseynî (Mânkdîm) aynı adla risâle yazmışlardır (bk. USÛL-i HAMSE ).
Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse ’nin Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a nisbeti konusunda farklı görüşler mevcuttur. Eserin hem metin hem şerh olarak kendisine ait olduğunu söyleyenlerin yanında yukarıdaki metinlerden birine ait şerh olduğunu yahut metnin kendisine, şerhin öğrencilerine ait bulunduğunu ileri sürenler de vardır. Meselâ Eymen Fuâd Seyyid’e göre Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse ’nin metni Kāsım er-Ressî’ye, şerhi Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a, hâşiyesi Kıvâmüddin Ahmed b. Ebû Hâşim el-Hüseynî Mânkdîm’e aittir (Târîḫu’l-Meẕâhibi’d-dîniyye , s. 226). Ancak bu iddia isabetli görünmemektedir, çünkü Kāsım er-Ressî’nin yayımlanan risâlesiyle (nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde, Kahire 1971) Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse ’nin muhtevaları birbirine uymamaktadır. Aynı şekilde bu eserin Ca‘fer b. Harb’e ait risâlenin şerhi olması ihtimali de zayıftır, zira Ca‘fer Bağdat Mu‘tezilesi’ne, Kādî Abdülcebbâr Basra Mu‘tezilesi’ne mensuptur. Söz konusu ihtimal doğru olsaydı eserde Bağdat Mu‘tezilesi ile Basra Mu‘tezilesi arasındaki tartışmaların yer alması gerekirdi. Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse ’nin İbn Hallâd el-Basrî’ye nisbeti de söz konusu olamaz. Her ne kadar Hâkim el-Cüşemî ve İbnü’l-Murtazâ, İbn Hallâd’ın vaîd konusunda yazmaya başlayıp tamamlayamadığı bir eserine Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın tekmile yazdığından söz etmekteyse de bununla kastedilen Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse değil İbn Hallâd’ın Şerḥu’l-Uṣûl ’ü için kaleme alınan tekmiledir. Abdülkerîm Osman ise eldeki eserin el-Muġnî ’nin, müellifi tarafından söylenip yazdırılması esnasında yazıldığı belirtilen (XX/2, s. 258) şerh olduğunu kaydeder (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , neşredenin girişi, s. 28). Şerhin Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın öğrencilerine nisbet edilmesi de doğru değildir. Çünkü mevcut nüshada öğrencileri esere ta‘lik yazan kişiler diye kaydedilmektedir. Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın imlâ yoluyla meydana getirdiği Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse birçok öğrencisi tarafından kaleme alınmış, fakat sadece ikisine ait nüshalar günümüze ulaşmıştır (aş.bk.). Eserin bilhassa imâmetle ilgili bölümünde dikkat çeken farklılık, Zeydî olan öğrencilerinin hocalarının görüşünü verdikten sonra muhalif oldukları konularda kendi görüşlerini de ilâve etmelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Daniel Gimaret, Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a nisbet edilen ve Vatikan Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası bulunan el-Uṣûlü’l-ḫamse ’yi 1979’da yayımladığı bir makalesinde ele almıştır (AIsl. , sy. 15 [1979], s. 47-96). Daha sonra Faysal Büdeyr Avn, San‘a’daki Mektebetü’l-câmii’l-kebîr’de kayıtlı iki farklı nüshaya dayanıp Gimaret’nin neşrini ve değerlendirmelerini de göz önünde bulundurarak eseri el-Uṣûlü’l-ḫamse el-mensûb ilâ Ḳāḍî ʿAbdilcebbâr b. Aḥmed el-Esedâbâdî adıyla yayımlamıştır (Küveyt 1998). Her iki nâşir de Abdülkerîm Osman tarafından yayımlanan şerhin Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a ait olup olmadığı hususunda şüpheler bulunduğunu kaydetmektedir.
Eserde uzun bir mukaddimeden sonra tevhid, adl, va‘d ve vaîd, menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn, emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münkerden ibaret olan ve kitabın ana bölümlerini teşkil eden usûl-i hamse gelir. Mukaddime nazarla (aklî istidlâl) başlar. Burada Allah’ın zaruri değil istidlâlî ilimle bilindiği ve O’nu tanımaya vasıta olan istidlâlin mükellefe vâcip olduğu hususu üzerinde durulur. Mükellefin dinin esasına dair bilmesi gereken şeylerin icmâlî ve tafsîlî diye ikiye ayrıldığı, avamın icmâlî, seçkinlerin tafsilî olanları bilmekle yükümlü bulunduğu kaydedilir. Birinci esas olan tevhid Allah’ın varlığı, birliği, selbî ve sübûtî sıfatları, müteşâbih lafızlarda geçen maddî niteliklerin Allah’a nisbet edilemeyeceği, dolayısıyla O’nun dünyada görülemediği gibi âhirette de görülemeyeceği vb. konularla Seneviyye, Deysâniyye, Merkūniyye, Mecûsîlik, Hıristiyanlık, Nestûrîlik, Ya‘kūbîlik gibi din ve mezheplerin ulûhiyyet görüşlerine reddiyeleri içerir. İkinci esas adl başlığı altında kader, Kur’an’ın mahlûk olup olmadığı hususu ve nübüvvet konuları incelenir. Eserde en geniş muhtevaya sahip bulunan bölümde, Mu‘tezile ile diğer İslâm mezhepleri arasında en önemli anlaşmazlık konusunu teşkil eden kader probleminin çeşitli meseleleri arasında Allah’ın kudret ve irade sıfatlarıyla kulun bu sıfatlarının sınırları ve kaderi ilgilendiren diğer hususlar ayrıntılı biçimde zikredilir. Bu arada müşrik çocuklarının âhiretteki konumu, insanların dünyada çektiği sıkıntı ve acıların ilâhî adl prensibiyle ilişkisi, bunlara karşılık âhirette verilecek mükâfat (ivaz) ve kulun iman edip doğru yola girmesini kolaylaştıracak ilâhî lutuf konularına da temas edilir. Allah kelâmının, dolayısıyla Kur’an’ın mahlûk oluşu geniş bir hacim içinde tartışılır ve ardından nübüvvet konusu işlenir.
Üçüncü esas va‘d ve vaîd olup müellif burada mükâfat ve cezayı gerektiren fiiller, kulun davranışlarına terettüp eden bu sonuçların gerçekleşme veya düşme şekilleri, fâsıkın cehennemde ebedî kalışı, şefaat ve şefaatin kimler için faydalı olabileceği gibi konuları ele almıştır. Mu‘tezile’ye has bir anlayış olan “menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn”in işlendiği dördüncü bölümde büyük günahların doğurduğu sonuçlar üzerinde durulup ardından sem‘iyyât bahislerine geçilir ve muhaliflerin ithamlarına rağmen Mu‘tezile âlimlerinin kabir azabını reddetmediği belirtilir ve âhiret hallerinin hak olduğu kaydedilir. Beşinci esas olan emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münkerin öneminin vurgulanması ve işlenen kötülüklerden tövbe edilmesinin gereğinin belirtilmesinden sonra imâmet bahsine geçilir. Eserin bu kısmında müellifin kendi kanaatini ortaya koyduğu görülmektedir. Ona göre Hz. Ali ile Hasan ve Hüseyin’in hilâfetleri hakkında nas mevcut olup onlardan sonra Zeyd b. Ali ve bunların yolunu izleyenler gerçek halife sayılır. Zira Mu‘tezile ve Mücbire (herhalde Ehl-i sünnet) âlimleri, Resûlullah’ın ardından hilâfetin dört halife ile ümmetin seçip akid yaptığı ve dört halifenin yolundan gidenlerin hakkı olduğu görüşünü benimsemiştir. Daha sonra tafdîl bahsine temas edilir ve yeniden kazâ ve kader bahsine geçilir. Ancak burada meselenin esasına temas edilmeden hadis diye rivayet edilen, “Kaderiyye bu ümmetin Mecûsîler’idir” anlamındaki bir metnin, muhaliflerin iddia ettiği gibi kendileriyle değil Mücbire ile ilişkili olduğu ve onların görüşleriyle bağdaştığı ileri sürülür. Ardından ecel, rızık, tevekkül, fiyatların artış veya düşüş göstermesinde ilâhî ve beşerî müdahalenin rolüne kısaca yer verilir.
Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse ’ye müellifin öğrencileri Ebû Muhammed İsmâil b. Ali el-Ferzâzî ve Kıvâmüddin Mânkdîm tarafından ta‘lik yazılmıştır. İlkine ait ta‘likin bir nüshası Yemen’de mevcut olup (İmam Abdullah b. Hamza Ktp.), bunun mikrofilmi Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’dedir (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , neşredenin girişi, s. 29). İkinci eserin bilinen iki nüshasından biri Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (III. Ahmed, nr. 4703), diğerinin Yemen’de bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Kāsım b. Muhammed b. Ahmed tarafından 756’da (1355) istinsah edilen III. Ahmed nüshasının kapak sayfasında esere Kıvâmüddin Mânkdîm tarafından ta‘lik yazıldığı kaydedilmektedir. Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de kayıtlı olan ve Zeydî imamlarından Abdullah b. Hamza’nın kütüphanesinden alınan Yemen nüshasının üzerinde Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse adlı bu kitabın Kādî Abdülcebbâr’a ait olduğu belirtildikten sonra müellifin Şeşduyû diye bilinen Mânkdîm olduğu yazılmıştır. Eserin Abdülkerîm Osman tarafından yapılan neşrinde bu iki nüsha esas alınmıştır (Kahire 1384/1965, 1408/1988). Abdurrahman Bedevî bu neşirde birçok hata, tahrif ve noksanlığın bulunduğunu söyleyerek yeni bir neşre ihtiyaç olduğunu belirtmektedir (Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , I, 389).
Mu‘tezile’nin doğuşundan V. (XI.) yüzyılın başına kadar geçen süre içinde özellikle bu mezhep kelâmcılarının tartıştığı konuları içeren Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse ’de Eşâire, Havâric, Râfıza ve Mücbire (Cebriyye, Ehl-i sünnet) gibi İslâmî mezheplerle Mecûsîler, müşrikler, yahudi ve hıristiyanların görüşlerine yer verilmiş ve karşı fikirlere işarette bulunulmuştur. Mu‘tezile’nin beş esasının oldukça sistemli bir şekilde ele alındığı eserde Sünnî kelâmcılar tarafından işlenen usûl-i selâseden ilâhiyyâtın tevhid bölümünde, nübüvvetin adl bölümü içinde ve âhiret meselelerinin menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn bölümünün sonunda özet halinde anlatıldığı görülür. Kādî Abdülcebbâr, “Kaderiyye bu ümmetin Mecûsîler’idir” sözünün Ehl-i sünnet mensuplarını hedeflediğini hissî ifadelerle dile getirirken büyük bir ihtimalle İmam Mâtürîdî’yi kastetmiştir. Çünkü mukabil bir yorumu kendisinden seksen yıl önce Mu‘tezile’ye yönelten ve bu ekolü ağır biçimde eleştiren Mâtürîdî’dir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 500-504; krş. a.g.e. , s. 137-146). Bu durum Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın Mâtürîdî’den etkilendiği şeklindeki kanaati güçlendirmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mâtüridî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu – Muhammed Aruçi), Ankara 1423/2003, s. 137-146, 500-504.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 214, 222.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse (nşr. Abdülkerîm Osman), Kahire 1408/1988, s. 128-148, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 26, 28, 29.
a.mlf., el-Muġnî , XX/2, s. 258.
Hâkim el-Cüşemî, Şerḥu’l-ʿUyûn (nşr. Fuâd Seyyid, Fażlü’l-iʿtizâl ve Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile içinde), Tunus 1393/1974, s. 368.
İbnü’l-Murtazâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile , s. 73, 105, 113.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , Beyrut 1979, I, 389.
Ahmed Mahmûd Subhî, ez-Zeydiyye , Kahire 1404/1984, s. 590.
Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, Târîḫu’l-meẕâhibi’d-dîniyye fî bilâdi’l-Yemen , Kahire 1408/1988, s. 226.
Hüseyin Hansu, Mu‘tezile’nin Hadis Anlayışı (doktora tezi, 2002), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 18.
D. Gimaret, “Muʿtazila”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 793.
W. Madelung, “ʿAbd-al-Jabbār”, EIr. , I, 117-118.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 570-571 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.