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ŞEYYÂL, Cemâleddin Skip to content Cemâlüddîn b. Muhammed Şettâ b. İbrâhîm eş-Şeyyâl (1911-1967)
Mısırlı ilim adamı, tarihçi.
26 Haziran 1911’de Dimyat’ta doğdu. Dimyat’ta başladığı lise öğrenimini daha sonra gittiği Kahire’de tamamladı. Ardından posta idaresinde çalışmaya başladı. Bir taraftan da I. Fârûk Üniversitesi (Kahire Üniversitesi) Edebiyat Fakültesi’ne devam etti. 1936’da Tarih Bölümü’nden mezun oldu, psikoloji ve eğitim tahsili için girdiği Yüksek Eğitim Enstitüsü’nü 1938’de bitirdi. Arîş ve Kahire’de bazı ilkokullarda, ardından liselerde öğretmenlik yaptı. Bu sırada tarih okumalarını, gazete ve dergilerde yazı yazmayı sürdürdü. Kendisini araştırmaya teşvik eden üniversitedeki hocası Abdülhamîd el-Abbâdî, İskenderiye Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi dekanı olunca onu fakültenin Tarih Bölümü’ne asistan aldı (1943). 1945’te I. Fârûk Üniversitesi’ne sunduğu Târîḫu’t-terceme fî Mıṣr fi’n-nıṣfi’l-evvel mine’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer adlı tezle yüksek lisans derecesini kazandı. Aynı zamanda bu üniversiteye sunulan ilk yüksek lisans tezi olan çalışmasıyla ertesi yıl Kahire Arap Dil Kurumu tarafından edebiyat araştırma ödülüne lâyık görüldü. Cemâlüddin İbn Vâṣıl ve kitâbühû Müferricü’l-kürûb fî aḫbâri Benî Eyyûb adlı teziyle doktorasını tamamlayarak Edebiyat Fakültesi İslâm Tarihi Bölümü’nde öğretim üyesi oldu (1948), 1952’de doçentliğe, 1956’da profesörlüğe yükseldi. 1957-1958’de Arap Birliği’ne bağlı Ma‘hedü’d-dirâsâti’l-Arabiyyeti’l-âliye’de, 1958-1959’da Aynişems Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde ders verdi. Mısır’ın Rabat Büyükelçiliği’nde dört yıl (1960-1964) kültür ateşeliği yaptıktan sonra tekrar Aynişems Üniversitesi’ne döndü ve ardından da İskenderiye Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi dekanlığına tayin edildi. 2 Kasım 1967 tarihinde vefat edinceye kadar bu görevde kaldı.
Pakistan’da Peşâver Üniversitesi’nde yapılan Arap ve İslâm Araştırmaları Kongresi (1954), Arapça’ya Tercüme Kongresi (Rabat 1961), I. Uluslararası Afrika Araştırmaları Kongresi (Akra / Gana), Londra Üniversitesi Doğu ve Afrika Araştırmaları Okulu’nun düzenlediği Ortadoğu’da Tarih ve Tarihçiler Kongresi (1965) Şeyyâl’in katıldığı bazı ilmî toplantılardır. Ayrıca Kanada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Irak ve Suriye gibi ülkelerde konferanslar verdi. Kurucuları arasında bulunduğu el-Cem‘iyyetü’l-Mısriyye li’d-dirâsâti’t-târîhiyye başta olmak üzere Cem‘iyyetü’l-üdebâ gibi kurumlar ile Kitâbü Târîhi’l-fikri’l-Arabî, Târîhu’l-bahriyyeti’l-Arabiyye, Vaz‘u târîhi’l-ümmeti’l-Arabiyye, el-Mürâcaa ve’l-fehârisü’l-bibliyucrâfiyye li’t-târîh, et-Târîh ve’l-âsâr bi’l-meclisi’l-a‘lâ li-riâyeti’l-fünûn ve’l-âdâb ve’l-ulûmi’l-ictimâiyye komisyonlarında üye olarak görev yaptı. UNESCO’nun bir Afrika tarihi hazırlanması için teşkil ettiği uluslararası komisyonda çalıştı.
Eserleri. Telif: Rifâʿa eṭ-Ṭahṭâvî zaʿîmü’n-nehḍati’l-fikriyye fî ʿaṣri Muḥammed ʿAlî (Kahire 1364/1945; Rifâʿa Râfiʿ eṭ-Ṭahṭâvî , Kahire 1958, 1390/1970, 1980); Mıṣr ve’ş-Şâm beyne’d-devleteyn (Kahire 1947; Fâtımî Devleti’nin yıkılıp Eyyûbîler’in kurulduğu 558-569 [1163-1174] yılları arasında geçen olayları kapsar); Mücmelü Târîḫi Dimyâṭ siyâsiyyen ve iḳtiṣâdiyyen (İskenderiye 1949); Târîḫu’t-terceme bi-Mıṣr fî ʿahdi’l-ḥamleti’l-Fıransiyye (Kahire 1950; müellifin yüksek lisans tezinin giriş niteliğindeki küçük bölümünü kapsayan bir kitapçıktır); Târîḫu’t-terceme ve’l-ḥareketi’s̱-s̱eḳāfiyye bi-Mıṣr fî ʿaṣri Muḥammed ʿAlî (Kahire 1951; yüksek lisans tezinin esas bölümüdür); Târîḫu’t-terceme ve’l-ḥareketi’s̱-s̱eḳāfiyye fi’n-nıṣfi’s̱-s̱ânî mine’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer (Kahire 1951); el-İskenderiyye: Ṭûbuġrâfiyyetü’l-medîne ve teṭavvürühâ min aḳdemi’l-ʿuṣûr ile’l-vaḳti’l-ḥâżır (Kahire 1952); Ḳıṣṣatü’l-iḫtilâl (İskenderiye 1956; İngilizler’in Mısır’ı işgaline dairdir); Muḥâḍarât ʿani’l-ḥareketi’l-ıṣlâḥiyye ve merâkizi’s̱-s̱eḳāfe fi’ş-şarḳı’l-İslâmî el-ḥadîs̱ (Kahire 1377/1957, el-Ḥareketü’l-ıṣlâḥiyye ve merâkizü’s̱-s̱eḳāfe fi’ş-şarḳı’l-İslâmî el-ḥadîs̱ , Kahire 1422/2001; Şeyyâl’in Kahire’de Ma‘hedü’d-dirâsâti’l-Arabiyyeti’l-âliye’de verdiği konferansları içerir); et-Târîḫ ve’l-müʾerriḫûn fî Mıṣr fi’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer (Kahire 1958; İngilizce olarak da yayımlanan eser [A History of Egyptian Historiography in the nineteenth century , Alexandrie 1962] tarihçileri ve Mısır tarihçiliği konusunu çağdaş Mısır araştırmaları içinde ayrı bir bölüm halinde ele alma çabasının ilk müstakil ve sistematik analiz bakımından değerli örneği olarak gösterilir [Gershoni, XXIII/4 [1987], s. 543]; eserin Arapça versiyonu daha muhtevalı ve ayrıntılıdır); Mecmûʿatü’l-ves̱âʾiḳı’l-Fâṭımiyye (Kahire 1378/1958, 1965, 1422/2002, 1429/2008, 1432/2011; müellif topladığı Fâtımîler devrine ait 110 belgeden yalnız hilâfet ve vezirlik sistemine dair yirmi üçünün yer aldığı bu eserden dolayı tarih alanında devlet teşvik ödülü ve birinci dereceden ilim nişanı almıştır; eser hakkında yapılan tanıtım ve değerlendirme için bk. Abdülmün‘im Mâcid, s. 80-81; Walker, s. 120-121); Ḳıṣṣatü’l-kifâḥ beyne’l-ʿArab ve’l-istiʿmâr (Kahire 1379/1960, 1380/1960, Muhammed Saîd el-Uryân ile birlikte); Dirâsât fi’t-Târîḫi’l-İslâmî (Kahire 1384/1964, 1420/2000; Beyrut 1969, 1981; Şeyyâl’in dergi ve gazetelerde çıkan yirmi yazısını ihtiva etmektedir); Târîḫu medîneti’l-İskenderiyye fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-İslâmî (Kahire 1967, 2000); Târîḫu Mıṣr el-İslâmiyye (I-II, Kahire 1967); Târîḫu’d-devleti’l-ʿAbbâsiyye (Kahire 1967, 1413/1993); Ebû Bekr eṭ-Ṭurṭûşî el-ʿâlimü’z-zâhidü’s̱-s̱âʾir (Kahire 1388/1968); et-Târîḫu’l-İslâmî ve es̱eruhû fi’l-fikri’t-Târîḫi’l-Ûrûbbî fi’l-ʿaṣri’n-nehḍa (Beyrut 1969, 1980); Aʿlâmü’l-İskenderiyye fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-İslâmî (Kahire 1965, 1421/2001; İskenderiyeli veya orada bir süre yaşayan Ebü’d-Derdâ, Abdurrahman b. Hürmüz, Turtûşî, Sened b. İnân, İbn Avf, Silefî, Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî, Ebü’l-Abbas el-Mürsî, İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî, Kabârî, Muhammed Kerîm, Abdullah Nedîm ve Abdülazîz Çâvîş gibi on üç şahsiyet hakkındadır); Târîḫu devleti’l-Ebâṭırati’l-Muġūli’l-İslâmiyye fi’l-Hind (İskenderiye 1968; Kahire 1421/2001).
Neşir: Makrîzî, İġās̱etü’l-ümme bi-keşfi’l-ġumme (Kahire 1359/1940, 1957, 1422/2002, Muhammed Mustafa Ziyâde ile birlikte); a.mlf., Naḥl ʿibere’n-naḥl (Kahire 1365/1946); a.mlf., İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ bi-aḫbâri’l-eʾimmeti’l-Fâṭımiyyîne’l-ḫulefâʾ (I, Kahire 1367/1948, 1387/1967; eserin II ve III. ciltleri Muhammed Hilmî Muhammed Ahmed tarafından neşredilmiştir, Kahire 1390-1393/1970-1973; I-III, Kahire 1416/1996); a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕehebü’l-mesbûk bi-ẕikri men ḥacce mine’l-ḫulefâʾ ve’l-mülûk (Kahire 1375/1955); Cemâleddin İbn Vâsıl, Müferricü’l-kürûb fî aḫbâri Benî Eyyûb (I-III, Kahire 1373-1380/1953-1960; neşirle ilgili bazı değerlendirmeler için bk. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, XXIX/1 [1373/1954], s. 135-137; Mustafa Cevâd, VIII [1380/1961], s. 408-424, eserin devamını Haseneyn Muhammed Rebî‘ yayımlamıştır, IV-V, Kahire 1972-1977); Sâlih Mecdî, Ḥilyetü’z-zemen bi-menâḳıbi ḫâdimi’l-vaṭan: Sîretü Rifâʿa Râfiʿ eṭ-Ṭahṭâvî (Kahire 1378/1958); Bahâeddin İbn Şeddâd, en-Nevâdirü’s-sulṭâniyye ve’l-meḥâsinü’l-Yûsufiyye (Kahire 1384/1964, 1415/1994, 2002); Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Bessâm et-Tinnîsî, Enîsü’l-celîs fî Târîḫi medîneti Tinnîs (MMİIr. , XIV [1967], s. 151-159); İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire (XVI, Fehîm Muhammed Şeltût ile birlikte, Kahire 1972). Şeyyâl ayrıca Ebû Hanîfe ed-Dîneverî’nin el-Aḫbârü’ṭ-ṭıvâl (Kahire 1960; Kum 2000) adlı eserinin Abdülmün‘im Âmir tarafından gerçekleştirilen neşrini gözden geçirmiştir.
The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın ikinci neşrine bazı maddeler yazan Şeyyâl’in belli başlı makaleleri şunlardır: “el-ʿAlâḳāt beyne Mıṣr ve’l-Yemen fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-Fâṭımî” (el-Kitâb , V [Kahire 1948], s. 550-561); “ʿAbdullāh Nedîm, 1845-1896” (a.g.e. , VII [Kahire 1949], s. 78-91); “el-Yemen fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-Fâṭımî: Ṣafḥa mechûle mine’t-Târîḫi’l-ʿArabî” (Levante , I/2 [Roma 1953], s. 20-32); “The Fatimid Documents as a Source for the History of the Fatimids and their Institutions” (Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University , VIII [1954], s. 3-12); “Sirâcü’l-mülûk li’ṭ-Ṭurṭûşî” (Türâs̱ü’l-insâniyye , II [Kahire 1960], s. 792-803); “Felsefetü Ebî Bekr eṭ-Ṭurṭûşî” (Felâsifetü’l-İslâm fi’l-ġarbi’l-ʿArabî , nşr. Ahmed Belkât v.dğr., Tıtvân 1961, s. 183-227); “Historiography in Egypt in the Nineteenth Century” (Historians of the Middle East , ed. Bernard Lewis – P. M. Holt, London 1964, s. 403-421); “Some Aspects of the Intellectual and Social Life in the 18th Century” (Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt , ed. P. M. Holt, London 1968, s. 117-132); “Müʾellefâtü’l-Maḳrîzî eṣ-Ṣaġīre” (Dirâsât ʿani’l-Maḳrîzî: Mecmûʿatü’l-ebḥâs̱ , nşr. Muhammed Mustafa Ziyâde, Kahire 1391/1971, s. 23-37). Şeyyâl’in bazı araştırma ve edisyon kritik çalışmaları henüz basılmamıştır (Hasan Habeşî, XIII [1967], s. 12-13).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Abdülmün‘im Mâcid, “Mâ Ellefehü’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-ʿArab fi’l-miʾeti’s-seneti’l-aḫîre fî dirâseti’t-Târîḫi’l-ʿArabî ve ġayrih”, Mâ Sâheme bihi’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-ʿArab fi’l-miʾeti’s-seneti’l-aḫîre fî dirâseti’t-Târîḫi’l-ʿArabî ve ġayrih , Kahire 1959, s. 80-81, 84, 85; Kostantin Züreyḳ, “Mâ Sâheme bihi’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-ʿArab fi’l-miʾeti’s-seneti’l-aḫîre fî dirâseti’t-Târîḫi’l-ʿArabî ʿan fetreti’l-ḥurûbi’ṣ-Ṣalîbiyye”, a.e. , s. 98, 101, 103, 104; B. Lewis, “The Use by Muslim Historians of Non-Muslim Sources”, Historians of the Middle East (ed. B. Lewis – P. M. Holt), London 1964, s. 191; Yûsuf Es‘ad Dâgır, Meṣâdirü’d-dirâseti’l-edebiyye , Beyrut 1972, III, 664-667; Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah), II, 135-136; J. A. Crabbs, The Writing of History in Nineteenth-Century Egypt , Cairo 1984, s. 137, 143, 197, 216; Ömer Rızâ Kehhâle, Muʿcemü muṣannifi’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 137-138; a.mlf., el-Müstedrek , Beyrut 1406/1985, s. 176; a.mlf., Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , Beyrut 1414/1993, I, 503; İmâd Abdüsselâm Raûf, “Cemâlüddîn eş-Şeyyâl”, Mevsûʿatü Beyti’l-ḥikme li-aʿlâmi’l-ʿArab fi’l-ḳarneyni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer ve’l-ʿişrîn , Bağdad 1420/2000, I, 119-120; P. E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources , London 2002, s. 120-121; G. Piterberg, “Orientalist Discourse and Nationalist Historical Narratives in the Middle East: Egypt’s Ottoman Past”, Between Europe and Islam: Shaping Modernity in a Transcultural Space (ed. A. Höfert – A. Salvatore), Brussels 2004, s. 76-81, 85; Fuâd Sâlih es-Seyyid, Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-ḳarni’l-ʿişrîn fi’l-âlemeyni’l-ʿArabî ve’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1434/2013, II, 202-203; Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, “Müferricü’l-kürûb fî aḫbâri Benî Eyyûb li’bn Vâṣıl”, MMİADm. , XXIX/1 (1373/1954), s. 135-137; Ca‘fer el-Hasenî, “Mecmûʿatü’l-ves̱âʾiḳı’l-Fâṭımiyye”, a.e. , XXXIII/4 (1378/1958), s. 666-667; Mustafa Cevâd, “Müferricü’l-kürûb fî aḫbâri Benî Eyyûb”, MMİIr. , VIII (1380/1961), s. 408-424; Hasan Habeşî, “Kelimetü teʾbîn fî ẕikrâ vefâti’l-merḥûm el-üstâẕ ed-duktûr Cemâliddîn eş-Şeyyâl”, el-Mecelletü’t-târîḫiyyetü’l-Mıṣriyye , XIII, Kahire 1967, s. 3-14; “Cemâlüddîn eş-Şeyyâl”, Ṣaḥîfetü Maʿhedi’d-Dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye fî Madrid , XIV, Madrid 1967-68, s. 275-276; I. Gershoni, “The Writing of History in Nineteenth Century Egypt: A Study in National Transformation, by Jack A. Crabbs”, MES , XXIII/4 (1987), s. 543, 547; Abdülfettâh Guneyme, “Cemâlüddîn eş-Şeyyâl el-müʾerriḫ (1329-1387 h./1911-1967 m.)”, Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1425/2004, s. 223-225; Muhammed el-Cevvâdî, “eş-Şeyyâl, Cemâlüddîn”, Mv.AU , XV, 318.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 564-565 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.