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SİDRETÜ’l-MÜNTEHÂ Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’in, Mi‘rac gecesi yanında ilâhî sırlara mazhar olduğu ağaç.
1/2 Müellif: SÜLEYMAN ULUDAĞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “Arabistan kirazı denilen hoş gölgeli nebk ağacı” anlamındaki sidre ile (Kāmus Tercümesi, II, 385) müntehâ kelimesinden oluşan sidretü’l-münt…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Tefsirlerdeki açıklamalar göz önüne alındığında sidre, Hz. Peygamber Allah’ın huzuruna varmadan önce cennetü’l-me’vâda Cebrâil’i yanında bır…
Sözlükte “Arabistan kirazı denilen hoş gölgeli nebk ağacı” anlamındaki sidre ile (Kāmus Tercümesi , II, 385) müntehâ kelimesinden oluşan sidretü’l-müntehâ terkibi “son noktada bulunan sidre” demektir. Terim olarak “Hz. Peygamber’in Mi‘rac gecesi yanında ilâhî sırlara mazhar olduğu ağaç veya makam” diye açıklanabilir. Kur’an’da bir yerde sidretü’l-müntehâ (en-Necm 53/14), bir yerde yalnız sidre (en-Necm 53/16) şeklinde geçer. Sidr iki âyette de (Sebe’ 34/16; el-Vâkıa 56/28) “ağaç” mânasına gelmektedir. Çeşitli hadis rivayetlerinde yapraklarının yıkanmada kullanılması sebebiyle sidr, ayrıca âyetteki konumu itibariyle sidretü’l-müntehâ yer alır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “sdr” md.).
Sidretü’l-müntehâ terkibiyle ilgili olarak başlıca iki görüş ileri sürülmüştür. Daha çok kabul gören anlayışa göre sidretü’l-müntehâ semada bulunan, Mi‘rac gecesi yanında Resûl-i Ekrem’in ilâhî sırlara mazhar olduğu bir ağaçtır. Çünkü terkibin yer aldığı Necm sûresi ndeki âyetler Resûlullah’ın mi‘racıyla ilgilidir. Yaygın kanaate göre Hz. Peygamber Mi‘rac gecesi sidretü’l-müntehânın yanında aslî sûretiyle Cebrâil’i görmüştür. Sidretü’l-müntehâyı bürüyen şey ise Allah’ın nuru, melekler veya bilinmeyen başka şeylerdir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXVIII, 253). Sidretü’l-müntehâya bu ismin veriliş sebebi konusunda da çeşitli görüşler vardır. Cennet in son noktasında bulunması, aşağıdan yükselen ve yukarıdan inen şeylerin orada neticelenmesi, yaratılmışlara özgü bütün bilgilerin orada son bulması, ötesinin Allah’tan başkası için gayb âlemi olması gibi görüşler bunlardan bazılarıdır (Zemahşerî, VI, 48; Kurtubî, IX, 95). Taberî, farklı ihtimallerin hepsinin âyetin lafzına uygun olup tercih için kesin bir nakil bulunmadığından bunlardan birinin veya hepsinin mümkün olabileceğini belirtir (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XIII, 53). Bu açıklamaların ortak noktası sidretü’l-müntehânın bir sınırı ifade etmesidir. Burası, Mi‘rac gecesi Hz. Peygamber’in mazhariyeti dışında büyük meleklerin ve peygamberlerin ötesine geçemediği, yaratılmışların ilminin ulaşabileceği son nokta olarak kabul edilir. Yaygın kanaate göre Hz. Peygamber Mi‘rac gecesi Cebrâil ile sidretü’l-müntehâya kadar gitmiş ve Cebrâil’in daha ileriye gitmesine izin verilmediği için kābe kavseyne olan yolculuğuna refref le devam etmiştir (Âlûsî, XV, 14). Bu sebeple sidretü’l-müntehâ Cebrâil ’in makamı sayılmıştır. Ayrıca bunun illiyyîn olduğu yolunda görüşler vardır (Taberî, XXIV, 209).
Sidre kelimesinin kökünde (seder/sedâre) “hayret anlamı” da bulunduğundan bu terkibe “en büyük hayret” anlamı verenler de olmuştur. Burası en çok hayret edilen bir makam olduğu halde Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de belirtildiği gibi Allah’ın resulü ne hayrete düşmüş ne de kendini kaybetmiş, gördüğünü tam ve doğru olarak algılamıştır (en-Necm 53/17). Bu görüşü aktaran Râzî ilk anlayışın daha isabetli olduğunu belirtir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXVIII, 252-253). Sidretü’l-müntehâ, hadis rivayetlerinde beyan edildiği üzere cennetin son noktasında kendine özgü bir ağaç da olsa veya hayret makamı konumunda da bulunsa sınırlı idrak imkânlarına sahip insanların onun mahiyetini bilmesi mümkün değildir. Cebrâil’in bile idrak etmekten âciz olduğu gayb âlemine ait bu varlığın veya makamın sırrının Allah’a havale edilmesi en isabetli yoldur.
Tasavvufta da sidretü’l-müntehâ hakkında çeşitli yorumlar yapılmıştır. İlk sûfîlerden Sehl b. Abdullah et-Tüsterî sidretü’l-müntehâyı “beşerî bilginin bittiği yer” diye tanımlamış, bunun Hz. Muhammed’in ibadetlerindeki nurdan oluştuğunu, ilâhî feyizlerin sidre üzerinde ona geldiğini ve ona metanet verdiğini söylemiştir (Tefsîr , s. 145). Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî’ye göre sidre rubûbiyyet ağacıdır, meyvesi ubûdiyyettir (Temhîdât , s. 276). Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre Resûl-i Ekrem, Hz. İbrâhim’in makamı olan yedinci semayı geçerek sidretü’l-müntehâya ulaşmış, sonra burasını da geçip kaderleri yazan kalemlerin çıkardığı sesleri işitecek bir noktaya yükselmiştir. Sidretü’l-müntehâ, peygamberler ve onlara tâbi olan mutlu insanların amellerinin sûretlerinin bulunduğu yerdir, bu sûretler kıyamete kadar burada muhafaza edilir. Bu amellerden yansıyan ışıltılar sidreyi bürümüş ve onu göz kamaştıran bir güzelliğe kavuşturmuştur. İbnü’l-Arabî sidretü’l-müntehâdaki nur kelebeklerinin ve dört nehrin özel anlamları olduğunu, ancak bunun mahiyetinin tam olarak bilinemeyeceğini, güçlü bir anlatım yeteneğine sahip bulunan Hz. Peygamber bu noktada susmayı tercih ettiğine göre insanların da susması gerektiğini söyler. Burada İbnü’l-Arabî’nin mi‘racla ilgili hususları bazı mânevî ve ilâhî hususların simgeleri olarak gördüğünü belirtmek gerekir (Fütûḥât , II, 369; III, 345; el-İsrâ ile’l-maḳāmi’l-esrâ , s. 109). Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî’nin açıklamaları da bu yöndedir (Ḥüccetullāhi’l-bâliġa , s. 867).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kāmus Tercümesi , II, 385.
Müsned , III, 164; IV, 207.
Sehl et-Tüsterî, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm (nşr. M. Bedreddin en-Na‘sânî), Kahire 1326/1908, s. 145.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XIII, 53; XXIV, 209.
Muhammed b. Hüseyin es-Sülemî, Ḥaḳāʾiḳu’t-tefsîr: Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm (nşr. Seyyid Umrân), Beyrut 2001, II, 286.
Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî, Temhîdât (nşr. Afîf Useyrân), Tahran 1962, s. 276.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Kahire) , VI, 48.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1411/1990, XXVIII, 252-253.
Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye , Kahire 1293, II, 369; III, 345.
a.mlf., el-İsrâ ile’l-maḳāmi’l-esrâ: Kitâbü’l-Miʿrâc , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 23, 109, 247.
Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ (nşr. Hişâm Semîr el-Buhârî), Riyad 1423/2003, IX, 95.
Beyzâvî, Envârü’t-tenzîl , İstanbul 1991, IV, 315.
Süyûtî, ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr , Beyrut 1403/1983, VII, 649-651.
Şemseddin eş-Şâmî, el-İsrâ ve’l-miʿrâc: Ḫulâṣatü’l-fażli’l-fâʾiḳ fî miʿrâci ḫayri’l-ḫalâʾiḳ (nşr. Hasan Ahmed İsbir), Beyrut 1424/2003, s. 294.
Şah Veliyyullah Dihlevî, Ḥüccetullāhi’l-bâliġa (nşr. Seyyid Sâbık), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-hadîse), s. 867.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî (nşr. M. Hüseyin el-Arab), Beyrut 1417/1997, XV, 14; XXVII, 77-78.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 151-152 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Tefsirlerdeki açıklamalar göz önüne alındığında sidre, Hz. Peygamber Allah’ın huzuruna varmadan önce cennetü’l-me’vâda Cebrâil’i yanında bıraktığı mübarek bir ağaçtır. Abdülvâsi Çelebi’nin mi‘râciyyesinde bu ağaç, “O yerden geçtik ve gördüm bir ağaç / Ol ağaçtır bu gökler başına taç … / Dedim bu ne acâib müntehâdır / Dedi bu da o sidrü’l-müntehâdır” mısralarıyla tanıtılır. Sidre aynı zamanda Cebrâil’in makamıdır.
Sidre huzûr-ı ilâhîye varan yol üzerinde bir sınır kapısı gibidir. Abdülvâsi Çelebi bunu, “Girü (tekrar) refref gelip götürdü beni / O sidre katına irürdi (ulaştırdı) beni // … // Revan sidre katına girü vardım / Ki tahfîf isteyü yüz yere vurdum” beyitleriyle ortaya koymuştur. Allah katından gönderilenler orada aracılara (melekler) aktarılarak dünyaya ulaştırılır, yukarıya çıkacak veya aşağıya inecek her şey o sınırdan alınıp verilir. Mi‘râciyyelerde Cebrâil’in, “Lev denevtü ünmületen leharaktü” (buradan bir parmak dahi ileri geçersem yanarım) dediği bu sınır çizgisini aşma konusunu Receb Vahyî, “Giderek sidreye geldi iki hemrâh-ı şefîk / Olamam ben sana artık dedi Cibrîl refîk” beytiyle anlatır. Bir hadise göre sidre ağacının yaprakları fil kulağı gibi, meyveleri testi veya dağ tepesi kadar iridir (Müsned , III, 164; IV, 207; Buhârî, “Ṣalât”, 1). Halilnâme ’deki, “Onun bir yaprağı dünyâyı küllî / Bürür baştan başa her câyı küllî” beyti sidrenin bu özelliğini ifade etmektedir. Ayrıca sidre, altında yüz atlının gölgeleneceği kadar uludur.
İslâm kültüründe sidre etrafındaki bilgiler âyet ve hadislerdeki mâlûmatla sınırlı kalmamış, İsrâiliyat’a kadar uzanan değişik verilerle karışarak çeşitlenip zenginleşmiştir. Bunlar, Arap ve Fars şairlerinin farklı algılayış biçimleri ve hayal dünyalarının katkılarıyla abartılarak Türk divan edebiyatına intikal etmiştir. Türk edebiyatında sidre, divan mazmun ve remizleri arasında verimli bir malzeme sahası haline dönüşmüş, ayrıca tasavvufî anlayışların geliştirdiği yorumlarla bu alana mahsus terimler olarak değişik mânalar kazanmıştır.
Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında müstakil beyitler yanında na‘tlarda, mesnevilerde, cennet hakkında bilgi veren ansiklopedik edebî eserlerde, Hz. Peygamber’e dair çeşitli eserlerde bu hususta zengin örneklere ve anlatımlara rastlanmaktadır. Türk dinî mûsikisinde mevlid ve mi‘râciyyeler yanında bazı âyinler, na‘tlar, tevşîhler, ilâhi ve nefeslerde de sidreyle ilgili bilgilere daha çok tasavvufî anlayış çerçevesinde yer verildiği görülmektedir. Şair ve yazarların sidre hakkındaki bilgileri, dinî ölçülere bağlılıkları, zâhir ve bâtın telakkileri, İsrâiliyat’la ilgili kanaatleri, tasavvufî kimlik ve anlayışları yanında hayal dünyalarının belirlediği sınırlar içinde temas ettikleri bu konu Ârif, Nahîfî, Yenişehirli Ömer gibi şairlerin mi‘râciyyelerinde genişçe yer almış, Receb Vahyî gibi şairler ise konuyu sadece birkaç beyitte işlemiştir.
Sidre hakkındaki hadislerden hareketle İslâmî kaynakların çoğunda cennetten çıkan, ikisi zâhir, ikisi bâtın dört nehrin bu ağacın altından doğduğu bilgisi yer almıştır. Sanatkârın yaşadığı yerlerdeki nehirlerin bölgeler üzerindeki etkileri ona farklı isimleri çağrıştırmış, böylece ortaya Nil, Fırat nehirleri yanında Dicle, Seyhan ve Ceyhun adları da çıkmıştır. Bunlardan bâtın olan iki cennet nehri selsebîl ile kevser veya tesnîmdir. Nahîfî şu beyitlerde bunu anlatır: “Kim iki nehr-i ferih-efzâ-yı can / Sidrenin aslından olurdu revan // Sâf ü latîf ol iki nehr-i cemîl / Olmuş idi kevser ile selsebîl.” Halk kitlelerinin inancına göre mübarek olduğu kadar dünyadaki en büyük nehirlerden olan Nil ve Fırat zâhir nehirlerdir. Abdülvâsi Çelebi bu anlayışı mi‘râciyyesinde, “Onun dibinde dört ırmak akar / İkisi zâhir uş dünyâya çıkar // Birisi Nîl’dir birisi Fırat uş / İkisi dahi uçmağa akar hoş” beyitleriyle aktarmıştır. Mi‘râciyyelere göre sidrede bulunan meleklerin saçlarındaki incilerin içinde nur denizleri de yer almaktadır.
Sidre ağacı edebî eserlerde cennette mevcut iki ağaçtan biri olan tûbâ ile beraber anılır. Her ikisi de divan edebiyatında sevgilinin boyunun uzunluğunu ve endamının güzelliğini ifade eden birer remizdir. Mehmed Necib Efendi’nin hilyesindeki, “Kadd-i tûbâsı idi sidre-makam / Enbiyâ zümresine oldu imam” beyti bu beraberliğin ötesinde Hz. Peygamber’in boyu için “kadd-i tûbâ”, derecesi için “sidre-makam” tabirinin kullanılışına da örnektir. Cem Sultan’ın sevgilinin vasıfları için, “Görelden sidre kaddini çemende tûbî-i cennet / Dedi kim kadd-i bâlâda bu resme müntehâ olmaz” beyti, cennet-sidre-tûbâ-kad-müntehâ kelimeleri üzerine tenâsüp sanatıyla geliştirilmiş, maddî bir anlatımın pek güzel örneklerinden biridir.
Gelibolulu Gurûrî’nin, “Sidre vü tûbâ değil arş-ı muallâdan geçer / Hakkā kim pervâz ederse şehper-i tevhîd ile” beyti, “Allah’ın birliğine hakkıyla inanıp onu zikretmek suretiyle tevhid kanatlarını takan kişiler, sadece sidre ve tûbâ ağaçlarının bulunduğu yerden değil arş-ı muallâdan bile ötelere yükselir” anlamıyla tevhidin değerini vurgulamaktadır. Sidre ağacı ayrıca ululuğu, gölgesinin genişliği, altından nehirlerin doğması, meyvelerinin iriliği, meleklerin makamı olması, inci ve nur denizlerinin üzerinde yer alması gibi sebeplerle müslüman halk kültüründe her türlü maddî ve mânevî zenginliğin kaynağı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bektaşîlik inancında sidretü’l-müntehâ, “hayyü lâ-yenâm”ın (daima diri ve uyanık olan) Allah’ın huzuruna çıkılırken selâmlanması gereken önemli makamlardan biridir. Nitekim Bektaşî nefeslerinden birinde şöyle denmektedir: “Dedi rehber işte hayyü lâ-yenam / Gayri yoktur benim hizmetim tamam / Sidretü’l-müntehâ dördüncü selâm / Âdâb ü erkânla durdum hû deyü.”
Sidrenin Hz. Peygamber ve Cebrâil için müştereken kullanılan “sidre-nîşîn, sidre-menzil, sidre-mensub, mâh-ı sidre-peymâ” gibi şekilleri yanında “hayret-nişîn-i sidre” tamlamasıyla beraber sevgili için “sidre-kad, sidre-kāmet” şekilleri de kullanılmaktadır. Karamanlı Nizâmî’nin, “Kāmetin sidre tapun hûr ü dudağın kevser / Kûyunun her tarafı cennet-i a‘lâ mı değil” beyti, sidre ile birlikte zikredilmesi gereken diğer unsurlara da yer vermesi bakımından dikkat çekmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İlhan Ayverdi – Ahmet Topaloğlu, Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük , İstanbul 2005, III, 2791.
Müsned , III, 164; IV, 207.
Abdülvasi Çelebi, Halilname (haz. Ayhan Güldaş), Ankara 1996, s. 451-452, 466, 475.
Tecrid Tercemesi , X, 60-75.
Receb Vahyî, Minhâcü’l-mi‘râc , İstanbul 1315, s. 15, 20.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik , İstanbul 1964, s. 157, 160, 225.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 18-19.
Metin Akar, Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Mi‘râc-nâmeler , Ankara 1987, s. 56-59, 139, 279-283.
M. Yaşar Kandemir v.dğr., Riyâzü’s-sâlihîn: Peygamberimizden Hayat Ölçüleri , İstanbul 1998, VII, 534-535.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 353.
Mustafa Uzun, “Fırat”, DİA , XIII, 33-34.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 152-153 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.