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ŞER‘İYYE SİCİLLERİ Skip to content Osmanlı mahkemelerinde verilen kararların ve tutulan kayıtların toplandığı defterler.
Kadı sicilleri, kadı divanı, mahkeme kayıtları, sicillât-ı şer‘iyye ve yaygın kullanımı ile şer‘iyye sicilleri denilen bu defterler kadı yahut nâibi tarafından tutulmakta ve çeşitli türden belgeleri içermektedir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde merkezde ve taşrada her tabakadan insanlar arasındaki hukukî ilişkilere dair kayıtları içeren bu defterler Osmanlı hayatının aile, toplum, ekonomi ve hukuk gibi birçok alanının tarihi için en önemli kaynaklardır. Kadıların Osmanlı sistemindeki etkin rolleri sebebiyle şer‘iyye sicilleri sosyal ve yerel tarih çalışmalarında da ana kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır. Mahkemede görülen davaların veya kişilerin kendi aralarında yaptıkları mukavelelerin kayıt altına alınma usulleri hem fürû-i fıkıh eserlerinin “kitâbü’d-da‘vâ, kitâbü’l-mehâdır ve’s-sicillât” ya da “edebü’l-kazâ/kādî” gibi başlıkları altında, hem de erken dönemden itibaren fıkıh literatürü içinde özel bir tür haline gelen İlmü’ş-şürût ve Edebü’l-kazâ adlı eserlerde genişçe işlenmiştir. Bu eserlerde “vesika, mahzar, sicil” diye adlandırılan kayıt çeşitleri arasındaki farklar belirtilmiş ve nikâh, bey‘ gibi model akidlerin her birine dair kayıtların şekil şartlarıyla ilgili pek çok örnek verilmiştir.
“Kadı onayı ve kararı bulunmayan kayıt” anlamındaki mahzar ile “kadı onayı ve kararı bulunan kayıt” anlamındaki sicil kavramlarının terim haline geliş süreci literatürden takip edilebilmekle beraber bu kayıtların defterlerde toplanmasının (sicil/sicillât) oluşum tarihi henüz yeterince açıklığa kavuşturulamamıştır. Şer‘iyye sicil defterlerinin ne zamandan beri var olduğu hususundaki modern tartışmada Manna, erken dönem İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında hiç zikredilmemesinden ve önceki devirlerden günümüze sicil defterlerinin kalmamasından yola çıkarak Ebied ve Mandaville gibi araştırmacıların varsayımlarının aksine bu defterlerin sistematik biçimde sadece Osmanlı döneminde tutulduğunu söylemektedir (Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, s. 351-352). Arap coğrafyasında en eski defter Mısır Sâlihiye Mahkemesi’nde bulunmuş olup 1530’lara rastlar. Vâil b. Hallâk’a (Wael b. Hallaq) göre bu defterler için kadı divanı adlandırması doğrudur ve IX. yüzyıl İslâm hukuku kitaplarında bu tür divanlardan bahsedilmektedir (BSOAS, LXI/3 [1998], s. 415-416). “Kitâbü’l-kādî ile’l-kādî” uygulaması ile kayıtların kadıdan kadıya geçtiğini söyleyen Hallâk, Kudüs’te Memlükler dönemine ve Erdebil’de XII ve XIII. yüzyıllara ait bazı kayıtların varlığını, Northrup-Ebü’l-Hac (Abul-Hajj), Gronke ve Rabie’nin çalışmalarından delil göstererek Osmanlı öncesinde de bu defterlerin bulunduğunu ifade etmektedir. Memlükler devrine ait (1390’lar) Kudüs’te mevcut yirmi altı adet münferit mahkeme kaydı ve pek çok terekenin ayrıntıları bilinmekte, fakat bunlarda sicil ifadesi geçmemektedir. Benzer şekilde Selçuklu/İlhanlılar dönemine ait Amasya mahkemesinde tutulan bir mahkeme kaydı günümüze ulaşmıştır (Turan, XVI/62 [1952], s. 253 vd.).
Osmanlı Devleti’nde şer‘iyye sicillerinin en erken tarihli örneklerine Bursa’da rastlanmaktadır. 1455 tarihli bu defterler, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yeni mahkemelerin kurulması sebebiyle içerdiği konular açısından bir daralmaya uğramışsa da XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar düzenli biçimde tutulmuştur. Kadılık müessesesinin Osmanlılar’ın ilk devrinden itibaren mevcudiyeti dikkate alındığında bu tür defterlerin daha erken dönemlerde de var olduğu, ancak bunların günümüze ulaşmadığı ileri sürülebilir. Sicillerin resmen koruma altına alınması ve Kudüs örneğinde görüldüğü üzere listelerinin toplanması 1290 (1873) Sicillât-ı Şer‘iyye ve Zabt-ı Deâvî Cerîdeleri Haklarında Tâlimat ile olmuştur (Akgündüz, I, 53). Nitekim demografik, siyasal, ekonomik ve coğrafî önem itibariyle birbirine yakın olan Bursa ve Edirne gibi iki şehirden ilkinin 796 defteri varken diğerinin 1538 gibi geç bir tarihten başlayan 690 defterinin bulunması ve Edirne’de neredeyse hiç i‘lâm ve hüccet kaydına tesadüf edilmemesi bazı defterlerin şans eseri korunduğu hususunda delil teşkil etmektedir. Mudanya’nın (Bursa) 1645 tarihli kayıtlarını da içeren mevcut ilk sicilinde görülen, “Kilitli tahta sandık ile yirmi altı mecelle sicil el-Hac Halil Bey İbn Mehmed’e emanet vaz‘ olundu. Unutulmaya!” ibaresi (Mudanya Sicilleri, D-2: s. 91) zaman içerisinde sicillerin ne şekilde yok olduğuna bir örnek sayılır.
Osmanlı dönemine ait şer‘iyye sicilleri içerisinde birçok kayıt türü vardır. Bunların bir kısmı bizzat mahkemedeki işlemler sonucu oluşanlar, bir kısmı da İstanbul’dan gelen belge sûretleridir. İ‘lâm, hüccet, tereke kayıtları birinci türden belgelere; ferman, emir, buyuruldu, tezkere, berat ise ikinci tür belgelere örnek verilebilir. İlk tür belgeler genellikle sicil defterinin ön kısmına (sicill-i mahfûz), merkezden gelen belgelerin sûretleri ise arka kısmına (sicill-i mahfûz defterlü) kaydedilmiştir. Fetva örnekleri ve kadıların şahsî notları da sicillerde bulunabilmektedir. Bu belgelerin hacmi sicil defterinin ait olduğu şehre veya kazaya göre değişmektedir. İstanbul, Bursa, Edirne, Şam gibi büyük şehirlerde belgeler türlerine göre ayrı defterlerde tutulurken daha küçük kazalarda bütün belgeler aynı defterde bir arada yer almaktadır. Edirne örneğinde görüldüğü gibi sadece terekeleri içeren defterler bile askerî kassâm ve beledî kassâm defterleri şeklinde ayrı ayrı tutulabilmektedir. Suriye, Ürdün, Kudüs gibi bölgelerin sicilleri ise “sicil, kassâm-ı âdî/Arabiyye, kassâm-ı askerî, metrûkât, evâmir” gibi defter başlıklarıyla ayrı seriler halinde muhafaza edilmiştir. İstisnaî bir örnek olan, 1786 ile 1837 yılları arasındaki su davalarına ait kayıtların tutulduğu “mâ-i lezîz” defterleri İstanbul’da Havâss-ı Refîa (Eyüp) Mahkemesi sicilleri arasında bulunmaktadır (İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Mâ-i Lezîz Defterleri, nşr. Ahmet Kal’a, I-XI, İstanbul 1998-2001).
Sicil defterleri genelde dar ve uzun defterler olup (15 × 45 cm. gibi) sayfa sayıları 10-20’den 200-300’e kadar çıkabilmektedir. Defterler ortalama 100 sayfa civarındadır ve 400-500 kaydı içermektedir. XV ve XVI. yüzyıl şer‘iyye sicillerinin önemli bir kısmı Arapça kaleme alınmıştır. XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren Arap coğrafyası dışındaki defterler çoğunlukla Osmanlı Türkçesi ile yazılmış olsa da her iki dildeki kayıtlarda benzer olaylar için kullanılan hukukî terminoloji aynıdır. İstanbul’dan gelen belgeler ise her yerde Osmanlı Türkçesi’yle kaydedilmiştir. Sicil kayıtları daha çok rik‘a, ta‘lik veya divanî hatla yazılmakta, kronolojik sıralamaya her zaman dikkat edilmemektedir. Dava kayıtlarının önce müsvedde halinde yazılması ve daha sonra sicil defterine geçirilmesi (Uluçay, X [1953], s. 298), İstanbul’dan gelen belgelerin i‘lâm ve hüccet kayıtları arasına girmesi, bazı defterlerin-sayfaların muhafaza edildiği yerlerden çıkarılırken yeniden ciltlenmesi sırasında oluşan karışıklıklar gibi hususlar kayıtlar arasındaki kronolojik düzensizliğin başlıca sebeplerini teşkil eder. Defterler esasen bir yılın kayıtlarını içine almaktaysa da dağınık haldeki sayfaların bir araya getirilmesiyle oluşturulan bazı defterler birkaç yılı, bazan da birkaç on yılı içermektedir. Kayıtlarda kullanılan hattın ve kaydın tutulduğu kâğıdın filigranının değişmesi bu ikinci tür defterlerin durumunu anlamakta önemli ipuçlarıdır.
Kayıtların konuları ise çok çeşitlidir. Alelâde vak‘alar, cinayetler, nikâh ve vergi kayıtları, narh uygulamaları, tayinler, lonca davaları, vakfiye ve vakıf muhasebe verileri en çok göze çarpan örneklerdir. Bu belge ve konu çeşitliliği şer‘iyye sicillerini tarih, hukuk, iktisat vb. pek çok disiplinin ana kaynakları arasına katmıştır. Konularına göre her kayıt tipinin değişik yazım usulü ya da inşa şekli ilm-i şürût ve ilm-i sak kitaplarından takip edilebilmektedir. Ana hatlarıyla bir i‘lâm ve hüccet kaydında bulunabilecek bilgiler sırasıyla şöyledir: Şehir/kaza ve mahalle/köy bilgileri, isim, din ve unvan bilgileri, konu ve delil bilgisi, karar ve tarih bilgisi, davada hazır bulunanların isim ve unvanları. Farklı olarak tereke kayıtlarında vârisler ve kişinin mal mülk, borç-alacak ve miras dağılım bilgileri, narh kayıtlarında ürünler ve fiyatları, nikâh ve boşanma kayıtlarında mehir ve nafaka bilgileri yer almaktadır.
Osmanlı şer‘iyye sicil arşivleri bugün yoğun olarak Türkiye’de ve Ortadoğu ülkelerinde ve az sayıda eskiden Osmanlı toprağı olan diğer ülkelerde bulunmaktadır. Türkiye’deki defterlerin katalogu, hem kapsam (Afyon, Antalya, Bergama, Bor, Denizli, Kütahya, Niğde, Sinop gibi bazı kazaların 550 kadar defteri ve daha sonra ortaya çıkan Üsküdar, Erzincan gibi yerlere ait yeni defterler) hem de verdiği bilgiler açısından bazı eksikleri olmakla birlikte Ahmet Akgündüz’ün Şer‘iye Sicilleri: Mahiyeti, Toplu Kataloğu ve Seçme Hükümler adlı eserinde yayımlanmıştır. Bu katalogda 9883’ü İstanbul’a ve 6960’ı diğer şehirlere (Millî Kütüphane’deki rakam 8931’dir) ait olmak üzere yaklaşık 17.000 deftere ait kayıt mevcuttur. İstanbul’un yirmi yedi mahkemesine ait defterler II. Abdülhamid döneminde kurulan Sicillât-ı Şer‘iyye Dairesi’nde (İstanbul Müftülüğü Arşivi) yer almaktadır. İstanbul Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü Arşivi’nde otuz beşi Hanya, doksan yedisi Kandiye, yetmiş ikisi Resmo ve Girit adıyla kayıtlı 215 sicili içeren on bir defter bulunmaktadır. Aynı arşivde Selânik’e kayıtlı otuz kadar sicil vardır. Diğer şehirlere ait defterler ise 1941 yılından beri mevcut oldukları şehir kütüphane ve müzelerinden toplanarak 1991’de Millî Kütüphane’ye nakledilmiş, 2005’te 8934 sicilin orijinalleri Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü’ne devredilmiştir. Millî Kütüphane (Ankara) dışında Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi’nde (İstanbul) 10.369 adet İstanbul sicilinin ve 8693 adet Türkiye’de yer alan defterlerin mikrofilm kopyaları yer almaktadır. Aynı merkezde Türkiye dışında bulunan (Dupniçe-Radomir, Girit, Gastuni, Halep, Humus, Karaferye, Kırım, Köstendil, Livno, Maglay, Mostar, Manastır, Priyedor, Saraybosna, Şam, Tımışvar, Tırhala, Trablus ve Visoko’ya ait defterler) 1350 defterin kopyası mevcuttur. Ayrıca Türkiye’de pek çok yerel kütüphanede o şehre ait defterlerin kopyaları vardır.
Ortadoğu ve Balkan ülkelerinde varlığı bilinen 8000 civarındaki Osmanlı şer‘iyye siciliyle ilgili henüz toplu bir katalog bulunmamakla birlikte çeşitli ülkelerdeki defterler üzerine çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Makedonya’da Üsküp Devlet Arşiv Merkezi’nde 1607-1912 yıllarına ait 195 adet sicil defteri kayıtlıdır. Bunlardan 185’i Manastır kazasına, ikisi Debre, biri Ohri, biri Pirlepe, dördü Kalkandelen ve ikisi İştip kazasına aittir. Sofya’daki Millî Kütüphane katalogunda 170 sicil defteri yer almaktadır. Bunların en eskisi 1542-1550 yılları arasını kapsamakta olup Sofya’ya aittir. Sofya dışında (elli dokuz adet) Vidin (yetmiş bir adet), Rusçuk (kırk iki adet), Hacıoğlu (Dobriç, dokuz adet), Silistre (beş adet) ve Eskicuma (Targovishte, bir adet) şehirlerine ait siciller vardır (Bulgaristan’daki Osmanlı Evrakı, s. 26; İvanova, s. 54). Macaristan’da XVII. yüzyıla ait tek defter görülmektedir. Bosna’da Saraybosna Şarkiyat Enstitüsü’nde altmış altı, Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesi’nde seksen altı ve Şehir Tarihi Arşivi’nde altı olmak üzere 158 adet defter, Vatikan’da Avlonya’ya ait 975 (1567-68) tarihli bir sicil bulunmaktadır. Arnavutluk’ta XVI. yüzyıl sonundan XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar 129 Elbasan sicili ve XIX. yüzyıl Tiran’ına ait altmış üç sicil, Yunanistan’da Selânik Devlet Arşivi’nde 1694 tarihinden başlayan 337 defter mevcuttur. Karaferye’de en erken 1602 tarihli olmak üzere 130 defter, Girit’teki Iraklion Belediye Kütüphanesi’nde ilki 1660 tarihli 166 adet defter yer almaktadır. Romanya’da Bükreş Devlet Arşivi’nde Tulçı’ya ait elli beş, Rusçuk’a ait elli üç, Tuna’ya ait 154, Varna’ya ait beş defter olmak üzere toplam 267 sicil vardır. Kırım’la ilgili 1601-1810 yılları arasındaki kayıtları ihtiva eden 121 adet sicil Saint Petersburg Kütüphanesi’ndedir. Macaristan’da Macar Bilimler Akademisi’nde beş ayrı numarada kayıtlı birkaç sicil görülmektedir. Lefkoşa Evkaf Dairesi’nde bulunan ve 1580’lere kadar inen altmış beş defterden otuz birinin kopyaları Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’ndedir.
Suriye Millî Arşivi’nde mevcut mehâkim-i şer‘iyye defterlerinden 1601’i Şam’a (1583-1925), 664’ü Halep’e (1536-1935), altmış dördü Hama’ya (1535-1925), yirmi biri Humus’a (1884-1919) ve on sekizi Sayda’ya (XIX. yüzyıl) aittir. Lübnan’da 1666-1883 yılları arasında Trablus’a ait yetmiş defter bulunmaktadır. Kudüs’te hâlâ düzenli biçimde tutulan ve toplam sayısı 1624 olan sicillerin 730 kadarı Osmanlı dönemine aittir. 1530’dan başlayan ve 1574-1576 yılları dışında tam bir seri halinde devam eden Kudüs Mahkemesi’nin 626 sicilinin 416’sı, 1656’dan başlayan ve 1798 sonrasında tam bir seri halinde devam eden 226 Nablus sicilinin elli tanesi, 1799’dan başlayan 363 Yafa sicilinin 189’u, 1867’de başlayan yirmi sekiz el-Halîl sicilinin yirmi sekizi, 1883’ten başlayan 105 Cenin sicilinin yirmisi, 1869 yılından başlayan doksan iki Hayfa sicilinin on dokuzu Osmanlı devrine aittir. Aharon Layish’in kütüphanesinde (Kudüs) Hayfa ve Nâsıra’ya ait 160 kadar ve Akkâ Mahkemesi’nde yirmi dört kadar defter vardır ve çok azı Osmanlı dönemine aittir. Kahire’de ise 1530-1876 yılları arasında birçok mahkemeye ait 1851 adet sicil mevcuttur. Kısmet-i Askeriyye (418 cilt) ve Kısmet-i Arabiyye (157 cilt) olarak ikiye ayrılan tereke kayıtları 575 cilttir. Medine’de 1560-1883 yılları arasında 117 sicil bulunmaktadır. Avusturya, Irak, Yemen, Cezayir, Tunus ve Libya’daki sicillerin durumuyla ilgili henüz yeterli çalışma yapılmamıştır.
Şer‘iyye sicillerinin Osmanlı toplum, iktisat ve hukuk tarihi araştırmalarında kaynak olarak kullanımı XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar uzanmaktadır. Rusya’da Kırım sicilleri üzerine 1890’larda, Balkanlar’da Macaristan, Bulgaristan ve Bosna sicillerine dair 1900 başlarında çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Türkiye’de siciller hakkında ilk çalışmalar 1930’larda başlamıştır. 1935’te İ. Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’nın ve 1938’de T. Mümtaz Yaman’ın Ankara Halkevi dergisi Ülkü’de “Şer‘î Mahkeme Sicilleri” adıyla yayımlanan yazıları bu alanda yapılmış ilk çalışmalardandır. Sicillerin önemine dikkat çeken bu makalelerden sonra sicil çalışmalarında sayıca bir artış meydana gelmiş, Bursa Halkevi’ne ait Uludağ dergisi başta olmak üzere bazı dergilerde o bölgeye ait sicillerden kayıtlar neşredilmiştir.
İlk neşir faaliyetleri, kurguya dayalı birer tarih çalışmasından ziyade sicil örneklerini ortaya çıkararak önemlerini gündeme getirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Tarih disiplini içerisinde sicillerin sosyal ve ekonomik tarih alanında bir kaynak olarak kullanılmasının erken örneklerini Halil İnalcık vermiştir. İnalcık’ın 1960’ta yayımladığı “Bursa I: XV. Asır Sanayi ve Ticaret Tarihine Dair Vesikalar” adlı makale iktisat tarihi kurgusunda sicillerin ve devlet arşivlerinin birlikte kullanımına iyi bir örnektir. Fakat burada sicillerin iktisat tarihi yazılabilecek bir kaynak olarak değil, pratik hayatı yansıtması açısından merkez arşivlerinden ve diğer kaynaklardan ortaya çıkan bilgileri test edici bir unsur şeklinde kullanıldığını ifade etmek gerekir. Ayrıca Mustafa Akdağ da çok eleştirilen Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İçtimaî Tarihi (I-II, İstanbul 1961, 1974) adlı çalışmasında sicil kayıtlarını kaynak olarak kullanmıştır. Sicillerden yerel tarih çalışmalarında ilk faydalananlar ise Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay ve İbrahim Gökçen’dir. Uluçay, özellikle devlet arşivlerinin boş bıraktığı alanları dolduran bir unsur olarak sicillerin kullanılmasının önemini vurgulamakta, sicillerin bürokratlar ve ulemâ dışında halkın günlük yaşamını yansıttığını özellikle belirtmektedir. Halit Ongan Ankara Şer‘iyye Sicilleri’nin ilk iki defterini özetler ve bazı kayıtları aynen verirken (Ankara Şeriye Sicilleri, I-II, 1958, 1974) C. C. Güzelbey, Gaziantep sicillerini dört cilt halinde özetlemiştir (Gaziantep 1966, 1970).
1970’lerde yapılan çalışmalar, sicillerin Osmanlı tarihinin hangi alanlarında kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymakla sınırlıdır. Meselâ Layish sicillerin kendi örneğinde siyasal olaylar (1790’lardaki Fransız baskınları örnek verilir), evlilik, mehir, boşanma, miras, kadınların mülkiyet hakları, vakıflar, zimmîler, diplomatik elçiler, nüfus bilgileri ve şehrin diğer sosyal yönleriyle ilgili bilgiler verdiğini söylemektedir. Aynı dönemde Jennings, siciller yardımıyla mikro düzeyde Osmanlı tarihi analizleri yapmak suretiyle birçok konuyu ilk defa işlemiş, onun gündeme getirdiği kadın meselesi üzerinde daha sonra Marsot ve Tucker ciddi açılımlar gerçekleştirmiştir. Faizle borç verme muameleleri, millet sistemi eleştirisi, Kıbrıs tarihi ve XVI. yüzyıl sonundaki nüfus patlaması gibi konulara dair o dönemde ortaya atılan bazı iddialar Jennings tarafından siciller temel alınarak yapılan çalışmalarla çürütülmüştür. Sicillerin sosyal yapılar, kişisel ve aile hayatı, gruplar ve mahallenin şehir tarihi açısından bilgi kaynağı olduğunu söyleyen Hanna sicillerden hareketle bir tüccar üzerinden ilk biyografi çalışmasını 1998’de ortaya koymuştur.
1980’lerden sonra Osmanlı ve Ortadoğu çalışmalarının birçok alanında siciller artık birinci derecede tarih kaynakları şeklinde yoğun biçimde kullanılmıştır. Kadınlarla ilgili çalışmaları müslüman-gayri müslim ilişkileri, toplumun maddî kültürü, Osmanlı hukuku gibi konular sicillerle yeni anlamalara ve yorumlara kavuşmuştur. Ancak metin olarak sicillerin aslında toplumun ne kadarını/hangi kesimlerini temsil ettiği ve gerçekten mahkemede olanın ne kadarını yansıttığı hususu tarih yazımı açısından bir meseledir. 1990’lardan sonra şer‘iyye sicilleri literatüründe bu tür çalışmalar da yerini almaya başlamıştır. Şer‘iyye sicillerinin diğer kaynak türleri arasındaki yerini, kayıtlarda kullanılan kavramları ve kayıtları anlamada kullanılacak yaklaşımları tartışan çalışmalar da gittikçe artmaktadır. Şer‘iyye sicillerinin önemini ve değerini göz ardı etmeyen bu tartışmalar, tarih yazım problemlerini en aza indirecek bir yöntem olarak tarih çalışmaları yapılırken tek tür kaynağa dayanmak yerine kaynakların çeşitlendirilmesini ve kayıtların metin/kavram analizinin yapılmasını önermektedir. Ayrıca bugün bazı büyük projelerle sicil defterlerinin neşir çalışmaları sürmektedir. Özellikle İstanbul sicilleriyle ilgili geniş kapsamlı yayın faaliyetleri çerçevesinde iki defterin neşri yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
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Asır Sanayi ve Ticaret Tarihine Dair Vesikalar”, TTK Belleten, XXIV/93 (1960), s. 45-110; Osman Turan, “Selçuk Türkiyesi’nde Faizle Para İkrazına Dair Hukukî Bir Vesika”, a.e., XVI/62 (1952), s. 251-260; M. Çağatay Uluçay, “Manisa Şer‘iye Sicillerine Dair Bir Araştırma”, TM, X (1953), s. 285-299; L. Northrup – A. Abul-Hajj, “A Collection of Medieval Arabic Documents in the Islamic Museum at the Haram al-Šarif”, Arabica, XXV, Leiden 1978, s. 282-291; A. Singer, “Tapu Tahrir Defterleri and Kadı Sicilleri: A Happy Marriage of Sources”, Tārīḫ, I, Philadelphia 1990, s. 95-125; Mihail Guboğlu, “Tuna Boyundaki Kadı Sicilleri ve Bazı Defterler”, TDA, sy. 66 (1990), s. 9-29; Dror Ze’evi, “The Use of Ottoman Shari‘a Court Records as a Source for Middle Eastern Social History: A Reappraisal”, Islamic Law and Society, V/1, Leiden 1998, s. 35-56; Wael b. 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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 8-11 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.