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ŞEYH el-MAHMÛDÎ Skip to content Ebü’n-Nasr Seyfüddîn el-Melikü’l-Müeyyed Şeyh el-Mahmûdî ez-Zâhirî (ö. 824/1421)
Memlük sultanı (1412-1421).
770 (1368-69) yılında doğdu. Kafkasya’daki kabilelerden Kermûk’a mensup olup on iki yaşlarında iken esir tüccarı Hoca Mahmud Şah tarafından Mısır’a getirildi ve Atabekü’l-asâkir Berkuk tarafından 3000 dirheme satın alındı (782/1380). Hoca Mahmud Şah’a nisbetle Mahmûdî, el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Berkuk’a nisbetle Zâhirî diye anılır. Berkuk tarafından iyi bir asker olarak yetiştirildi. Berkuk sultan olunca onu âzat edip câmedarlıkla görevlendirdi ve hasekileri arasına aldı. Mintaş ve Yelboğa en-Nâsırî’nin isyanları sırasında hapsedilen Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, Berkuk’un ikinci saltanatının başlarında hapisten kurtuldu ve sultan tarafından sâkîlik görevine getirildi. Safer 798’de (Kasım-Aralık 1395) emîr-i tablhâne rütbesine terfi ettirildi, ardından re’sü’n-nevbe oldu. 801’de (1399) emîr-i hac tayin edildi. Ertesi yıl el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Sultan Ferec tarafından emîr-i mie mukaddem-i elf rütbesine yükseltilerek Trablus nâibliğine gönderildi ve on iki yıl Suriye’deki çeşitli vilâyetlerde nâiblik yaptı. Bölgede emîrler arasında ve emîrlerle Memlük sultanı arasında çıkan olaylarda önemli rol oynadı.
Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, 803’te (1400) Suriye’deki diğer nâiblerle birlikte Halep’i savunurken Timur’a esir düştüyse de bir süre sonra kaçmayı başardı ve eski görevine iade edildi. Şevval 804’te (Mayıs 1402) Dımaşk nâibliğine getirildi. Bu görevi esnasında Suriye’ye sığınan Karakoyunlu Kara Yûsuf ile Celâyirli Sultan Ahmed’i iyi karşıladı. Timur’un baskısı ile Sultan Ferec’den bunların ölüm fermanı geldiği halde emri uygulamadı. 807 yılı sonlarında (Haziran 1405) diğer Suriye nâibleriyle beraber Ferec’i tahttan indirmek için Mısır üzerine yürüdü. Sultanın ordusunu Abbâsiyye’de mağlûp ederek Kahire’ye kadar ilerlediyse de yanındaki emîrlerden bazılarının sultanın tarafına geçmesi yüzünden Suriye’ye dönmek zorunda kaldı. Yerine tayin edilmiş olan Nevrûz’u yenip Dımaşk’ı ele geçirdi (Rebîülâhir 808 / Ekim 1405).
Sultan Ferec’in tahtını bırakarak gizlendiği günlerde Dımaşk’tan ayrılmak zorunda kalan Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, Ferec’in yeniden tahta oturmasıyla görevine iade edildi. Ardından Safed’e gönderildiyse de tekrar getirildiği Dımaşk nâibliğinin ilk günlerinde isyan hazırlığı içinde olduğu ithamıyla görevinden alınıp tutuklandı. Ancak hapisten kaçarak bazı emîrlerle birlikte Dımaşk’ı ele geçirdi ve bu sırada Trablus nâibliğine razı olup Dımaşk nâibliğinin Nevrûz’da kalmasını kabul etti. Şâban 810 (Ocak 1408) tarihinde Sultan Ferec tarafından tekrar Dımaşk nâibliğine tayin edildi ve Nevrûz’la yaptığı savaşın ardından şehre girmeyi başardı. Bu sırada bazı emîrleri tutuklaması ve sultanın emrine rağmen onları Mısır’a göndermemesi sultanla arasının açılmasına sebep oldu. 1409’da Suriye’ye yürüyen Sultan Ferec karşısında Sarhad’da mağlûp olan Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, Emîr Seyfeddin Tağrîberdî’nin aracılığı ile affedilip Trablus nâibliğine getirildi. Bundan sonra uzun süre Dımaşk nâibi Nevrûz ile savaştı. Sultan Ferec’in aralarındaki mücadeleye son vermek amacıyla yeni bir Suriye seferine çıktığını duyunca Dımaşk’ın kendisinde, Halep’in Nevrûz’da kalması şartıyla yeniden anlaşma yaptı (813/1410).
Sultan Ferec’le karşılaşma cesareti gösteremeyip Dulkadıroğulları ülkesine giden Şeyh el-Mahmûdî ile Nevrûz sultanın Suriye’de bulunmasından faydalanarak Filistin yoluyla Kahire’ye yöneldiler. Kal‘atülcebel’i düşürmek üzere iken Mısır kuvvetleri yetişince geri çekilip Kerek’e gittiler. Kerek’i kuşatan Sultan Ferec, Şeyh el-Mahmûdî’nin Halep, Nevrûz’un Trablus nâibliğine tayini gibi bazı şartlarla ikisini bu defa da bağışladı. Fakat antlaşmayı bozup civardaki bazı merkezleri ele geçirmeye çalışan Şeyh el-Mahmûdî ile Nevrûz harekete geçen Sultan Ferec’i Leccûn’da mağlûp ettiler. Bu sırada ikisinin de sultan olmak istemesi yüzünden aralarında çıkan anlaşmazlık Halife Müstaîn-Billâh’ın aynı zamanda sultan ilân edilmesiyle çözüldü. Şeyh el-Mahmûdî sultana atabeg tayin edilirken Nevrûz Dımaşk nâibliğine getirildi.
Müstaîn-Billâh’ın bütün devlet işlerini kendisine havale etmesi dolayısıyla atabegliği döneminde idareyi tamamen eline alan Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, altı ay sonra emîrleri toplayıp kendilerine söz geçirebilecek, kendisi de emîr olan bir sultanın tahta çıkarılması gerektiğini söyledi. Görüşmeler neticesinde Halife Müstaîn-Billâh sultanlıktan hal‘edilirken Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, el-Melikü’l-Müeyyed unvanıyla tahta çıktı (1 Şâban 815/6 Kasım 1412). Önce Mısır’da Arap kabileleri tarafından çıkarılan isyanları bastırmakla uğraştı, ardından sultanlığını tanımayan eski müttefiki Dımaşk nâibi Nevrûz’la savaşmak için ilk Suriye seferine çıktı. Uzun bir kuşatmadan sonra Dımaşk’a girdi ve teslim aldığı Nevrûz’u öldürdü (817/1414). Bölgedeki vilâyetlere yeni nâibler tayin edip Kahire’ye döndü. Aynı yıl içinde Müstaîn-Billâh’ı halifelikten hal‘ederek yerine onun kardeşi Dâvûd’u el-Mu‘tazıd-Billâh unvanıyla halife ilân etti. Ertesi yıl Hama, Trablus ve Gazze nâiblerinin desteğini alan yeni Dımaşk nâibi Kanıbay’ın isyanıyla karşılaşınca ikinci Suriye seferine çıktı. İsyanı bastırıp Kanıbay’ı ve isyancıların Halep’e girmesine izin veren Halep nâibiyle diğer bazı isyancı emîrleri ortadan kaldırdıktan sonra Kahire’ye döndü. Bu şiddet politikasıyla bölgede kontrolü sağladı. Öte yandan Güney ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’daki Türkmen beyliklerini itaat altında tutarak onların Osmanlılar veya Karakoyunlular’la birleşmesini engellemeye çalıştı. Dulkadıroğulları’nın Osmanlılar’la dostluk kurmasından endişeye kapıldı ve 1414’te sefere çıktı. Daha önce kendi rızası ile verdiği Antep ve Darende’yi Dulkadıroğulları’ndan geri aldı.
Ramazanoğlu Ahmed Bey, 818’de (1415) yedi ay kuşatmanın ardından Tarsus’u Karamanoğlu’nun elinden alarak hutbeyi Şeyh el-Mahmûdî adına okutmuştu. Karamanoğlu II. Mehmed Bey, Memlükler’in iç çekişmelerinden faydalanarak Tarsus’u geri aldığı gibi (Ramazan 821/Ekim 1418) damat edindiği Ramazanoğulları’nın yeni hükümdarı İbrâhim’i de himayesine aldığını açıklamıştı. Bunun üzerine Dulkadıroğlu Mehmed Bey’i Karaman seferine davet eden Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, 1419 yılı ilkbaharında oğlu İbrâhim kumandasında bir orduyu kuzeyden Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey’e karşı, Şam valisini de Adana ve Tarsus üzerine gönderdi. Adana ve Tarsus ele geçirildi; Ramazanoğulları’nın başına İbrâhim Bey’in yerine kardeşi İzzeddin Hamza tayin edildi. Şeyh el-Mahmûdî’nin oğlu İbrâhim, Kayseri’yi ve Niğde’yi ele geçirdi. Kayseri’yi Dulkadıroğulları’na, Karaman ilini de Memlük ordusunun şehre yaklaşmakta olduğunu duyunca İç İl’deki sarp yerlere çekilen Mehmed Bey’in kardeşi Ali Bey’e vererek ülkesine döndü (822/1419). Mehmed Bey, İbrâhim’in dönüşünden sonra ülkesinin ova bölgesindeki topraklarına yeniden sahip olduysa da Kayseri’yi geri almak için Dulkadıroğulları’yla yaptığı savaşta esir düştü ve Kahire’ye gönderildi.
Şeyh el-Mahmûdî devrinde Osmanlılar’la dostane ilişkiler kuruldu. 819-823 (1416-1420) yılları arasında dostluğun devamı ve ticarî ilişkilerin kolaylaştırılması için antlaşma yapıldı ve hediye teâtisinde bulunuldu. Akkoyunlular’la da iyi ilişkilerin sürdürüldüğü bu dönemde Karakoyunlular’la Akkoyunlular arasındaki mücadele Memlükler’i de etkiledi. Nitekim Mercidâbık’ta hezimete uğrattığı (820/1417) Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Karayülük’e sığınma hakkı verilmesi bahanesiyle 823’te (1420) harekete geçen Kara Yûsuf, Antep ve Birecik’i yağma ve tahrip ettirip Suriye’ye yürüdü. Şeyh el-Mahmûdî hasta olmasına rağmen onunla savaşa karar verdi, ancak Kara Yûsuf’un ölüm haberini alınca seferden vazgeçti. Kıbrıslılar ve Ketillan şövalyelerinin saldırıları sebebiyle Kıbrıs seferine hazırlanan Şeyh el-Mahmûdî barış isteyen Kıbrıs hâkimiyle Kıbrıs limanlarında korsan barındırılmaması, Suriye sahillerine yapılacak korsan saldırılarına engel olunması, Kıbrıs limanlarına sığınan korsanlara erzak verilmemesi, korsanların getireceği malların alınmasının engellenmesi ve adada bulunan müslüman esirlerin fidye karşılığında serbest bırakılması gibi şartlarla antlaşma imzaladı (1 Ramazan 817/14 Kasım 1414; Kopraman, Mısır Memlükleri Tarihi, s. 201).
İsyan ve karışıklıkların yanı sıra 816-819 (1413-1416) ve 821-822 (1418-1419) yıllarında ortaya çıkan salgın hastalıklar yüzünden ekonomik sıkıntılar artmış, fiyatlar yükselmişti. Şeyh el-Mahmûdî çöküşü durdurmak için tedbirler almaya çalıştı. Vergilerde düzenlemeler yaptı. Bakır paraları tedavülden kaldırıp saf gümüşten sikkeler bastırdı. Sekiz yıl beş ay hüküm süren Şeyh el-Mahmûdî uzun süren bir hastalığın ardından 8 Muharrem 824 (13 Ocak 1421) tarihinde vefat etti ve kendi yaptırdığı medresedeki türbesine defnedildi. Yerine veliahdı, henüz iki yaşındaki oğlu Ahmed, el-Melikü’l-Muzaffer unvanıyla tahta çıkarıldı. Memlük tarihçilerinin övgüyle söz ettiği Şeyh el-Mahmûdî önemli bir Memlük sultanı kabul edilir. Zeki, ileri görüşlü, âdil, cömert ve harp sanatında mâhir bir hükümdardı. Bununla birlikte oyun ve eğlenceye düşkünlüğü, fazla kan dökmesi ve müsâdereleri yüzünden tenkit edilmiştir. Âlimlere karşı iyi davranan sultanın kendisi de ilimle meşgul olmuş, Abdurrahman b. Ömer el-Bulkīnî’den Buhârî icâzeti almıştır. İcâzetnâmesini seferlerinde yanında taşırdı (Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ, III, 309). Önemli âlimlerden İbn Cemâa Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir’e saygı gösterir ve ihsanda bulunurdu. 822’de (1419) hacca giden Molla Fenârî’yi dönüşü sırasında Kahire’ye çağırmış ve ona büyük itibar göstermiştir. Şeyh el-Mahmûdî, ülkedeki ekonomik sıkıntılara rağmen bazı mimari eserler inşa ettirmiştir. Bunların en önemlisi, Mintaş ve Yelboğa en-Nâsırî’nin isyanları sırasında Kahire’de tutuklu kaldığı Hizânetü Şemâil Hapishanesi’nin yerinde yaptırdığı cami-medresedir (el-Medresetü’l-Müeyyediyye). Bâbüzüveyle yakınındaki Müeyyed Camii, 825’te (1422) camiye çevrilen Müeyyed Bîmâristanı ve hamam günümüze ulaşmıştır. Sultan ayrıca Harem-i şerif’te ve Mescid-i Nebevî’de tamirat yaptırmıştır.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, Şeyh el-Mahmûdî’nin hayatı ve dönemi hakkında yazdığı eseri (bk. bibl.) kendisine takdim etmiştir. Kaynaklarda Aynî’nin el-Cevherü’s-seniyye fî târîḫi’d-devleti’l-Müʾeyyediyye (manzum) adında bir başka eseri de kaydedilmektedir (Sâlih Yûsuf Ma‘tûk, s. 121-122). Muhammed b. Nâhid tarafından kaleme alınan es-Sîretü’l-Müʾeyyediyye günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Başta Aynî olmak üzere dönemin bazı tarihçileri bu esere takrizler yazmıştır (Aynî’nin takrizi için bk. Sehâvî, eẕ-Ẕeylü ʿalâ Refʿi’l-iṣr, s. 438-440). Kalkaşendî Naẓmü sîreti’l-Müʾeyyed, İbn Hicce es-Sîretü’ş-Şeyḫiyye adıyla birer kitap telif etmişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Makrîzî, es-Sülûk, IV, 485-490; Bedreddin el-Aynî, es-Seyfü’l-mühenned fî sîreti’l-Meliki’l-Mü-ʾeyyed Şeyḫ el-Maḥmûdî (nşr. Fehîm M. Şeltût), Kahire 1387/1967; a.mlf., ʿİḳdü’l-cümân (nşr. Abdürrâzık et-Tantâvî el-Karmût), Kahire 1409/1989, s. 85-116; İbn Kādî Şühbe, et-Târîḫ (nşr. Adnân Dervîş), Dımaşk 1997, bk. İndeks; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, İnbâʾü’l-ġumr (nşr. Hasan Habeşî), Kahire 1972, III, 254-257; a.mlf., Ẕeylü’d-Düreri’l-kâmine (nşr. Adnân Dervîş), Kahire 1412/1992, s. 281-282; İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire, XIII, 157-303; a.mlf., el-Menhelü’ṣ-ṣâfî, VI, 263-312; Hatîb el-Cevherî, Nüzhetü’n-nüfûs ve’l-ebdân fî tevârîḫi’z-zamân (nşr. Hasan Habeşî), Kahire 1971, II, 317-493; Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ, III, 308-310; a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Refʿi’l-iṣr (nşr. Cûde Hilâl – M. Mahmûd Subh), Kahire 1966, s. 438-440; İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr, II, 3-63; Sâlih Yûsuf Ma‘tûk, Bedrüddîn el-ʿAynî ve es̱eruhû fî ʿilmi’l-ḥadîs̱, Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 110, 121-122; Kâzım Yaşar Kopraman, Mısır Memlükleri Tarihi, Ankara 1989; a.mlf., “Al-Malik Al-Mu’ayyad Şayh Al-Mahmudi Devrinde (1412-1421) Mısır’ın Mali ve İktisadi Durumuna Umumi Bir Bakış”, TED, sy. 10-11 (1979-80), s. 153-176; Fehmî Abdülalîm, Câmiʿu’l-Müʾeyyed Şeyḫ, Kahire 1994; Re’fet M. en-Niberrâvî, en-Nuḳūdü’l-İslâmiyye fî Mıṣr: ʿAṣru devleti’l-Memâlîki’l-Cerâkise, Kahire 1996, s. 67-73; M. Süheyl Takkūş, Târîḫu’l-Memâlîk fî Mıṣr ve Bilâdi’ş-Şâm, Beyrut 1999, s. 442-452; Âsım M. Rızk, Aṭlasü’l-ʿimâreti’l-İslâmiyye ve’l-Ḳıbṭıyye bi’l-Ḳāhire, Beyrut 2003, III/1, s. 303-332, 385-410, 439-450; İsmail Yiğit, Memlükler, İstanbul 2008, s. 110-112; P. M. Holt, “al-Muʾayyad S h ayk h ”, EI2 (Fr.), VII, 273-274.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 58-60 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.