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ŞERİF PAŞA, Muhammed Skip to content (1826-1887)
Mısırlı devlet adamı.
26 Kasım 1826’da İstanbul’da dünyaya geldi. Büyük dedesi Zaîm Ali Ağa, dedesi Cidde Valisi Şerif Muhammed Paşa, babası çeşitli yerlerde kadılık yapan Said Sîret Bey’dir. Bazı kaynaklarda doğum yeri Kahire ve doğum yılı 1823 diye gösterilir (C. Zeydân, I, 216; EI2 [İng.], IX, 340). Ancak bu bilginin belgelerle uyuşmadığı ve doğumu sırasında babasının Galata kadılığı görevinde bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir (Tal‘at İsmâil Ramazan, s. 25-31). Babası 1829’da Mekke kadılığına tayin edilince ailesini de beraber götürmüş, Mekke’ye giderken Kahire’ye uğradığında Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın misafiri olmuştur. Rivayete göre Muhammed Şerif, henüz çok küçük yaşta olmasına rağmen zekâsıyla Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın dikkatini çekmiş ve Mehmed Ali Paşa onun eğitimini üstlenmiştir. Muhammed Şerif ilk tahsiline Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın sarayında onun çocukları, torunları ve üst düzey bürokratların çocukları için açılmış olan Medresetü’l-hâniketi’l-askeriyye’de başladı. Birkaç yıl sonra Cîze Süvari Okulu’na gitti. Mehmed Ali Paşa bu sırada Avrupa’ya öğrenci göndermeye başlamıştı. Muhammed Şerif de 1844’te Fransa’ya gönderilen, özel şekilde oluşturulmuş denebilecek bir öğrenci grubunda yer aldı. Bu grupta Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğulları Hüseyin ve Abdülhalim, torunları İsmâil (daha sonra hidiv) ve Ahmed Rifat ile Ali Paşa Mübârek gibi ileride önemli görevler üstlenecek şahsiyetler de bulunmaktaydı. Paris’te Saint Cyr Harp Okulu’nda iki yıl askerî eğitim aldı ve bunun bir devamı olarak Fransız ordusuna katıldı. I. Abbas’ın Mısır valisi olmasının ardından Avrupa’daki öğrencileri geri çağırması üzerine Muhammed Şerif de 1849’da Mısır’a döndü ve o sırada Mısır ordusunun başında bulunan Fransız asıllı Süleyman Paşa el-Fransevî’nin (de Sèves) yaverliğine tayin edildi. Bir müddet sonra askerî hayata ara verip Prens Abdülhalim ile birlikte İstanbul’a gitti, burada birkaç yıl geçirdi. 1853’te yine prens ile beraber Kahire’ye dönünce bir yıl kadar onun bürosunda sekreter olarak çalıştı. 1854’te Said Paşa’nın valiliğe tayin edilmesiyle tekrar askerî hayata döndü, valinin özel ordusunda miralay rütbesiyle görevlendirildi. Ardından livâ, 1857’de paşa rütbesine yükseltildi. Şerif Paşa’nın 1856’da Süleyman Paşa el-Fransevî’nin kızı Nazlı Hanım’la evlenmesi onun meslekî hayatında etkili oldu.
Şerif Paşa 1857’de siyasî hayattaki ilk görevini üstlendi ve hariciye nâzırı oldu; kısa sürede devlet işlerine nüfuz ederek yöneticilerin güvenini kazandı. 1861-1863 yıllarında ve 1867’de Meclisü ahkâmi’l-Mısriyye’nin başkanlığını yaptı. 1863’te bir süre maarif nâzırlığı görevinde bulundu. Fransa’da birlikte okuduğu İsmâil Paşa’nın aynı yıl valiliğe tayininden sonra hariciye nâzırlığının yanı sıra dahiliye nâzırlığına getirildi. Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın 1865-1868 yıllarında Mısır dışında bulunduğu sırada dört kere Kahire’de ona vekâlet etti; böylece ilk defa Mehmed Ali Paşa ailesinden olmayan bir kişi bu görevi yerine getirmiş oluyordu (Hunter, s. 73-74). 1866’da uhdesindeki iki bakanlığa ilâveten maarif nezâretini ve kısa bir süre nâfia nezâretini üstlendi. Aynı yıl Meclisü’n-nüvvâb’ın kuruluşu için ilk planları hazırladı. 1869’da Meclisü’l-vüzerâ’nın yerine açılan el-Meclisü’l-husûsî’ye başkanlık etti. 1872-1875 yıllarında yeni kurulan adalet, bunun yanında 1874 ve 1876’da ticaret bakanlığı görevine tayin edildi.
Muhammed Şerif Paşa Mısır siyasî hayatındaki asıl önemli rolü, 1870’li yılların sonlarında Avrupalı devletlerin Mısır’ın iç işlerine müdahalesine karşı bir tepki şeklinde ortaya çıkan anayasal hareketlerde üstlendi. O yıllarda Mısır büyük bir borç batağına saplanmış ve İsmâil Paşa alacaklı Avrupa devletlerinin baskısına mâruz kalmıştı. 1878’de Nubar Paşa başkanlığında kurulan hükümete İngiltere ve Fransa’nın menfaatlerini gözetmek için iki yabancı bakanın tayin edilmesi Mısır’da tepkilere yol açtı. Çıkan olaylar neticesinde Nubar Paşa hükümeti istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. Nisan 1879 başında Şerif Paşa, eşraftan ve ulemâdan bir grupla birlikte Mısır’daki siyasî durumun ıslahına ve borçların düzenlenmesine yönelik “el-Lâyihatü’l-vataniyye” başlıklı bir bildiri hazırladı. Kısa süre sonra da Hidiv İsmâil Paşa tarafından başbakanlığa getirildi (8 Nisan 1879) ve yabancıların yer almadığı bir bakanlar kurulu oluşturdu. Şerif Paşa hükümetinin ilk icraatından biri, onun kırk dokuz maddelik bir anayasa taslağını ve seçim kanununu hazırlayarak bunları mecliste kurulan anayasa komisyonuna göndermesi oldu. Haziran 1879 sonunda Hidiv İsmâil’in Batılı devletlerin girişimiyle Bâbıâli tarafından görevden alınıp yerine oğlu Tevfik Paşa’nın tayin edilmesinin ardından Şerif Paşa istifa etti; ancak tekrar hükümeti kurmakla görevlendirildi (3 Temmuz 1879). Fakat Hidiv Tevfik’le anayasal planları konusunda anlaşmazlığa düşünce anayasayı ve seçim kanununu çıkarmadan meclisin görevine son verdi; 18 Ağustos’ta da kendisi istifa etti. Bunun üzerine Riyâz Paşa’nın başbakanlığında Avrupalı devletlerle iş birliği halinde çalışan yeni bir hükümet kuruldu.
Şerif Paşa bundan sonra Avrupalı devletlere karşı oluşan vatanperver grup içinde yer aldı. Kasım 1879’da Mahmud Sâmi el-Bârûdî, Sultan Paşa, Ömer Lutfi Paşa ve İsmâil Yüsrî Paşa gibi asker ve siyasetçilerden oluşan Cem‘iyyetü Hilvân grubunun oluşmasına ön ayak oldu ve “Mısır Vatanperver Partisi’nin Manifestosu” başlıklı bir metin kaleme aldı (4 Kasım 1879). Eylül 1881’de Ahmed Urâbî Paşa’nın bir grup askerle birlikte Âbidîn Sarayı’nı basması üzerine Riyâz Paşa hükümetinin istifasından sonra Urâbî Paşa’nın talebiyle Şerif Paşa hükümeti kurmakla görevlendirildi (14 Eylül 1881). Başbakan Şerif Paşa’nın yayımladığı bir genelge ile Kasım 1881’de meclis için seçimler yapıldı; vekiller 26 Aralık 1881’de Kahire’de toplandı. Şerif Paşa 1879’da hazırladığı seçim taslağını ve bazı değişikliklerle anayasa taslağını tekrar gündeme getirdi. Ocak 1882 başında mecliste anayasa komisyonu taslağı müzakere etmeye başladı. Ancak İngiltere ve Fransa’nın Mısır’a bir nota vermesi ve Tunus’un 1881’de Fransa tarafından işgal edilmesinin de etkisiyle taslak müzakere edilmedi. Şerif Paşa Şubat 1882 başında görevinden alındı ve Mahmud Sâmi el-Bârûdî’nin başkanlığında bir hükümet oluşturuldu.
1882 yaz aylarında Urâbî Paşa isyanının başarısızlıkla neticelenip İngilizler’in Mısır’ı işgal sürecinde 28 Ağustos 1882’de hükümeti kurma görevi tekrar Muhammed Şerif Paşa’ya verildi. Şerif Paşa bu dönemdeki başbakanlığı sırasında İngiliz işgal güçleriyle pek çok konuda anlaşmazlığa düştü. Sudan’da Muhammed Ahmed el-Mehdî isyanının çıkmasından sonra İngiliz genel konsolosu Sir Evelyn Baring’in (Lord Cromer) Mısır ordusunun Sudan’dan çıkarılması talebine şiddetle karşı çıktı. İngiliz hükümetinin bu konuda baskılarını arttırması yüzünden 7 Ocak 1884’te istifa ederek siyasî hayattan çekildi. Yerine İngiliz hükümetiyle iş birliği içinde çalışan Nubar Paşa getirildi. Şerif Paşa 1887 başlarında hastalandı ve doktorların hava değişimi tavsiyesi üzerine Avrupa’ya gitti. 20 Nisan 1887’de Avusturya’nın Graz şehrinde vefat etti, naaşı Kahire’ye getirilerek burada defnedildi (27 Nisan 1887).
Dört defa başbakanlığa getirilen Şerif Paşa XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı Mısırı’nın önemli devlet adamlarından biridir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı bir siyaset takip etmesiyle dikkati çeker. Bâbıâli tarafından Murassa‘ Osmanlı nişanı ve Mısır’daki yüksek rütbeli görevlilere verilen başka nişanlarla ödüllendirilmiş, Mısır’ın parlamenter hayata geçişi ve anayasal düzene kavuşması için gösterdiği çaba ona “ebü’d-düstûr” unvanını kazandırmıştır. Şerif Paşa, parlamentonun sadece hidivin kararlarını onaylayan bir makam olmaktan çıkarılıp yaptırım gücüne sahip bir yasama organı haline getirilmesi ve bakanlar kurulunun icraatlarından meclis önünde sorumlu olması gerektiğini söylemiş, başbakanlığı sırasında bu fikirlerini hayata geçirmek amacıyla çalışmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA C. Zeydân, Meşâhîrü’ş-şarḳ, Kahire, 1902, I, 216-219; Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt, London 1908, I, tür.yer.; II, 334-335; E. Malet, Egypt: 1879-1883 (ed. E. Malet), London 1909, s. 217-218, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; W. Scawen Blunt, Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt, New York 1922, tür.yer.; A. Schölch, Ägypten den Ägyptern! Die politische und gesellschaftliche Krise der Jahre 1878-1882 in Ägypten, Freiburg, ts. (Atlantis), tür.yer.; Tal‘at İsmâil Ramazan, Muḥammed Şerîf Bâşâ ve devrüh fî siyâseti’l-Mıṣriyye, Kahire 1983; Abdurrahman er-Râfiî, es̱-S̱evretü’l-ʿUrâbiyye ve iḥtilâli’l-İngilîzî, Kahire 1404/1983, s. 34-43; a.mlf., ʿAṣru İsmâʿîl, Kahire 1987, II, 225-243; F. R. Hunter, Egypt under the Khedives 1805-1879, Pittsburgh 1984, tür.yer.; J. W. King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, Cairo 1984, s. 564-565; P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, London 1985, s. 136-150; Lem‘î el-Mutîî, Mevsûʿatü hâẕe’r-racül min Mıṣr, Beyrut 1417/1997, s. 192-198; A. Goldschmidt – Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, Lanham 2003, s. 361-362; H. Laurens, “Tal‘at Isma’il Ramadan, Muhammad Sharif Baša wa-dawruhu fi’l-siyasa al-Misriyya, Le Caire, s.d (1983?)”, Bulletin critique des annales islamologiques, sy. 4, Caire 1987, s. 157-159; Abdel Aziz Ezel Arab, “The Experiment of Sharif Pasha’s Cabinet (1879): An Inquiry into the Historiography of Egypt’s Elite Movement”, IJMES, XXXVI (2004), s. 561-589; Hilal Görgün, “Mısır Vilayetinde Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet Dönemi”, Divan: İlmî Araştırmalar, XIII/24, İstanbul 2008, s. 157-183; “Sherif Pasha”, Encyclopedia Britannica, New York 1911, XXIV, 850; J. H. Kramers – [C. E. Bosworth], “S̲h̲arīf Pas̲h̲a, Muhammad (1823-87)”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 340.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 2-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.