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ŞER‘İYYE ve EVKAF VEKÂLETİ Skip to content Millî Mücadele döneminde şeyhülislâmlıkla Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ni temsilen Ankara’da kurulan bakanlık.
II. Mahmud tarafından 1826’da tesis edilen Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti değişik birim ve kişilerin yönettiği vakıfları zaman içinde kendi çatısı altında toplamıştır. Önceleri Meclis-i Vükelâ üyesi olmayan bu nezâret 1838’de hükümete dahil edilmiştir. Faaliyet ve ilgi alanı son derece geniş olan Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti imparatorluğun sonuna kadar varlığını sürdüren en önemli kurumlardan biridir (bk. EVKĀF-ı HÜMÂYUN NEZÂRETİ). Osmanlı Devleti’nin I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından yenik sayılıp İstanbul’un ve ülkenin değişik yerlerinin işgal altına girmesi neticesinde Anadolu’da Millî Mücadele başlamış, Mîsâk-ı Millî’yi ilân eden Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi’nin dağılması sonucunda Ankara’da bir meclisin açılması kararlaştırılmış ve dağılan Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi’nden Anadolu’ya geçen üyelerin de yer aldığı bu meclis 23 Nisan 1920’de açılmıştır. 2 Mayıs 1920’de çıkarılan bir kanunla oluşturulan on bir kişilik İcra Vekilleri Heyeti’nin birinci sırasında şeyhülislâmlıkla Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin görevlerini üstlenen Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti yer almaktaydı (Düstur, Üçüncü tertip, I, 6). Bu düzenlemeyle birlikte dinî müesseselerle fetva kurumu ve vakıflar gibi önemli iki faaliyet alanı aynı kurumun çatısı altında birleştirilmiş oluyordu.
İlk Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekili Mustafa Fehmi Efendi (Gerçeker) olup 27 Nisan 1922’ye kadar görev yaptı. Bu tarihten sonra bir süre hükümet kararlarındaki Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti kısmında herhangi bir ismin yer almaması bu makamın bir süre boş kaldığını gösterir. 21 Haziran tarihli kararnâmede ise vekil olarak Abdullah Azmi’nin (Torun) ismi vardır. Ardından bu göreve sırasıyla Konya milletvekili Mehmed Vehbi (Çelik), Konya milletvekili Musa Kâzım (Göksu) ve son olarak Saruhan milletvekili Mustafa Fevzi (Sarhan) efendiler getirildi. Bir ara Mustafa Fevzi Efendi’ye Adliye Vekili Seyyid Bey vekâlet etti. Bu vekiller İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası mensubu olup Millî Mücadele’ye aktif biçimde katılmıştı. Dört yıldan kısa süren serüveninde beş vekilin görev yapmış olması, o dönemlerin istikrarsızlığının bir tezahürü olarak değerlendirilebilir.
2 Mayıs 1920 tarihinde vekâletin kuruluşundan 1 Kasım 1922’de saltanatın kaldırılmasına kadar geçen süre içerisinde aynı işlerle görevli üç ayrı kurum mevcuttu: İstanbul’da şeyhülislâmlık ve Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti, Ankara’da her ikisinin görevini uhdesinde birleştiren Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Nezâreti. Ülkenin önemli bir kısmının işgal altında olması, savaşın devam etmesi ve bu iki başlı yönetimin sorunlar çıkarması yüzünden vekâlet bu dönemde fazla bir varlık gösteremedi. Büyük Millet Meclisi 30 Ekim 1922 tarihinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin sona erdiği, yeni Türkiye hükümetinin onun yerini aldığı ve padişahlığın kaldırıldığı yönünde bir karar aldı (Düstur, Üçüncü tertip, III, 99). Bu kararla saltanatın kaldırıldığı ilân edilmiş oldu. Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti, yirmi gün sonra İstanbul’daki vakıf hizmetlerinin İstanbul Vakıflar Müdürlüğü vasıtasıyla yürütüleceğini bir telgrafla valiliğe bildirdi. Ayrıca ilga edilen Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti bünyesindeki Kuyûd-ı Kadîme, Hukuk Müşavirliği, Nukūd-ı Mevkūfe ile Orman ve Arâzî-i Mevkūfe gibi müdürlükleri vekâletin birer şubesi haline getirdi. Müessesât-ı Hayriyye ve İlmiyye ile Evkaf Müzesi’ni geçici olarak İstanbul Vakıflar Müdürlüğü’ne bağladı. İstanbul ve civarındaki memurların sicil özetleriyle maaş listeleri, vakıflara ait demirbaş eşya ve vakıf paralarla ilgili bilgi verilmesini, nakit paraların Ankara’ya gönderilmesini istedi. Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nden intikal eden vakıf dairelerde çalışıp yeni dönemde açıkta kalan memurlara bir defaya mahsus olmak üzere yarım maaş ve tayinat verilmesini kararlaştırdı. Merkezde vekilin maiyetinde bir başkan ve iki üyeden oluşan Şûrâ-yı Evkāf adlı bir meclis bulunuyordu. Görevi ise vekâletin veya bağlı dairelerin havale edeceği konuları görüşmek, vakıf hizmetlerinin tevcih dosyalarıyla ihale sözleşmelerini incelemek ve karara bağlamaktı (a.g.e., Üçüncü tertip, III, 106, 117). Vekâlette ayrıca Hey’et-i Teftîşiyye, Umûr-ı Hukūkıyye Müdüriyeti, Teftiş Kalemi, Cihât Kalemi, Tahsisat ve Sicil Kalemi, Muhasebe ve Me’mûrîn Kalemi, Evrak Kalemi, Merkez Hey’et-i Fenniyye Dairesi, Taşra Hey’et-i Fenniyye Dairesi ve Evkāf-ı Mülhaka Müdürlüğü gibi birimler mevcuttu.
Vakıfların önemli bir kısmının bulunduğu İstanbul’da ise hukuk müşavirinin başkanlığında Akarât-ı Vakfiyye, Mebânî-i Hayriyye, Kuyûd-ı Vakfiyye ve bir Encümen-i İdâre oluşturuldu (21 Şubat 1923). Görevi ilgili dairelerin müzakeresini istediği konuları görüşmek, süresi dolan vakıfları yeniden ihale etmek, İstanbul İnşaat ve Tamirat Müdürlüğü’nün yapacağı her türlü muameleleri yürütmekti (a.g.e., Üçüncü tertip, III, 148). Öte yandan İstanbul’un dışında önemli merkezlerdeki evkaf müdürleri bulunduğu yerin mülkî âmirine bağlı olarak görev yapmaktaydı. Ancak işlerinin yoğunluğu sebebiyle İstanbul Evkaf Müdürlüğü doğrudan vekâlete bağlanmıştı. Fakat dönemin siyasî açıdan karışık ve maddî anlamda sıkıntılı ortamı içerisinde ne taşra teşkilâtı düzenlenebildi, ne de buralardaki vakıf birimleri denetlenebildi. Evkaf Müfettişleri Tâlimatnâmesi ancak 29 Nisan 1923’te çıkarılabildi. Bu tâlimatla ülke dokuz teftiş dairesine bölünerek her birine bir müfettiş tayin edildi.
Vakıfları yeni bir düzene sokmak isteyen İcra Vekilleri Heyeti, 14 Ocak 1923 tarihinde vakıf konusunu incelemek üzere bir komisyonun kurulmasını kararlaştırdı. Neticede İstanbul’daki Evkaf umum müdürü Hayri, Evkaf müdürü İsmâil Hakkı, eski Meşihat müsteşarları Ebülûlâ, Münir ve Şevki, Tedkīkat ve Te’lîfât-ı İslâmiyye Heyeti üyesi Şemseddin ve Evkaf hukuk müşaviri Seniyüddin beylerden oluşan komisyonun hazırladığı rapor 11 Aralık 1924 tarihli İcra Vekilleri Heyeti toplantısında ele alınarak Hariciye Vekili Şükrü (Kaya), Ziraat Vekili Hasan Fehmi (Ataç), Ticaret Vekili Ali Cenânî, Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkan Vekili İsmet (İnönü) ve Çorum vekili Münir (Çağıl) beylerden oluşan encümene havale edildi. Dârülfünun Hukuk Mektebi müderrisi Cemil Bey de (Birsel) daha sonra bu heyete katıldı.
Bu çalışmalar yürütülürken 29 Ekim 1923’te Cumhuriyet ilân edilerek Mustafa Kemal Paşa cumhurbaşkanı seçildi. Vakıflar konusundaki düzenlemeler de yeni şartlar çerçevesinde şekillendi. Hükümet, vakıfların millete intikalini ve bir umum müdürlük tarafından idare edilmesini düşünüyordu. Öte yandan halifelik ve şer‘î işlerin idaresi yeni siyasî gelişmeler sonucunda yavaş yavaş ortaya çıktı. Neticede hilâfete karşı gösterilen aşırı ilgi ve Halife Abdülmecid Efendi’nin bazı davranışlarının da etkisiyle halifelikle birlikte Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti’nin kaldırılması, eğitim ve öğretimin birleştirilmesi hususunda ortak bir kanaat oluştu. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 1 Mart 1924’te meclisin açılış konuşmasında eğitimin birleştirilmesini ve dinin siyaset sahnesinden geri çekilerek yüceltilmesi gerektiğini ifade etti. Ertesi gün Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası grubunda bu esaslar kabul edildi. 3 Mart 1924’te Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf ve Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye Vekâletlerinin İlgasına Dair Kanun teklifi ve ardından Tevhîd-i Tedrîsat Kanunu ile Hilâfetin İlgasına ve Hânedân-ı Osmânî’nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Memâliki Haricine Çıkarılmasına Dair Kanun kabul edildi.
Lağvedilen Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti’nin yerine, İslâm dininin itikad ve ibadete dair hüküm ve işlerinin yürütülmesi ve dinî müesseselerin idaresiyle görevli Diyanet İşleri Reisliği ile vakıfların idaresi ve işleriyle ilgilenen Evkaf Müdüriyet-i Umûmiyyesi kuruldu ve her ikisi de başvekâlete bağlandı. Ülkedeki bütün cami, mescid, tekke ve zâviyelerin yönetimiyle imam, hatip, vâiz, şeyh, müezzin ve kayyım gibi görevlilerin işlemleri Diyanet İşleri reisinin yetkisindeydi; müftüler de Diyanet İşleri Reisliği’ne bağlıydı (Düstur, Üçüncü tertip, V, 320-321; bk. DİYANET İŞLERİ BAŞKANLIĞI). Aynı tarihte çıkarılan Tevhîd-i Tedrîsat Kanunu ile ülkedeki bütün eğitim ve öğretim kurumlarının yanında Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti’ne bağlı olan veya vakıflarca yönetilen mektep ve medreseler de Maarif Vekâleti’ne devredildi (a.g.e., Üçüncü tertip, V, 322); bir süre sonra da medreseler kapatıldı. Böylece Osmanlı Devleti’nde çok önemli görevler üstlenen iki büyük kurum, şeyhülislâmlıkla vakıfların idaresi birer genel müdürlük seviyesine indirilip etkisiz hale getirilerek yeni teşkilât içerisinde yerini almış oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Nutuk, İstanbul 1938, s. 608-612; Düstur, Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1953, I, 6, 163; a.e. (1953), III, 61-62, 99, 106, 117, 122, 148; a.e. (1953), IV, 72-76; a.e. (1948), V, 169, 320-324; Nazif Öztürk, Türk Yenileşme Tarihi Çerçevesinde Vakıf Müessesesi, Ankara 1995, s. 86-93; Işıl Çakan, Türk Parlamento Tarihinde İkinci Meclis, İstanbul 1999, s. 168-169; İsmail Kara, Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde Bir Mesele Olarak İslâm, İstanbul 2008, s. 55-62; Ramazan Boyacıoğlu, “Tarihi Açıdan Şeyhülislâmlık, Şer’iye ve Evkaf Vekâleti”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 1, Sivas 1996, s. 169-170.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 7-8 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.