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ŞEY Skip to content Var olan, var olması mümkün olan yahut zihinde tasavvur edilebilen varlık.
Sözlükte “diledi, istedi” anlamındaki şâe fiilinden masdar-isimdir (şey’ çoğulu eşyâ’). Fiilin diğer masdarı meşîet olup şey kelimesinin mânasıyla ilişkilidir. Bazı dil âlimleri bu ilişkiden ötürü şey kelimesine “dilenen, istenen” anlamı vermiştir. Hakkında haber verilen her nesne, konu için kullanıldığı belirtilen şey (Tâcü’l-ʿarûs, “şyʾe” md.) Arap gramerinde yüklemin öznesini, mantıkta yüklemin konusunu oluşturacak bir kavram olarak da düşünülmüştür. Râgıb el-İsfahânî, şey için “bilinebilen ve hakkında haber verilebilen” şeklinde bir tanım yapar ve kelimenin hem ism-i mef‘ûl, hem ism-i fâil anlamında kullanılabileceğini söyler. Meselâ, “De ki, tanık olmak bakımından hangi şey daha büyüktür?” meâlindeki âyette (el-En‘âm 6/19) geçtiği gibi Allah hakkında kullanıldığında fâil, “De ki, Allah her şeyin yaratıcısıdır” âyetinde (er-Ra‘d 13/16) olduğu gibi başka varlıklar için kullanıldığında mef‘ûl mânası taşır ve Allah’ın yaratmayı dilediği bütün nesneleri ifade eder. Nitekim meşîet de “Allah’ın dileyip yaratması” demektir. Şeyler de ilâhî meşîetin konusu olarak düşünülmelidir (el-Müfredât, “şyʾe” md.). Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, şey kelimesini kelâmcıların terimleri arasında zikrederek “kendisinden söz edilmesi ve kendisine delâlet edilmesi mümkün olan” şeklinde tanımlar (Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm, s. 43). Tahânevî de “ister mevcut ister ma‘dûm olsun, ister muhal ister mümkün olsun, kendisi hakkında veya kendisi sayesinde bilgi edinilebilen yahut hüküm verilebilen” biçiminde bir tanım verir. Kelimenin terim anlamı etrafında gelişen kelâm ve felsefe tartışmalarını da aktarır (Keşşâf, I, 1047-1048).
Şey kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de sıkça geçmekte, başta alîm ve kadîr olmak üzere Allah’ın isimlerinin, fiil ve sıfatlarının nesnelerini belirtmektedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “şyʾe” md.). Bu âyetlerde “her şey” (küllü şey’) tabiri Allah’tan başka her şeyi ifade etmekte olup bu ifadeyle ilâhî hâkimiyetin âlem ve insan üzerindeki mutlak kuşatıcılığı vurgulanır. Allah’ın, olmasını irade ettiği şeye “ol” demesi yahut “ol” diye emretmesi o şeyin hemen oluvermesi için yeterlidir (en-Nahl 16/40; Yâsîn 36/82). İlâhî fiillerin evren üzerindeki bu mutlak tasarrufu doğal etkiler ve beşerî fiillerle hiçbir şekilde mukayese edilemez. Allah’ın hiçbir şeye benzemediğini beyan eden âyet (eş-Şûrâ 42/11) O’nu cismanî varlıklara veya insana benzeten bütün telakkileri reddetmektedir. Kur’an, hiçbir şeyin ulûhiyyete iştirak edemeyeceğini ve hiçbir şeyin Allah’a ortak koşulmaması gerektiğini bildirir (Âl-i İmrân 3/64; en-Nisâ 4/36; el-En-‘âm 6/151). Her şey tabirinin genellikle Allah’tan başka şeyleri belirtmesi ve yaratanla yaratılan arasındaki mutlak farklılığa işaret etmesi ilk bakışta şey kelimesinin Allah hakkında kullanılamayacağını düşündürse de, “De ki, tanık olmak bakımından hangi şey daha büyüktür? De ki, Allah sizinle benim aramda tanıktır” (el-En‘âm 6/19) ve, “O’nun zâtı dışında her şey yok olacaktır” (el-Kasas 28/88) meâlindeki âyetlerdeki ifade tarzı buna imkân verir gibidir; yine şey kelimesinin “varlık” anlamına geldiği durumda bu mümkün görülebilir. Ancak bu kullanım Allah’ın, yarattığı şeyler gibi bir şey olduğu mânasını taşımaz; bu husus O’nun hiçbir şeye benzemediğini belirten âyette (eş-Şûrâ 42/11) açıkça ifade edilmiştir. Şey kelimesinin Kur’an’da Allah-âlem ilişkisi bağlamında kullanılmadığı durumlar da vardır. Bu tür âyetlerde kelimenin hangi anlama geldiği neyin yerini tuttuğuna bakarak anlaşılabilir. Meselâ bazı insanların ömrünün bunamaya varacak kadar uzatıldığını bildiren âyette, “Bilgi sahibi iken hiçbir şey bilmesin diye ömrün düşkün çağına erdirilir” ifadesi geçmektedir (en-Nahl 16/70). Buradaki hiçbir şeyin “bilgi türünden hiçbir şey” anlamına geldiği açıktır.
Şey kelimesinin Kur’an’daki kullanımlarından kaynaklanan bazı meseleler önce kelâmda, daha sonra İslâm felsefesinde önemli tartışmalar başlatmış ve kelime bir teknik terime dönüşmüştür. Bunlar, kelâm ilminin çıkış noktasına ve yöntemine uygun biçimde önce teolojik nitelikte olan, daha sonra ontolojik boyutlar kazanan meselelerdir. Bu meselelerin ilki Allah’a şey denilip denilemeyeceği, ikincisi de şey kelimesinin yalnızca fiilen var olan bir nesneye mi yoksa henüz mevcut olmamakla birlikte var olması mümkün olan bir nesneye mi karşılık geldiğidir. Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî, Maḳālâtü’l-İslâmiyyîn’de Allah’a şey denilip denilemeyeceğiyle ilgili çeşitli görüşler aktarmaktadır. Buna göre Cehm b. Safvân, benzeri bulunan yaratılmış nesneler için kullanıldığı gerekçesiyle Allah’a şey denilemeyeceğini ileri sürmüş, kelâmcıların çoğunluğu ise şey kelimesinin Allah’a isnadında bir sakınca görmemiştir. Eş‘arî tartışmanın şey kelimesine yüklenen farklı mânalarla ilgili olduğunu düşünür. Meselâ Müşebbihe, Allah’ın şey olduğunu ileri sürerken şeye “cisim” anlamı vermektedir. Eş‘arî’nin de içinde yer aldığı anlaşılan kelâmcılar grubu ise şeye “mevcut” anlamı verir ve “Ancak var olana şey denebilir” diyerek Allah’ın şey olduğunu savunur. Mu‘tezile’den Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Hayyât, şey kelimesine “fiilen var olmak değil sabit olmak” mânası vererek yaratılmış nesnelerin yaratılmadan önce sabit olduğunu ileri sürmüş, dolayısıyla var olmayana da şey denilebileceği görüşünü benimsemiştir. Eş‘arî bu görüşe açıkça karşı çıkmaktadır; çünkü sabit olmakla var olmak aynı anlama geldiğinden bu görüş çelişkilidir. Allah’a şey denilmesi durumunda O’nun eşyadan nasıl ayırt edileceği probleminin de tartışılmasına ihtiyaç duyulur. Allah’ın şey olmakla birlikte eşya gibi olmadığını bir inanç ilkesi şeklinde benimseyen kelâmcılar bu problemi aşmak için kelimenin temel anlamında zâtî başkalığı belirtici bir mâna bulunduğu fikrinden hareket etmişlerdir. Buna göre bir şey kendisidir, başka bir şey olamaz. Allah’ın şey olduğu söylendiğinde diğer şeylerden zât bakımından başka olduğu ifade edilmiş olur. Eş‘arî’nin Cübbâî ve Abbâd b. Süleyman gibi âlimlerden aktardığı fikirler, Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarının bu konuda sıkıntılı bir tartışma içine girdiklerini göstermektedir. Çünkü bir yandan “bilinen, zikredilmesi ve haber verilmesi mümkün olan” şeklindeki anlamından ötürü Allah’a şey denilirken diğer yandan Allah’ın eşya gibi olmayan mutlak ve bizâtihi şey olduğu kanıtlanabilmelidir. Eş‘arî’nin naklettiklerinden, Mu‘tezile âlimlerinin bu başkalığın özellikle Allah’ın kadîm ve yaratıcı oluşuyla ilgili bulunduğu üzerinde ısrarla durdukları anlaşılmaktadır (Maḳālât, s. 518-520).
Mâtürîdî’nin Allah’ın şey olup eşya gibi olmadığı” yönündeki Ehl-i sünnet kelâmının genel kabulünü, “Niçin Allah şeydir ama eşya gibi değildir diyorsunuz da Allah cisimdir ama öteki cisimler gibi değildir demiyorsunuz?” tarzındaki tecsîmî itiraza cevap verirken daha da derinleştirdiği görülmektedir. Onun bu itiraza cevabı, “Böyle demiyoruz, çünkü (Allah’a) şey dememizi gerektiren sebep cisim için bulunmamaktadır” şeklindedir. Mâtürîdî gerekçelerini temellendirirken şey olma (şey’iyye) ve cisim olma (cismiyye) kavramları arasındaki teknik anlam farkını açıklamaktadır. Buna göre Allah hakkında, “Şeydir ama öteki şeyler gibi değil” önermesi doğrudur diye, “Cisimdir ama öteki cisimler gibi değil” önermesinin de doğru olması gerekmez. Çünkü cisim kendisinden daha genel olan eşya kavramı içerisindedir ve eşyanın bir kısmını teşkil eder. Sözü edilen önermede şey lafzı yerine cisim lafzı konduğunda çelişkili biçimde, “Allah şeydir ama eşyanın bir kısmı gibi değildir” demiş oluruz. Allah hakkında şey lafzını kullanmanın hem naklî hem aklî dayanakları bulunmaktadır. Eğer Allah şey olmasaydı hiçbir şeyin O’nun benzeri gibi olmadığını beyan eden âyet bir anlam ifade etmezdi. Çünkü bir şeyin başkasına benzemediğini söylemek ancak şey’iyyet kavramı temelinde mümkündür. Diğer bir ifadeyle bir şey ancak başka bir şeye benzemez. Ayrıca, “De ki, hangi şey tanıklık bakımından daha büyüktür?” meâlindeki âyet de (el-En‘âm 6/19) ancak Allah’ın şey olması durumunda anlamlı olacaktır. Aklî bakımdan da şu kanıt ileri sürülebilir: Şey’iyyet daima bir varlığın olumlanmasını ifade eder. Şey kelimesinin kullanıldığı her durumda bir zâtın varlığının ispatı, hatta ululanması kastedilir. Buna karşılık, “Hiçbir şey değil” lafzı tam aksine varlığın olumsuzlanması anlamında kullanılır. Halbuki “cisim değil” şeklindeki bir olumsuzlama varlığın olumsuzlanması mânasına gelmez. Nitekim, “Bu adam bir şeydir” önermesi bir zata ilişkin mahiyeti değil onun bizâtihi varlığını ifade etmektedir. Önerme, “Bu adam cisimdir” şekline dönüştürüldüğünde onun mahiyetinden yani boyutları, yönleri, sınırları olmak, arazları kabul etmek gibi mahiyetine ilişkin unsurlardan söz edilmiş olur. Cismin yaratılmışlığının kanıtı diye ortaya konan böyle bir mahiyetin Allah’a isnat edilmesi hiçbir şekilde söz konusu olamaz (Mâtürîdî, s. 64-69).
Şey terimiyle ilgili ikinci mesele, Allah’ın bir şeyi yaratmayı irade ettiğinde ona yalnızca “ol” dediğini beyan eden âyetin (Yâsîn 36/82) anlaşılmasıyla ilgilidir. Allah’ın yok olan bir şeye “ol” diye hitap etmesi yokluğun da bir şey olup olmadığı yönünde tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Gazzâlî, bu tartışmanın anılan âyet bağlamında çıkmaza sokulmak istenen bir şeklini aktarmaktadır. Buna göre “ol” emri âleme ya yokluk ya da varlık halinde yöneltilmiştir. Eğer bu emir âlem yokken yöneltilmişse yok olan şeyin bu emre muhatap olması düşünülemez. Şayet bu hitap âlem varken gerçekleşmişse var olan şeye “ol” denmesi abestir (el-İḳtiṣâd fi’l-iʿtiḳād, s. 153). Gazzâlî, Mu‘tezile’nin bu konudaki görüşünü ma‘dûmun bir şey ve zât olduğu, âlemin de yoklukta iken varlığa gelmeyi kabul eden kadîm bir zâtının bulunduğu, bu zâtın yokluktan sonra varlığa geldiği şeklinde aktarmaktadır (a.g.e., s. 36, 144). Ma‘dûmun bir şey olup olmadığı meselesinin yoktan yaratma inancı bağlamında tartışılması kaçınılmaz bir sonuçtu ve Mu‘tezile’nin yokluğu bir şey kabul eden görüşü âlemin yokken yaratıldığı inancına ters düşmekteydi. Böyle bir görüş yokluğa bir tür varlık izâfe etmek anlamına geleceğinden âlemin yokluktan yaratıldığı inancı bir şeyden yaratıldığı inancına dönüştürülmüş olmaktaydı. Sünnî kelâm geleneğinde Mu‘tezile’ye karşı hiçliğin bir şey veya zât olmadığı fikrinin ısrarla vurgulanması âlemin kadîm olduğu gibi bir telakkiyi önlemeyi amaçlar. Nitekim Wolfson, Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarının “bir şey ve zât” olarak tanımladıkları ezelî yokluğu Eflâtun’un ve hatta Aristo’nun ezelî maddesiyle karşılaştırılabilir görmüş, bu anlayışın Grek felsefesinden intikal etmiş olabileceğini ileri sürmüştür (Kelâm Felsefeleri, s. 278-279). Âlemin kıdemini çağrıştırması sebebiyle Sünnî kelâmcıları yaratmayı izah ederken bir dönemden sonra “yoktan” terimini terkedip bunun yerine “bir şeyden olmaksızın” veya “hiçbir şeyden” tabirlerini kullanmışlardır.
Felsefeyi “beşerin gücü ölçüsünde varlık ve olayların (eşya) hakikatini bilmek” şeklinde tanımlayan Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî’nin (Resâʾil, I, 97) şey terimini hem varlık hem de mahiyeti kapsayacak şekilde kullandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Filozof, bir şeyin kendisinin illeti olamayacağına dair kanıtı geliştirirken terimi şeyin kendisi (zât) ya da mahiyeti, şeyin varlığı (eys) ve şeyin yokluğu (leys) terimleriyle birlikte, dolayısıyla hem özü hem de var oluşu kapsayacak biçimde kullanmaktadır (a.g.e., I, 123-124). Fârâbî de bir şeyin zâtının o şeyin mahiyeti olduğunu belirtir (Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf, s. 106). Fârâbî’nin şey tanımı şöyledir: “İster dış dünyada var olsun ister herhangi bir yönüyle kavranmış olsun, bölünmüş olsun ya da olmasın, nasıl olursa olsun, her mahiyeti bulunana şey denir.” Filozofa göre şey dış dünyada gerçekten var olanı da olmayanı da kapsar; mevcut kelimesi ise ancak dış dünyada mahiyeti var olanlar hakkında kullanılır, sadece zihinde tasavvur edilenler için kullanılmaz. Bu bakımdan şey kelimesi mevcuttan daha genel bir anlama sahiptir. Buna karşılık “hiçbir şey değil” ifadesiyle kastedilen anlam, ne dış dünyadaki bir varlığa ait olarak ne de zihinde kavram olarak “hiçbir mahiyeti bulunmayan”dır (a.g.e., s. 128).
Fârâbî’nin bu düşüncelerine İbn Sînâ tarafından ontolojik açılımlar kazandırılmıştır. Filozof mevcut, şey ve zaruri terimlerinin ifade ettiği anlamları insan zihninin önsel (apriori) olarak kavradığını ve aslında tanımlanmalarına ihtiyaç bulunmadığını belirtmektedir. Ona göre bu kavramları tanımlama teşebbüsleri sadece kavranmış bir şeyin farkına varsın diye zihni uyarmaya ve bu kavrayışı hatırlatmaya yarar. Bununla birlikte İbn Sînâ şey ve mevcut terimlerinin aynı anlama gelmediğini varlık-mahiyet ayırımına başvurarak açıklar. Mevcut terimi müsbetle (dış dünyadaki gerçekliği olumlanan) eş anlamlı iken şeyin bir hakikate sahip bulunmakla birlikte dış dünyada mevcut olması gerekmez. Meselâ üçgen kavramının bir hakikati vardır; ancak üçgenin zihindeki anlamıyla dış dünyada olumlanan bir varlığı yoktur. Eğer bu hakikatin bir varlığından söz edilecekse bunu o şeyin özel varlığı saymak ve varlığının zihinde bulunduğunu kabul etmek gerekir. Dış dünyada olumlanmış bir varlığı bulunmayan hakikat mahiyet adını alır; mahiyetin kendisi dış dünyada ontolojik realiteye sahip değildir. Dolayısıyla şey hem dış dünyadaki hem de zihindeki varlığı, mevcut ise sadece dış dünyadaki hakikati ifade etmektedir. İbn Sînâ’ya göre hiçbir şekilde kavranmaz olan yokluk hakikati bulunmadığından bir şey değildir. Kavranabilir mahiyetin, hakkında haber verilmesi uygun olan bir zihnî varlık oluşu hakikati bulunduğuna işaret eder. Meselâ, “Kıyamet kopacaktır” önermesinde “kıyamet” kavramı ile “kopmak” fiilinin anlamları zihinde mevcut olup kopmak fiili zihinde kıyamete yüklem yapılmaktadır. Henüz dış dünyada gerçeklik kazanmamış olmakla birlikte kıyametin gerçeklik kazanacağının anlamlı biçimde haber verilebilmesi bu haberin bizzat var oluş kavramının anlamıyla irtibatlıdır. Dış dünyadaki var oluşla aklî yönden mümkün anlamlar olarak kavranan zihnî gerçeklikler mevcuttur ve onlar bu özel varlık tarzlarıyla şey kavramının kapsamına girer. Aynı durum geçmişte vuku bulmuş şeyler için de söz konusu edilebilir. Dolayısıyla henüz var olmamış ya da bir dış dünya gerçekliği olarak vuku bulmamış şeylerin sabit mevcudiyetleri yok diye şeyliklerinin de bulunmadığını ileri sürenler, şeyin aklî bir hakikatinin olabileceğini kavramayanlar ya da varlık-mahiyet ayırımını yapamayanlardır. Bu eleştirinin, hakkında haber verilebilen ve kavranabilenlerin yok olması durumunda bir şeyliğe sahip bulunmadığını savunan, ontolojik olarak var olmakla şey olmayı özdeşleştiren kelâmcılara yönelik olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât [1], s. 29-34; Wisnovsky, sy. 26 [2006], s. 85-118).
Konuyu vahdet-i vücûd metafiziği açısından ele alan Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî şey terimini gerçeklik (ayn) kavramıyla özdeş biçimde kullanır ve doktrininde önemli yer tutan sabit gerçeklikler (el-a‘yânü’s-sâbite) için de dış dünyada gerçeklik kazanmış nesneler için de şey olmanın söz konusu edilebileceğini belirtir. Bu sebeple İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre, “O’nun zâtı müstesna her şey yok olacaktır” âyetinde geçen (el-Kasas 28/88) “her şey”in içine hem a‘yân-ı sâbitenin şeyliği hem dış dünyada var olanların şeyliği girmektedir. Âyette yer alan “O’nun zâtı müstesna” ifadesi şey’iyye teriminin ilâhî zât için kullanılamayacağını göstermektedir (el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye, I, 99; İbnü’l-Arabî’nin terimle ilgili genel yaklaşımı için ayrıca bk. el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî, s. 667-670).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc), I, 1047-1048; Rızâ Tevfik, Kāmûs-ı Felsefe, İstanbul 1332, I/1, s. 282-310; Kindî, Resâʾil, I, 97, 123-124; Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter), s. 518-520; Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu – Muhammed Aruçi), Ankara 1423/2003, s. 64-69; Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf (nşr. Muhsin Mehdî), Beyrut 1990, s. 106, 128-129; Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Beyrut 1409/1989, s. 43; İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1), s. 29-34; Gazzâlî, el-İḳtiṣâd fi’l-iʿtiḳād (nşr. İbrahim Agâh Çubukçu – Hüseyin Atay), Ankara 1962, s. 36, 144, 153; Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye, Kahire 1911 → Beyrut, ts., I, 99; el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî, s. 667-670; H. A. Wolfson, Kelâm Felsefeleri (trc. Kasım Turhan), İstanbul 2001, s. 274-285; R. Wisnovsky, “İbn Sînâ’nın Şey’iyye Kavramı Üzerine Notlar” (trc. Arzu Meral), MÜİFD, sy. 26 (2006), s. 85-118; R. Arnaldez, “S̲h̲ayʾ”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 380-382.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 34-36 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.