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ŞERÎF HÜSEYİN Skip to content el-Melikü’ş-Şerîf Hüseyn b. Alî b. Muhammed el-Hasenî el-Hâşimî (1853-1931)
Mekke emîri.
İstanbul’da doğdu. Hâşimî Zevî Avn sülâlesinden Şerîf Ali Paşa’nın oğlu ve Mekke Emîri Muhammed b. Abdülmuîn İbn Avn’ın torunudur. 1856-1858 yıllarında dedesinin son emirliği döneminde Mekke’de kaldı. 1858’de İstanbul’a döndü. 1861’de babasının vefatı üzerine amcası Emîr Abdullah’ın yanına Mekke’ye gitti. Eğitimini burada tamamladı ve 1880’de Zevî Zeyd ailesinden Abdülmuttalib b. Gālib’in emîr tayin edilmesiyle İstanbul’a geldi. Ekim 1908’de Mekke Emîri Şerîf Ali görevinden alınarak yerine amcası Abdullah Paşa b. Muhammed tayin edildi. Ancak Abdullah Hicaz’a hareket etmeden vefat edince uzun süredir vezir rütbesiyle Şûrâ-yı Devlet üyeliği yapan Şerîf Hüseyin Kasım 1908’de Mekke emîri tayin edildi. Aralık 1908’de Mekke’ye ulaşan Emîr Hüseyin’in en önemli görevi, Hicaz demiryolunun kullanılmasıyla gelir kaybına uğrayan bedevîlerin isyanını bastırmak ve hacıların güvenliğini sağlamaktı. Emîr Hüseyin, hacıların güvenliğini sağlayacak kadar askerî destek alamadığı için Ocak 1909’da istifa eden emîr-i hac Abdurrahman Yûsuf’un yerine kardeşi Nâsır ile oğlu Abdullah’ı görevlendirdi ve hacıların emniyetle Şam’a dönmesini sağlayıp hem merkezî hükümet hem de bedevî kabileleri nezdinde itibarını arttırdı.
1909 baharından itibaren vilâyet üst düzey bürokratlarıyla olan anlaşmazlıkları ve özellikle mahallî İttihatçılar’ın çıkardığı Şemsü’l-hakīka gazetesinin basımı ve içeriğiyle ilgili şikâyetlerini İstanbul’a bildiren Emîr Hüseyin’in kendisine muhalif görevlileri korumakla suçladığı Vali Fuad Paşa, Ekim 1909’da görevden alındı ve yerine Bağdat Valisi Şevket Paşa tayin edildi. Şerîf Hüseyin’in gönderilmelerinde ısrar ettiği Hasan Mekkî ve Abdullah Kāsım’ın Şubat 1910 ara seçimlerinde terfi ederek ayrılmaları ve Temmuz 1910’da Medine’nin, Hicaz vilâyetine bağlı bir sancak statüsünden muhafızlık bâki kalmak üzere müstakil sancak statüsüne geçirilmesi onu memnun etmedi. Bu aşamada İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimini karşısına almamakla birlikte kendi gücünü arttırıcı politikalarına devam etti. Medine muhafızının desteğini almadan Temmuz 1910’da Kasîm bölgesinin vergilerini toplama gerekçesiyle İbn Suûd’a karşı bir askerî harekât gerçekleştirdi. Bu aynı zamanda Kasîm bölgesi kabileleri nezdinde bir güç gösterisi anlamına geliyor ve İbn Suûd’a değil kendisine itaat etmelerini istiyordu. 1912 seçimlerinde İttihatçılar’ın güç kaybına uğraması Şerîf Hüseyin’in işine yaradı.
I. Dünya Savaşı öncesinde Şerîf Hüseyin ile İttihat ve Terakkî iktidarı ve bölgedeki temsilcileri olarak Medine muhafızı ve Hicaz valisi arasında gerginlik artmaktaydı. Osmanlı yönetimi, emîri otoritesi Mekke ile sınırlı bir görevli şeklinde görme eğilimini ortaya koyarken Şerîf Hüseyin bölgede söz sahibi olduğunu kabul ettirmeye çalışıyordu. Ocak 1912’de oğlu Abdullah’ı Hidiv Abbas Hilmi’nin desteğini almak maksadıyla Kahire’ye gönderdi. Britanya temsilcisi Lord Kitchener ile ilk defa bu seyahat sırasında görüştüğü belirtilir. 1912 yılından itibaren İttihatçılar’ın merkezdeki siyasî meseleler üzerinde yoğunlaşması Şerîf Hüseyin’in bölgede gücünü arttırmasını sağladı. 1912 seçimlerinde iki oğlu Abdullah ile Faysal’ı Mekke ve Cidde temsilcileri sıfatıyla Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a göndermeyi başardı. 1913’te Asîr’e yapılan ikinci harekâtta başarılı olması Şerîf Hüseyin’i bölgede daha güçlü hale getirdi. I. Dünya Savaşı arefesinde Şerîf Hüseyin ile Ocak 1914’te Hicaz vali ve kumandanlığına tayin edilen Vehib Paşa’nın ilişkileri iyice gerginleşti. Her ikisi de merkezin desteğini alarak diğerinin gücünü sınırlandırmaya çalışıyordu. Vehib Paşa, Şerîf Hüseyin’in bağımsız tavırlarından şikâyet ediyordu ve muhtemelen İngilizler’le ilişkilerinin de farkındaydı. Temmuz 1914’te Osmanlı Devleti’ni yıkmayı hedeflediği gerekçesiyle emîrin azledilmesini ve yerine Şerîf Ali’nin tayinini istedi. Hatta Şerîf Hüseyin’in İstanbul’da bulunan ve mebus olan oğullarının başşehirden ayrılmalarına izin verilmemesini bildirdi (Kayalı, s. 184).
Savaş başladıktan sonra Şerîf Hüseyin, resmî ifadelerinde Osmanlı Devleti’ne sadık kalacağını ve kendisine düşen vazifeyi üstleneceğini belirtti. Bu sırada (Şubat 1915) Hicaz’da bulunan birliklerin büyük çoğunluğu Süveyş’e kaydırıldı ve emîri yakın takibe alan Vehib Paşa, Üçüncü Ordu’ya tayin edildiği için bölgeden ayrıldı. Mayıs ayında emîrin oğlu Faysal, Şam’da Cemal Paşa’yı ziyaret edip desteğini tekrarladı. Bu ziyaret esnasında Faysal’ın Arap ayrılıkçı hareketine mensup bazı kişilerle görüştüğü söylenir. Şerîf Hüseyin 10 Temmuz’da Osmanlı Devleti ve hilâfeti için desteğini ilân ederken ardından oğlu Abdullah vasıtasıyla İngilizler’le tarihe McMahon-Şerîf Hüseyin mektupları adıyla geçen müzakereleri başlattı (14 Temmuz 1915 – 30 Ocak 1916). Bu arada devletin Araplar’dan kurulu askerî birliklerin sayısını arttırma teşebbüsünü engellemeye çalıştı. Cihad ilânını desteklemedi ve Hicaz demiryolunun Mekke’ye kadar uzatılmaması için gayret gösterdi. Gelişmelerden rahatsızlık duyan Osmanlı hükümetinin kendisini emirlikten alacağından endişelenerek İngilizler’le yaptığı pazarlıklarda Araplar’ın Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ayaklanması durumunda İngiltere’nin kendi krallığını tanımasını istedi. Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı İngiltere ile iş birliği kararı alındı ve muhtemel Arap krallığının sınırları belirlendi (kuzeyde Mersin, Adana hattından itibaren Birecik, Urfa, Mardin, Midyat ve İran sınırına, doğuda Basra körfezinin aşağısından İran’a, güneyde Aden hariç Hint Okyanusu’na, batıda Kızıldeniz ve Mersin’e kadar olan topraklar). Şam protokolü diye bilinen bu mutabakat Şerîf Hüseyin tarafından İngilizler’e aktarıldı; bu çerçevede yapılan görüşmeler anlaşma ile sonuçlandı. İngilizler, önceleri stratejik anlamda pek önemli görmedikleri Şerîf Hüseyin isyanına Çanakkale savaşlarında yaşadıkları hayal kırıklığından sonra ağırlık verdiler. Bu yaklaşımda, Suriye ve Kanal üzerindeki Osmanlı savunmasını zaafa uğratma arzularının yanı sıra hilâfete karşı Arap ayaklanmasının İslâm dünyasında meydana getireceği mânevî etkinin İngiltere’nin savaş yükünü hafifleteceği düşüncesi de rol oynadı. İngiltere, Şerîf Hüseyin ile olan müzakerelerini Fransızlar’a ancak Kasım 1915’te bildirdi. 9-16 Mayıs 1916 tarihinde yapılan Sykes-Picot Antlaşması uyarınca Suriye’nin Akkâ’dan itibaren kuzeye doğru bütün kıyıları, Adana ve Mersin bölgeleri Fransa, Bağdat-Basra arası ile Dicle-Fırat bölgesi İngiltere çıkar bölgeleri olarak belirlendi. Bu durumda İngiltere’nin daha önce Arap krallığı sınırları içinde kabul ettiği bazı bölgeler Fransızlar’a bırakılıyordu. İngilizler, Aralık 1915’te Necid bölgesi emîri İbn Suûd ile de bir anlaşma yaparak daha önce Şerîf Hüseyin’in egemenliğine bırakılan Basra körfezinin güney kıyılarında Suûd hâkimiyetini kabul etti.
Cemal Paşa’nın Ağustos 1915 ve Mayıs 1916’da Beyrut ve Şam’da devlete ihanetle suçladığı bazı Araplar’ı idam ettirmesiyle oluşan gergin ortamı değerlendiren Şerîf Hüseyin Haziran 1916’da Mekke’de isyanı başlattı ve 27 Haziran tarihli bildirisinde İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimini dinsizlikle suçlayıp isyanını meşrulaştırmaya çalıştı. 16 Haziran’da Cidde, 17 Eylül’de Tâif düştü. Böylece Medine dışındaki önemli Hicaz şehirleri isyancıların eline geçti (Medine Ocak 1919’a kadar Osmanlı yönetiminde kaldı). Şerîf Hüseyin Kasım 1916’da kendisini Arap ülkelerinin kralı ilân etti. Ancak isyan ederken beklediği desteği bulamadı. Pek çok yerden ardı ardına yapılan açıklamalarda Şerîf Hüseyin ihanetle itham edildi ve müslüman bir devlete karşı İngilizler’le iş birliği yapmış olmaktan dolayı lânetlendi. 1917 Bolşevik İhtilâli’nden sonra savaştan çekilen Ruslar tarafından 1916 tarihli Sykes-Picot Antlaşması’nın ifşa edilmesiyle Filistin topraklarında bir yahudi devletinin kurulmasını destekleyen Kasım 1917 tarihli Balfour Deklarasyonu, Şerîf Hüseyin’in gücünü kıran gelişmelerdi.
Araplar’ın liderliği iddialarını zayıflatıcı bu gelişmelere rağmen Şerîf Hüseyin, Ekim 1918’de I. Dünya Savaşı’nın sona ermesiyle Arap krallığı kurma girişimine devam etti. Fakat 1919 Paris barış görüşmelerinde beklediği ilgiyi ve desteği göremedi ve Hicaz’daki etkinliğini yitirmeye başladı. Filistin topraklarını İngiliz manda yönetimine bırakan barış antlaşmasını kabul etmedi. Bu arada İbn Suûd ile Hicaz hâkimiyeti konusunda çatışmaya girdi. İngilizler’in Şerîf Hüseyin’in iki oğlundan Abdullah’ı Ürdün, Faysal’ı Irak kralı yapması Şerîf Hüseyin’in Arap dünyasındaki itibarını iyice sarstı. 6 Mart 1924’te Türkiye’de halifeliğin kaldırılmasının ardından kendini halife ilân ettiyse de bu hareketi yakın çevresi dışında İslâm dünyasının her yerinde tepkiyle karşılandı. Mekke’yi kuşatan Abdülazîz b. Suûd tarafından krallığına ve halifelik iddialarına son verildi (16 Ekim 1924). Emîr Hüseyin, Akabe üzerinden Kıbrıs’a giderek İngilizler’e sığındı. Sürgün hayatı, 1930 yılında rahatsızlanarak Ürdün emîri olan oğlu Abdullah’ın yanına gidişine kadar sürdü. Bir yıl sonra öldü ve Kudüs’te defnedildi.
Şerîf Hüseyin’in başlattığı isyan, dönemin şartları ve takip eden yıllarda doğrudan ilgili pek çok çevrenin siyasî-ideolojik tutumuna bağlı olarak farklı şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Bunlar arasında yer alan, Osmanlılar’a karşı bütün Arap âlemini temsil eden topyekün bir bağımsızlık hareketi tezi mevcut bilgi ve belgeler ışığında bugün artık geçerliliğini yitirmiştir. Şerîf Hüseyin, İngilizler’le pazarlığında 100.000’i aşkın bir kuvvet toplayabileceğinden söz etmiş olsa da İngilizler’in muazzam para ve lojistik desteklerine rağmen Osmanlılar’a karşı savaşmak için ancak 4-5000 civarında silâhlı bir güç oluşturabildiği, bunların da Mekke-Maan hattında İngilizler’e destek oldukları kayıtlarda yer almıştır. Bu gücün I. Dünya Savaşı’nın Suriye-Filistin bölgesindeki gelişmesi üzerinde ne kadar etkili olduğu tartışmalı bir husustur. Bunların dışında Araplar’ın çoğunlukla Osmanlı Devleti’ne sadık kaldıkları bilinmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 585-586 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.