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ŞERÎF el-MURTAZÂ Skip to content Alemü’l-hüdâ Ebü’l-Kāsım Alî b. el-Hüseyn b. Mûsâ b. Muhammed el-Alevî eş-Şerîf el-Murtazâ (ö. 436/1044)
İmâmiyye’nin önde gelen fıkıh ve kelâm âlimi, edebiyatçı, Bağdat’taki Tâlibîler’in nakibi.
355 (966) yılında Bağdat’ta doğdu. Babası, değişik zamanlarda Bağdat’ta Tâlibîler’in nakibliği görevini üstlenen ve İmam Mûsâ el-Kâzım neslinden gelen Ebû Ahmed Hüseyin, annesi, Taberistan ve Gîlân’ın doğusunun hâkimi olan Zeydî imamı Hasan el-Utrûş’un torunlarından Fâtıma bint Hüseyin’dir. İlk eğitimini aile çevresinde aldıktan sonra İmâmiyye fıkhı ve kelâmını dönemin meşhur âlimi Şeyh Müfîd’den öğrendi. İmâmiyye nakilleri ve hadis konusunda başta İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî’nin kardeşi Hüseyin b. Bâbeveyh olmak üzere muhtelif hadisçilerden istifade etti. Arap dili ve edebiyatı alanında ilk bilgileri Ebû Nasr Abdülazîz b. Nübâte’den öğrendi. Ardından İbn Cinnî ve Mu‘tezile temayüllü Şiî Merzübânî’den önemli ölçüde etkilendi. Mu‘tezile’ye dair bilgilerini Ebû İshak en-Nasîbînî’den ve özellikle 389 (999) yılında hac dönüşü Rey’e giderken Bağdat’ı ziyaret eden Kādî Abdülcebbâr’dan aldı (etkilenmesi konusunda geniş bilgi için bk. Abdülfettâh Lâşin, s. 563-648).
Nakiblik görevine 380 (990) yılında küçük kardeşi Muhammed’le (Şerîf er-Radî) birlikte babasının yardımcısı olarak başladı. Dört yıl sonra babası ve kardeşiyle beraber bu görevden azledildi. 397’de (1007) Büveyhîler’den Bahâüddevle’nin Halife Kādir-Billâh’a baskı yapması üzerine Muhammed “er-Radî Zü’l-hasebeyn” unvanıyla nakib tayin edilirken kendisine de “el-Murtazâ Zü’l-mecdeyn” unvanı verildi ve bundan sonra Şerîf el-Murtazâ diye meşhur oldu. Kardeşinin vefatı üzerine Murtazâ nakībü’n-nükabâ olarak tayin edildi. Görevi dolayısıyla Kâzımiye’de oturan Murtazâ’ya mezâlim konusunda hükmetme yetkisi ve hac emirliği görevi de verildi. “Alemü’l-hüdâ” unvanı ise Büveyhîler’den Celâlüddevle’nin veziri Amîdüddevle tarafından tevcih edilmiştir (420/1029). Şerîf el-Murtazâ bu görevlerine ölümüne kadar devam etti (İbn Inebe, s. 235).
İtidalli şahsiyeti, büyük serveti, resmî görevleri, geniş bilgisi, edebî yetenekleri, öğrenci yetiştirme ve eser telifi gibi faaliyetleri, Şerîf el-Murtazâ’yı devrinde Bağdat’ın siyasal ve sosyal hayatında etkili bir kişi haline getirdi. Bir anlamda halifeden bağımsız bir görev olan nakiblik, Büveyhîler’in ilk döneminde Zeydîler tarafından ifa edilirken sonraları Şiîler’e has beyaz elbise giyilmesi halifeye karşı bir tavır niteliği taşıyordu. Bu görev Murtazâ’nın babasından itibaren İmâmî nakiblere intikal edince halife tarafından verilmiş bir hediye statüsünde değerlendirildi. Abbâsîler’in rengi sayılan siyah elbiseler giyilerek gerek Büveyhîler gerekse Abbâsî halifesiyle iyi ilişkiler kurulmuştu. Şerîf el-Murtazâ görevinde halifeye sadakat gösterdi, kendisinin bu makamda bulunuşunun meşruiyetini ortaya koydu; idareci zalim de olsa böyle bir görevi kabul etmenin gerekliliğini vurguladı. Görevi sırasında Tâi‘-Lillâh, Kādir-Billâh ve Kāim-Biemrillâh ile yakın ilişkiler içinde bulundu. Kāim’e ilk biat eden Şerîf el-Murtazâ oldu. Özellikle Kādir-Billâh tarafından 402 (1011) yılında yayımlanan, Fâtımîler’in şeceresinin sahte olduğuna dair bildiriye imza koydu. Büveyhîler’in vezirleriyle, bilhassa Bağdat valisi olan Vezir Fahrüddevle ile yakın arkadaşlık tesis etti, onu öven şiirler yazdı. Büveyhîler son zamanlarında ordu üzerinde hâkimiyetlerini kaybetmeye başlayınca Murtazâ, zaman zaman onlarla Bağdat’ta bulunan Türk birlikleri arasında aracılık etmekle görevlendirildi. 422 (1031) yılında Celâlüddevle’nin veziri Rukkâcî ile beraber emirleri altında bulunanlara kötü muamele yapmakla suçlanan iki Türk kumandanının Bağdat’a getirilmesi için Medâin’e gönderildi. Özellikle Bağdat’ın Kerh bölgesinde 420 (1029) yılından itibaren ortaya çıkan Sünnî-Şiî çatışmalarında Şiîler’in sözcülüğünü üstlenen Murtazâ, gerek Büveyhî emîrleri gerekse halife nezdinde önemli teşebbüslerde bulunarak ihtilâfların çözümü için çaba sarfetti. Şerîf el-Murtazâ 25 Rebîülevvel 436 (20 Ekim 1044) tarihinde vefat etti. Yaşadığı dönemde İmâmiyye Şîası’nın en yetkili âlimi olarak tanınan Şerîf el-Murtazâ, Bağdat’ta kendisine sorulan soruları cevaplandırdığı gibi Bağdat dışındaki şehirlerden gelen sorulara da yazılı cevaplar vermiştir. Bunun yanında büyük servetiyle Şiî öğrencilerin yetişmesine destek olmuş, 80.000 cilt kitap ihtiva ettiği söylenen bir kütüphane kurmuştur (İbn Inebe, s. 235; K. Avvâd, s. 234-235). Şeyhüttâife Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Ahmed b. Ali en-Necâşî, Kādî Abdülazîz b. Berrâc et-Trablusî ve Halep bölgesi halifesi Ebü’s-Salâh el-Halebî gibi şahsiyetler Murtazâ’nın önde gelen öğrencilerindendir.
Bağdat İmâmiye ekolünün (Usûliyye) akılcı yönü Şerîf el-Murtazâ ile zirveye ulaşmıştır. Hocası Şeyh Müfîd’in sem‘î deliller olmadan aklın dinî bir hükme varamayacağı şeklindeki düşüncesine karşı çıkan Murtazâ, dinin temel gerçeklerinin tesbitinde akla büyük pay ayrılmasının gerektiğini söyleyerek Mu‘tezile’ye uygun bir düşünce ortaya koymuştur. Bazı Şiî rivayetleri kabul etmeyip Kur’an’ın elde mevcut nüshasının Hz. Peygamber devrindeki metinle aynı olduğunu vurgulayan Murtazâ, Kur’an’ı mahlûk diye nitelemenin uygun sayılamayacağını belirtmiştir. Mu‘tezilî temayüllerine rağmen felsefeye karşı çıkarak felsefecileri şiddetle eleştirmiştir. Yahyâ b. Adî’ye yazdığı reddiyelerde heyûlânın (ilk madde) varlığını ve tabiat kanunları kavramını reddetmiş, bu kanunların Allah’ın koyduğu düzenden (âdetullah) ibaret olduğunu belirtmiştir. Onun felsefeye karşı çıkması, Mu‘tezile’den uzaklaşıp Eş‘ariyye doktrinine yaklaştığı izlenimi vermektedir. Yine astrolojiyle ilgili bütün inançların yanı sıra rüyaların çoğunun anlamsız olduğunu söylemiş, rüyaları “ruhun aslî âlemine yükselmesi” şeklinde açıklayan felsefî izahları gülünç bulmuştur. İmâmiyye geleneğine sıkı bir şekilde bağlı bulunan Şerîf el-Murtazâ, Hz. Ali’nin Resûlullah tarafından tayin edilmiş vasî olduğunu yahut diğer imamlardan herhangi birinin imâmetini kesinlik derecesinde reddeden kimsenin küfre gireceğine hükmetmiştir. Bu noktadan hareketle birçok Şiî âlimi gibi ashabın büyük çoğunluğunu nifakla itham etmiştir. Murtazâ’nın rivayet yöntemini benimseyenlere (Ahbâriyye) muhalefeti, kendisini hocası Müfîd’in fıkıh ve fıkıh usulü konusunda destekleyici bir unsur olarak kabul ettiği âhâd haberleri reddetmeye yönlendirmiştir. Ona göre râvileri güvenilir bile olsa âhâd haberler fıkıh konusunda muteber delil kabul edilemez. Zira bu tür rivayetler, İbn Bâbeveyh istisna edilirse Kum’daki teşbihe ve kaderciliğe meyilli râviler tarafından nakledilmiştir. Kur’an’ın i‘câzı meselesinde sarfe nazariyesini benimseyen Murtazâ’nın bu görüşleri İmâmiyye arasında uzun süre etkisini sürdürmüştür. Onun ve hocası Müfîd’in kelâma dair düşünceleri, VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî ve diğer kelâmcılar tarafından İbn Sînâ felsefesinden faydalanılarak ortaya konulan yeni kelâm sistemine kadar devam etmiş, ancak âhâd haberlerin fıkıh alanında reddedilişi kabul görmemiştir.
Eserleri. Velûd bir müellif olan Şerîf el-Murtazâ’nın yayımlanan eserlerinin bir kısmı şunlardır: el-Uṣûlü’l-iʿtiḳādiyye (nşr. Muhammed Hasan Âlü Yâsîn, Nefâʾisü’l-maḫṭûṭât içinde, Bağdat 1954, 1962); Îḳāẓü’l-beşer (İnḳāẕü’l-beşer) mine’l-cebr ve’l-ḳader (nşr. Ali el-Hâkānî en-Necefî, Necef 1354/1935; nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde, Kahire 1971); Mecmûʿa fî fünûn şettâ min ʿilmi’l-kelâm (nşr. Muhammed Hasan Âl-i Yâsîn, Nefâʾisü’l-maḫṭûṭât V içinde, Bağdat 1955); el-Muḳniʿ fi’l-ġaybe (nşr. Muhammed Ali el-Hakîm, Kum 1416/1995); Mesʾele vecîze fi’l-ġaybe (nşr. Muhammed Hasan Âl-i Yâsîn, Nefaʾisü’l-maḫṭûṭât IV içinde, Bağdat 1955); Tenzîhü’l-enbiyâʾ (bütün peygamberlerin ve imamların günahlardan korunmuşluğunu ele alan bir çalışmadır; nşr. Muhammed el-Kütübî, Necef 1379/1960; Beyrut 1988); el-Mülaḥḥaṣ fî uṣûli’d-dîn (nşr. Muhammed Rızâ Ensârî Kummî, Tahran 1381); Resâʾilü’ş-Şerîf el-Murtażâ (kendisine sorulan sorulara verdiği cevaplardan oluşmaktadır; nşr. Ahmed Ali Hüseyin el-Eşkûrî, Necef 1386/1967; nşr. Mehdî er-Recâî, Kum 1405); eş-Şâfî fi’l-imâme (Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın el-Muġnî’sinde imâmete dair bölümler hakkında bir reddiyedir; Hacer 1301/1884; nşr. Abdüzzehrâ el-Hüseynî el-Hatîb, Beyrut 1988); eẕ-Ẕaḫîre fî ʿilmi’l-kelâm (nşr. Seyyid Ahmed el-Hüseynî, Kum 1411); el-Mûżıḥ ʿan ciheti iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Muhammed Rızâ el-Ensârî el-Kummî, Meşhed 1424); Gurerü’l-fevâʾid ve dürerü’l-ḳalâʾid* (eserde bazı âyetlerle hadislerin Mu‘tezilî açıdan yorumu, kelâma ve edebiyata dair konular, Mu‘tezile ileri gelenleriyle bazı şairlerin biyografileri, edebî sanatlar vb.ne yer verilir; eser ilk defa Tahran’da [1272], ardından Kahire’de [1325] basılmış, daha sonra çeşitli neşirleri gerçekleştirilmiştir; meselâ bk. nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim, Kahire 1373/1954); el-Cevâmiʿu’l-fıḳhiyye (nşr. M. Bâkır Hânsârî, Tahran 1276/1859); ez-Zerîʿa fî ʿilmi uṣûli’ş-şerîʿa (I-II, Tahran 1346-1348; nşr. Ebü’l-Kāsım Gürcî, Tahran 1363 hş.); Cümelü’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿamel (Şîa akaid esaslarıyla fıkhî konuların ele alındığı bir eserdir; nşr. Reşîd es-Saffâr, Necef 1967; nşr. Ahmed Ali el-Hüseynî el-Eşkûrî, Bağdat 1967; Necef 1968); Mesʾele fi’l-ʿamel maʿa’s-sulṭân (Şiî İmâmî inancını benimsemeyen bir devlet başkanının emrinde çalışmanın câiz olup olmayacağına dair bir eser olup İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte Wilferd Madelung tarafından yayımlanmıştır; BSOAS, XLIII [Hertford 1980], s. 18-31); el-İntiṣâr (Ca‘ferî fıkhıyla ilgilidir; Tahran 1276, 1315; nşr. Seyyid Muhammed Rızâ el-Horasânî, Kum 1404; Kum-Necef 1391/1971; Beyrut 1405/1985); Şerḥu’l-Ḳaṣîdeti’l-müẕehhebe fî medḥi emîri’l-müʾminîn ʿAlî b. Ebî Ṭâlib (Seyyid el-Himyerî’ye ait methiyenin şerhidir; nşr. Muhammed el-Hatîb, Kahire 1313; Beyrut 1970); Dîvânü ʿAlî b. Ebî Ṭâlib (Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilerek şerhedilmiş, bu şerhi Şakir Diclehan sadeleştirip yayımlamıştır; İstanbul 1981); eş-Şihâb fi’ş-şeybi ve’ş-şebâb (gençlik ve yaşlılığı tasvir eden şiir antolojisi niteliğinde bir eser olup Câhiz’in Sülvetü’l-ḥarîf bi-münâẓarati’r-rebîʿ ve’l-ḥarîf’iyle birlikte basılmıştır; İstanbul 1302; Beyrut 1403/1982); Ṭayfü’l-ḫayâl (Arap aşk şiirlerinin çeşitli yönlerden ele alındığı bir eserdir; nşr. Muhammed Seyyid Kîlânî, Kahire 1955); Dîvânü’ş-Şerîf el-Murtażâ (nşr. Reşîd es-Saffâr, Kahire 1958). Müellifin kardeşi Şerîf er-Radî tarafından derlenen Nehcü’l-belâġa zaman zaman Şerîf el-Murtazâ’ya nisbet edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî, Tetimmetü’l-Yetîme (nşr. Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1353/1934, I, 53-56; Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, el-Fihrist (nşr. Cevâd el-Kayyûmî), [baskı yeri yok] 1417 (Müessesetü neşri’l-fekāhe), s. 164-165; Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd, XI, 402; Ali b. Hasan el-Bâharzî, Dümyetü’l-ḳaṣr (nşr. Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv), Kahire 1968, I, 279-283; İbn Şehrâşûb, Meʿâlimü’l-ʿulemâʾ (nşr. Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1353/1934, s. 61-63; İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam, VIII, 120-126; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, V, 173-178; VIII, 146-147; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, III, 313-317; Abdullah Efendi, Riyâżü’l-ʿulemâʾ ve ḥiyâzü’l-fużalâʾ (nşr. Ahmed el-Hüseynî), Kum 1401, IV, 14-65; İbn Inebe, Umdetü’ṭ-ṭâlib, Beyrut, ts. (Dâru mektebeti’l-hayât), s. 234-236; İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân, IV, 223; Hânsârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât (nşr. Esedullah İsmâiliyyân), Kum 1391, IV, 296-312; Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn, VII, 81-82; W. Madelung, “Imamism and Mu’tazilite Theology”, Le Shîʿisme Imâmite, Paris 1970, s. 25-27; a.mlf., “A Treatise of the Sharif al-Murtadā on the Legality of Working for the Government”, BSOAS, XLIII (1980), s. 18-31; a.mlf., “ʿAlām-al-Hodā”, EIr., I, 791-795; Abdülfettâh Lâşîn, Belâġatü’l-Ḳurʾân fî âs̱âri’l-Ḳāḍî ʿAbdilcebbâr ve es̱eruhû fi’d-dirâsâti’l-belâġa, Kahire 1978, s. 563-648; Hasan es-Sadr, Teʾsîsü’ş-Şîʿa, Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 391-393; K. Avvâd, Ḫazâʾinü’l-kütübi’l-ḳadîme fi’l-ʿIrâḳ, Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 234-235; Vāhid Akhtar, “al-Sayyid al-Murtadā, Life and Works”, al-Tawhid, IV/1, Tehran 1407/1986, s. 125-152; Ahmed Muhammed el-Ma‘tûk, “eş-Şerîf el-Murtażâ: Ḥayâtühû, s̱eḳāfetühû, edebühû ve naḳdüh”, el-Mecelletü’l-ʿArabiyye li’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye, sy. 44, Küveyt 1993, s. 30-73; C. Brockelmann, “al-S̲h̲arīf al-Murtaḍā”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 634; M. Kerîmî Zencânî, “Seyyid Murtażâ”, DMT, IX, 463-471.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 586-588 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.