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SİCİSTÂNÎ, Ebû Hâtim Skip to content Ebû Hâtim Sehl b. Muhammed b. Osmân b. Kāsım (Yezîd) el-Cüşemî es-Sicistânî (ö. 255/869)
Arap dili ve edebiyatı, Kur’an ilimleri, hadis ve ahbâr âlimi, râvi.
165 (781) yılı civarında Sicistan’da veya Tüster’de doğdu. Aslen Tüsterli olup Kirman ve Sicistan’da ticaret yaptıktan sonra Sicistan’a yerleşen Fars asıllı zengin ve nüfuzlu bir aileye mensuptur. Cüşemî nisbesi, Benî Cüşem’in (Cüşem b. Muâviye ?) mevlâsı olmasıyla alakalıdır. Doğduğu yerde bir süre eğitim gördükten sonra tahsilini ilerletmek amacıyla genç yaşta Basra’ya gitti ve Bağdat’a yaptığı kısa bir seyahat dışında hayatını burada geçirdi. Başta kendisinden Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi’yi iki defa okuduğu Ahfeş el-Evsat ile kıraat hocası Ya‘kūb el-Hadramî, Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Asmaî, Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî olmak üzere Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Hârûn et-Tevvezî, Dûrî, Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, Halef el-Ahmer, Ahmed b. Hâris el-Harrâz, Muhammed b. Ubeydullah el-Utbî, Ali b. Ubeyde er-Reyhânî, İbn Sellâm el-Cumahî, Ravh b. Ubâde, Medâinî, Amr b. Kirkire, Eyyûb b. Mütevekkil, Sellâm et-Tavîl gibi âlimden kıraat, Kur’an ilimleri, Arap dili grameri ve lugatı, garîb ve nevâdir, şiir ve edebiyat, hadis, fıkıh, tefsir gibi alanlarda ders aldı. Siyasetten ve yöneticilerden uzak sakin bir hayat yaşadı. Babasından ve amcasından kalan zengin mirası (100.000 dinar) ilim yolunda harcadı; çok sayıda eser yazmak ve sayısız öğrenci yetiştirmekle temayüz etti. Bunlar arasında başta hayatı hakkındaki bilgilerin çoğunu nakleden Müberred ile İbn Düreyd olmak üzere Sükkerî, İbn Kuteybe, Sünen sahipleri Ebû Dâvûd ile Nesâî, Bezzâr, İbn Huzeyme, Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm el-Huşenî, Ebû Bişr ed-Dûlâbî, Râmhürmüzî, Muhammed b. Cerîr et-Taberî, İbn Sâid el-Hâşimî, Yemût b. Müzerra‘ gibi âlimler sayılabilir. Güzel sesiyle tanınan Ebû Hâtim’in Basra merkez camisinde yaptığı altmış yıllık imam-hatiplik görevi esnasında hiçbir gün kıraat hatası (lahn) yapmadığı kaydedilir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, I, 320). Aynı zamanda Hâşimoğulları’na mensup Basra valilerinin emlâkine ilişkin hesap işleriyle (Zübeydî, s. 96) ve kitap ticaretiyle uğraşıyordu. Pek çok değerli kitabı ihtiva eden zengin kütüphanesine öldüğünde 14.000 dinar değer biçilmiş ve Sicistan hâkimi Ya‘kūb b. Leys es-Saffâr tarafından satın alınarak Sicistan’a nakledilmiştir. Öğrencisi İbn Düreyd’in rivayetine göre Sicistânî 255 yılı Muharrem (veya Receb) ayında (Ocak veya Haziran 869) doksan yaşlarında Basra’da vefat etti, cenaze namazı Basra Valisi Süleyman b. Ca‘fer tarafından kıldırılarak Sürretü’l-musallâ’da defnedildi. Dürüst ve cömert olan, şaka ve espriden hoşlanan bir kişiliğe sahip bulunan Ebû Hâtim her gün 1 dinar sadaka verir, gecenin önemli kısmını ilim ve ibadetle geçirirdi.
Ebû Hâtim, Câhiliye devri Arap dili, şiiri, ahbâr ve edebiyatı, lugat, garîb, nevâdir, aruz ve muamma, kıraat ve Kur’an ilimlerinde derin vukufuyla tanınmıştır. Güvenilir bir râvi olarak hocası Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın eserlerini ve kendisinden iki defa okuduğu Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi’yi rivayet etmiş, öğrencisi Müberred de bu eserin en önemli râvilerinden olmuştur. Asmaî, hocası olmasına rağmen Kur’an ilimlerindeki derin vukufu sebebiyle Ebû Hâtim’le karşılaştığında ayağa kalkar, hocası Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî de kendisinden sonra kimden okuyacaklarını soran Basralılar’a Ebû Hâtim’i tavsiye ederdi. Kendisi Basra gramer okuluna taassup derecesinde bağlı olup Kûfe âlimlerine güvenmez ve onları önemsemezdi. Orta düzeyde bir şair olan Sicistânî’nin ulemâ üslûbunda nazmedilmiş bazı şiirleri çeşitli kaynaklarda yer alır (meselâ bk. İbnü’l-Kıftî, II, 60).
Eserleri. Ebû Hâtim elliden fazla eser kaleme almış olup pek azı günümüze kadar gelebilen başlıca eserleri şunlardır: 1. Kitâbü’l-Eżdâd (nşr. August Haffner, Selâs̱etü kütüb fi’l-eżdâd içinde, Beyrut 1912, s. 71-162; nşr. Muhammed Abdülkādir Ahmed, Kahire 1991; nşr. Muhammed Avde Selâme Ebû Cürey, Kahire 1994). 2. el-Farḳ beyne’l-âdemiyyîn ve beyne külli ẕî rûḥ. İnsanlarla diğer canlılar arasındaki benzer organların isim farklarına dair bir sözlüktür (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, MMİIr., XXXVII/1 [Bağdat 1986], s. 206-260; Kitâbân fi’l-farḳ içinde, Beyrut 1407/1987, Sâbit b. Ebû Sâbit’in Kitâbü’l-Farḳ’ı ile birlikte; Nuṣûṣ muḥaḳḳaḳa fi’l-luġa ve’n-naḥv içinde, Musul 1991, s. 181-245). 3. Feʿaltü ve efʿaltü. Sülâsîsi ile if‘âl kalıbı aynı anlamda olan fiillerle ilgili bir sözlüktür (nşr. Halîl İbrâhim el-Atıyye, Basra 1393/1973; Beyrut 1416/1996). Abdülkerîm el-Azbâvî eseri Feʿale ve efʿale adıyla Asmaî’ye nisbetle yayımlamıştır (Mecelletü’l-baḥs̱i’l-ʿilmî ve’t-türâs̱i’l-İslâmî , IV, Mekke 1401/1981). 4. Fuḥûletü’ş-şuʿarâʾ (Suʾâlâtü Ebî Ḥâtim es-Sicistânî li’l-Aṣmaʿî ve reddühû ʿaleyhi fî fuḥûleti’ş-şuʿarâʾ; nşr. Muhammed Abdülkādir Ahmed, Kahire 1411/1991; nşr. Muhammed Avde Selâme Ebû Cürey, Kahire 1994). 5. el-Kerm. Bağcılık ve üzümle ilgili kelimeler ve tabirler sözlüğüdür (nşr. August Haffner, el-Bülġa fî şüẕûri’l-luġa içinde Asmaî’nin eseri olarak Sicistânî’nin rivayetiyle neşredilmiştir, Beyrut 1914, s. 73-94). 6. el-Muʿammerûn mine’l-ʿArab ve ṭurafun min aḫbârihim ve mâ ḳālûhu fî müntehâ aʿmârihim (nşr. Ignaz Goldziher, “Abhandlungen zur Arabischen philologie”, Leiden 1899, Almanca tercümesiyle; nşr. Ahmed Nâcî, Kahire 1323; tashih M. Emîn el-Hancî, Kahire 1325/1907; Tâif 1400/1980; nşr. Muhammed İbrâhim Selîm, Kahire 1413/1993). 7. el-Veṣâyâ. Mev‘iza, nasihat ve ahbâra dairdir (nşr. ve Almanca trc. Ignaz Goldziher, Leiden 1896). Son iki eser birlikte de yayımlanmıştır (el-Muʿammerûn ve’l-Veṣâyâ, nşr. Ignaz Goldziher, Almanca tercümesiyle, Leiden 1899; tashih M. Emîn el-Hancî, Kahire 1323/1905; nşr. Abdülmün‘im Âmir, Kahire 1961; nşr. Muhammed İbrâhim Selîm, Kahire 1993). 8. el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱. Arap dilinde eril-dişil kelimeler meselesi ve bunlara dair bir sözlüktür (nşr. İzzet Hasan, Beyrut-Halep, ts. [1997]; nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Dımaşk 1481/1997). Eser, Nihad M. Çetin tarafından Abū Ḥātim as-Sicistānī ve Kitāb al-Muḏakkar wa’l-muannaṯ’i adıyla doktora tezi olarak tahkik edilmiştir (İÜ Ed. Fak., 1958). İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî’nin (Risâletü’l-İslâm, VII-VIII [1969], s. 85-112; Resâʾil ve nuṣûṣ içinde, s. 93-105, bk. bibl.) ve İbtisâm es-Saffâr’ın et-Teẕkîr ve’t-teʾnîs̱ (Mecelletü’l-Belâġ içinde, yıl 8-10, Bağdat 1971-1972, III/8, s. 48-57; III/9, s. 64-71; III/10, s. 53-59) adıyla Ebû Hâtim’e nisbetle neşrettikleri eser ona ait değildir (Cenâbî, XXXV/3 [1984], s. 188-224). 9. en-Naḫle/en-Naḫl. Hurma ve hurma ziraatıyla ilgili giriş niteliğinde bilgilerden sonra ilgili kelime ve tabirleri açıklayan lugatla alâkalı bir eserdir (nşr. Bartolomeo Lagumina Il Libro della Palma, di Abī Ḥātim as-Sidjistānī, Palermo 1873 ve Atti della Reale, VIII/4, Roma 1891, s. 5-41; nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, el-Mevrid, XIV/3 [Bağdat 1405/1985], s. 107-158; Nuṣûṣ muḥaḳḳaḳa fi’l-luġa ve’n-naḥv içinde, Musul 1991, s. 99-179; nşr. İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, Riyad 1405/1985; Beyrut 1405/1985). 10. Şerḥu Dîvâni’ṭ-Ṭufeyl el-Ġanevî (nşr. Fritz Krenkow, London 1927; nşr. M. Abdülkādir Ahmed, Beyrut 1968). 11. Şerḥu Dîvâni’l-Ḥuṭayʾe (İbnü’s-Sikkît ve Sükkerî şerhleriyle birlikte, nşr. Nu‘mân Emîn Tâhâ, Kahire 1958). 12. Tefsîru ġarîbi mâ fî Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi mine’l-ebniye (nşr. Muhsin b. Sâlim el-Umeyrî, Mekke 1414/1993; nşr. Muhammed Ahmed ed-Dâlî, Dımaşk 1422/2001). 13. Maʿrifetü iştiḳāḳı esmâʾin naṭaḳa bihe’l-Ḳurʾân ve câʾet bihe’s-sünnetü ve’l-aḫbâr (yüksek lisans tezi, 1407, Süleyman b. Hamed es-Sakrî, Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi). 14. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın Mecâzü’l-Ḳurʾân’ının tenkidine dair eser (yazması için bk. Sezgin, IX, 66). 15. Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân. Eser üzerinde Josef Feilchenfeld’in Ein einleitender Beitrag zum Garîbü’l-Kur’ân nebst einer Probe aus dem Lexicon des Seğestanı adlı bir çalışması vardır (Wien 1892). 16. Şerḥu Nevâdiri Ebî Zeyd (Mâ ketebehû Ebû Ḥâtîm ʿale’n-Nevâdir li-Ebî Zeyd). Ahfeş el-Asgar ve Ebû Hâtim’in lugat izahlarıyla birlikte intikal eden Ebû Zeyd’in en-Nevâdir’inin neşrine esas olan nüsha bir râvinin müdahale ölçülerini aşan açıklama ve tefsirlerle doludur. Nihad M. Çetin, Ebû Zeyd’in eserinin Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan nüshasının (nr. 1046 mükerrer) aslında Ebû Hâtim’in şerhi, neşre esas olan nüshanın da Ahfeş el-Asgar’ın şerhi sayılabileceğini söyler.
Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî’nin kaynaklarda adı geçen el-Ḳırâʾât’ı Basralılar’ın ilim âlemine karşı övündükleri dört eserden biri kabul edilmiştir (diğerleri Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’ı, Sîbeveyhi’nin el-Kitâb’ı, Câhiz’in Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân’ı). İbnü’l-Cezerî, Sicistânî’nin bu eserinde meşhur yedi kıraate bağlı kaldığını söylemiş ve rivayette bulunduğu kimselerin isimlerini belirtmiştir (Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye, I, 320). Yine sadece adı bilinen Kitâb fi’n-naḥv’i de (Muḫtaṣar fi’n-naḥv) Horasan ve Sicistan Emîri Ya‘kūb b. Leys es-Saffâr’ın muhtasar bir nahiv kitabının yazılmasını istemesi üzerine Sîbeveyhi ve Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın görüşleri esas alınarak kaleme alınmıştır (Zübeydî, s. 95). Sicistânî’nin kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: el-Cerâd, ed-Dirʿu ve’t-tirs, el-Feṣâḥa, Ḫalḳu’l-insân, el-Ḥarru ve’l-berd, eş-Şemsü ve’l-ḳamer, el-Leylü ve’n-nehâr, el-Ḥaşerât, el-Ḫıṣb ve’l-ḳaḫṭ, el-Hicâʾ, el-İbil, el-İdġām, Iṣlâḥu’l-müzâl ve’l-müfsed, el-İtbâʿ, el-İḫtilâf (İḫtilâfü’l-meṣâḥif), el-Ḳısiyy ve’n-nibâl ve’s-sihâm, el-Libeʾ ve’l-leben ve’l-ḥalîb, el-Maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd, Mâ telḥanü fîhi’l-ʿâmme, el-Muḫtaṣar fi’n-naḥv, Kitâbü’l-Muʿammâ, en-Naḳṭ ve’ş-şekl, es-Sibâʿ, es-Süyûf ve’r-rimâḥ, eş-Şevḳ ile’l-vaṭan, eş-Şitâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣayf, eṭ-Ṭayr, el-ʿUşb ve’l-baḳl, el-Vaḳfü ve’l-ibtidâʾ, el-Vuḫûş, ez-Zerʿ, eş-Şecer ve’n-nebât, el-Maḳāṭıʿ ve’l-mebâdiʾ, en-Nevâdir, el-Ezmine, İʿrâbü’l-Ḳurʾân, Cemâhîrü’l-ʿArab. Bazı kaynaklarda şu eserler Sicistânî’ye ait olmadığı halde ona nisbet edilmiştir: el-ʿAẓame, el-Ġāye fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’l-iḥdâ ʿaşrete, el-Hemze, el-Miyâh, et-Teẕkîr ve’t-teʾnîs̱, ez-Zîne (el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱, nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, neşredenin girişi, s. 21-22). Sicistânî hakkında M. Nihat Çetin’in doktora çalışması dışında (yk.bk.) Saîd Câsim ez-Zebîdî Ebû Ḥâtim es-Sicistânî er-Râviye adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1974, Câmiatü Bağdad).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin), Dımaşk 1418/1997, neşredenin girişi, s. 12-32; a.e. (nşr. İzzet Hasan), Beyrut-Halep, ts. (Dârü’ş-şarki’l-Arabî), neşredenin girişi, s. 6-28; a.mlf., Tefsîru ġarîbi mâ fî Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi mine’l-ebniye (nşr. M. Ahmed ed-Dâlî), Dımaşk 1422/2001, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-51; a.e. (nşr. Muhsin b. Sâlim el-Umeyrî), Mekke 1414/1993, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-23; a.mlf., Feʿaltü ve efʿaltü (nşr. Halîl İbrâhim el-Atıyye), Beyrut 1416/1996, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-77; a.mlf., Kitâbü’n-Naḫl (nşr. İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî), Riyad 1405/1985, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-25; a.mlf., Kitâbü’n-Naḫle (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, el-Mevrid, XIV/3, Bağdad 1985 içinde), s. 107-158; a.mlf., el-Farḳ beyne’l-âdemiyyîn ve beyne külli ẕî rûḥ (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, MMİIr., XXXVII/1 [1986] içinde), s. 206-260; Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, Merâtibü’n-naḥviyyîn (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Kahire 1375/1955, s. 80-82; Sîrâfî, Aḫbârü’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn (nşr. M. İbrâhim el-Bennâ), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 102-104; Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî, Ṭabaḳātü’n-naḥviyyîn ve’l-luġaviyyîn (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Kahire 1984, s. 94-96; Ali b. Hasan b. Muâviye, el-Muḫtâr mine’l-Muḳtebes (tıpkıbasım: Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1410/1990, s. 2-16; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Flügel), s. 58-59; Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ (nşr. İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî), Zerkā/Ürdün 1405/1985, s. 145-148; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, XI, 263-265; İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât, II, 58-64; Yağmûrî, Nûrü’l-ḳabes el-muḫtaṣar mine’l-Muḳtebes (nşr. R. Sellheim), Wiesbaden 1384/1964, s. 225-228; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, II, 430-433; İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye, I, 320-321; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 107; Suppl., I, 167; Nihad M. Çetin, Abū Ḥātim as-Sicistānī ve Kitāb al-Muḏakkar wa’l-muannaṯ’i (doktora tezi, 1958), İÜ Ed.Fak., s. 40-43; a.mlf., “Arap Dili Sarf ve Nahvine Dair Üç Eser”, ŞM, III (1959), s. 162-164; Sezgin, GAS, IV, 336; VII, 348; IX, 66; İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, Resâʾil ve nuṣûṣ fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb, Beyrut 1991, s. 93-105; İbtisâm es-Saffâr, “et-Teẕkîr ve’t-teʾnîs̱”, Mecelletü’l-Belâġ, III/8, Bağdad 1971, s. 48-57; III/9 (1972), s. 49-71; III/10 (1972), s. 53-59; Târık Abdüavn el-Cenâbî, “Kitâbü’l-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱”, MMİIr., XXXV/3 (1984), s. 188-224.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 139-141 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.