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SİERRA LEONE Skip to content Batı Afrika’da İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı’na üye ülke.
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET
Batıdan Atlas Okyanusu’nun, kuzeyden ve doğudan Gine’nin, güneydoğudan Liberya’nın çevrelediği ülkenin resmî adı Republic of Sierra Leone, resmî dili İngilizce, yüzölçümü 71.740 km2 , nüfusu 6.300.000 (2008 tah.), başşehri Freetown (820.000), diğer önemli şehirleri Bo (198.000), Kenema (158.000), Makoni (82.000) ve Koidu Town’dır (80.000). Ülkenin önceleri Serra Lyoa şeklinde olan ve Portekizce’de “aslan dağı” anlamına gelen adı burayı keşfeden denizci Pedro de Sintra tarafından verilmiştir.
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA Okyanus kıyıları düz ve kısmen bataklık halindedir. Bu monoton görünüşün tek istisnası üzerinde başşehrin de bulunduğu engebeli yarımadadır. Bu kesimden doğuya ve kuzeydoğuya doğru yükselti gittikçe artarak Loma dağlarındaki Gine sınırına yakın Bintiman’da en yüksek noktasına erişir (1948 m.). Yağışlı tropikal iklimin hüküm sürdüğü ülkede sıcaklık bütün yıl yüksektir. Genelde nisan ve kasım ayları arasında görülen yağışlar kıyı kesiminde çok (Freetown’da yıllık ortalama 3360 mm.), iç kesimlere gidildikçe daha azdır (2500 milimetrenin altında). Doğal bitki örtüsü olarak Atlas Okyanusu kıyılarında sık ve gür ekvatoral ormanlar, iç kesimlerde savanlar görülür. Ülkede önemli bir akarsu yoktur. Sadece Atlas Okyanusu’na ulaşan kısa bazı nehirlerle doğudaki dağlık kesimden doğan Nijer’in kollarının başlangıç kısımları bulunur.
Kilometrekareye seksen beş kişinin düştüğü Sierra Leone’de nüfus (% 60’ı müslüman) daha çok kıyı kesiminde toplanmıştır; çoğunluk tamamı müslüman olan Mande ve bir kısmı müslüman olan Temne zencilerindedir. Ekonomi tarım ve madenciliğe dayanır; bunların yanı sıra balıkçılık da gelişmiştir. Tarımsal ürünlerden pirinç, darı, yer fıstığı iç tüketim; kahve, kakao ve palmiye çekirdeği dış satım için üretilir. 1950 yılına kadar tarım ülkesi durumunu koruyan Sierra Leone, o tarihte elmas yataklarının bulunması üzerine ekonomisi daha çok yer altı zenginliklerine dayanan bir ülke konumuna geldi. Halen elmastan başka altın, demir ve boksit çıkarılmakta, ihracatın % 80’ini madenler teşkil etmektedir. Dış ticaret yapılan ülkelerin başında İngiltere yer almaktadır. Ulaşımda II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra karayollarına önem verilmiş olup demiryolu sadece iki hat halindedir. Deniz ulaşımında ise başşehir Freetown, Afrika’nın başlıca limanlarından biridir.
II. TARİH Sierra Leone’nin İngiliz kolonisine dönüşmesinden önceki durumuyla ilgili bilgiler çok sınırlıdır. Bilinen ilk kabile hareketi VIII. yüzyılda kuzeyden inen Limba göçüdür. Daha sonra Futa Calon’dan bugün Sierra Leone’nin ikinci büyük etnik grubunu meydana getiren Temneler, XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren de Mali’den sürülen ve günümüzdeki en büyük etnik grup olan Mandeler’le onları izleyen Susular gelmiştir. XV. yüzyılın ortalarında bölgeye ulaşan Portekizliler yüzyılın sonlarında Freetown’un kurulduğu yere bir kale inşa ettiler; bölge kısa sürede altın, demir, fildişi ve özellikle köle ticaretinin önemli bir merkezi halini aldı. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren çevrede hâkimiyetlerini hissettiren ve köle ticaretini daha etkili biçimde sürdüren İngilizler 1792’de modern Freetown’ı kurdular. 1807’de köleliği resmen kaldıran İngiltere hükümeti ertesi yıl Sierra Leone koloni yönetimini oluşturdu ve özgürlüğünü kazanan köleleri oraya gönderdi. İngiliz misyonerleri, Sierra Leone’de Hıristiyanlığı yaymak için özellikle Freetown’da kilise ve okullar açtılar; ancak bölgeye İslâmiyet daha önce girdiğinden fazla bir başarı kazanamadılar.
Bu dönemde Sierra Leone’nin iç kesimlerinde çeşitli kabileler bulunmakta ve yaptıkları savaşlar aralarındaki ticaretin durmasına veya alternatif ticaret yollarının aranmasına sebep olmaktaydı. Koloni idaresi bu yerel yönetimlerle iyi ilişkiler kurmaya gayret ediyor ve ticarî anlaşmalar imzalıyordu. Özellikle İngiltere ve Jamaika’dan getirilen ve büyük kısmı Freetown’da yaşayan âzat edilmiş kölelerin torunu Kriolar, kendilerine tanınan imkânlardan yararlanarak XIX. yüzyıl boyunca eğitim ve ticaret hayatına yön verdiler. İngilizler 1863’te yeni bir anayasayı uygulamaya koydular ve ondan sonra Afrika kökenlileri önemli görevlere getirmediler. 1884’te Mandinka lideri Samori Ture’nin bazı kabilelerle anlaşıp ülkeye saldırarak topraklarının büyük bir kısmını zaptetmesi ve 1900 yılında İngilizler tarafından öldürülmesine kadar çeşitli sorunlar çıkarması hükümeti, mahallî liderleri yabancı güçlerle ittifak yapmamaları hususunda zorlayan anlaşmalar yapmaya yöneltti. 1895’te İngilizler ile Fransızlar’ın imzaladıkları bir antlaşmayla Sierra Leone’nin doğu sınırları belirlendi; ertesi yıl da iç kısımlarda İngiliz protektorası kuruldu. Bundan sonra Freetown ve çevresi koloni, ülkenin iç kısımları protektora diye isimlendirildi. İngilizler’in halktan zorla ev vergisi toplaması çok kanlı bir ayaklanmaya yol açtı (Bai Bureh İsyanı / Hut Tax War [1898]) ve pek çok Avrupalı öldürülüp mülkleri yağmalandı; ayaklanma bastırılınca da isyancıların çoğu asıldı (1899).
Bu isyanın ardından kabileler birer küçük devlete dönüştürüldü; 1924’e gelindiğinde Sierra Leone pek çok kabile devletinden oluşan bir İngiliz kolonisi durumundaydı. Aynı yıl yürürlüğe giren yeni anayasa ile birlikte Afrika kökenliler lehine bazı iyileştirmeler yapıldı. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin baskıları sonucunda halka kendi kaderini tayin etmesi yönünde bazı haklar ve Afrikalılar’a yönetimde daha fazla söz sahibi olma imkânı verilip siyasî partilerin kurulması serbest bırakıldı. 1951 yılında gerçekleştirilen ilk seçimleri Milton Margai başkanlığındaki Sierra Leone Halk Partisi (SLPP) kazandı. 27 Nisan 1961’de İngiliz Uluslar Topluluğu içerisinde bağımsız bir devlet haline gelen Sierra Leone’de demokrasi denemeleri ve seçimler çok sancılı geçti ve 1967’de ilk askerî darbe yapıldı. Bir yıl geçmeden Bütün Halkın Kongresi (APC) lideri Siaka Stevens tarafından sivil hükümet kuruldu ve Nisan 1971’de cumhuriyet kabul edilerek Stevens devlet başkanlığına getirildi. 1985’te devlet başkanlığına seçilen General Joseph Saidu Momoh idaresine karşı çıkan isyanların 1991’de iç savaşa dönüşmesi üzerine Nisan 1992’de Valentine Stresser liderliğinde bir grup asker tarafından yönetime el konuldu. 1998 yılında yine bir askerî darbe ile yönetimi ele geçiren General Johnny Paul Koroma aynı yıl yapılan seçimlerde Nijerya tarafından desteklenen Ahmad Tejan Kabbah karşısında başarılı olamadı ve bu sırada cereyan eden kanlı olaylarda pek çok kişi öldürüldü. 2002 yılına kadar iç savaşın devam ettiği ülkede 17 Eylül 2007’den itibaren devlet başkanlığı görevini Ernest Bai Koroma sürdürmektedir.
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET İlk müslüman seyyah ve tüccarların XI. yüzyılda Sierra Leone kıyılarına kadar geldikleri bilinmektedir. Ancak İslâm’ın yerleşmesi, çok sonra Batı Afrika’daki müslüman devlet ve yönetimlerin genişlemesi ve bölgeyle ilişkilerinin artması sonucu gerçekleşti. İslâm’ın bu topraklarda yayılması XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarında ortaya çıkan Sumbuyuah, Kisi-Kisi, Benna, Musaia ve Port Loko gibi İslâm ağırlıklı devletlerden gelen, yerlilerle aralarında ticaret ve akrabalık ilişkileri bulunan Mandingo, Serakulu, Susu, Bunduka ve Filâlî kökenli göçmenler vasıtasıyla başladı. Buna Mandingo ve Filâlîler’in cihad hareketleri de eklenince bölgenin İslâmlaşma süreci daha da hızlandı. Bu göçmenlerin yanında bulunan din âlimi ve davetçi gruplar yerli halkı İslâm’a davetle işe başladılar. XVIII. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren müslümanların yerli halk tarafından itibar gören kaynaklara sahip olmaları İslâm’ın onları daha fazla etkilemesini sağladı. Bunun yanında ticaret kervanlarının ihtiyaç duyduğu iş elemanlarının yerli halktan karşılanması ve zamanla yöresel tüccarların ticarî ilişkilerle zenginleşmesi onları göçmen müslümanlarla bölge yöneticileri arasında aracı konumuna kadar yükseltti. Zamanla Arapça da politik ve dinî amaçlar açısından değer kazandı. 1870’lerde İngiliz koloni hükümeti Arapça’yı yerli yöneticilerle haberleşme dili olarak kabul etti.
1801 yılında Freetown’un doğusunda Dalamodiya denilen yerde önemli bir müslüman Susu yerleşmesi kurulmuştu. 1810’da bir başka müslüman etnik grup olan Mandingo, Freetown’un batısındaki Bambara’ya yerleşti; böylece 1826 yılı dolaylarında şehrin çevresindeki yabancı adı verilen müslümanların sayısı 2000’i aştı. Müslüman merkezlerinin kurulması üç farklı eğitim kurumunu beraberinde getirdi. Bunların birincisi “karenthe” denilen ilkokul düzeyindeki okullar, ikincisi cami ve mescidlerde açılan Kur’an kursları, üçüncüsü daha çok hoca yetiştiren medrese ayarındaki dinî okullardı. 1841 yılında Melikuri şehrinde dört cami ve yedi ilkokul bulunuyordu. İngiliz sömürge yönetimiyle ilişkilerde müslümanlar önceleri getirilen çeşitli yasaklar sebebiyle zor dönemler yaşadılar. Ancak 1890’dan sonra koloni yönetimi bazı olumlu girişimlerde bulundu ve İslâm eğitim kurumlarını destekleme kararı aldı. Bu dönemde medrese sistemi şartları iyileştirilirken ilkokul ve Kur’an kursları faaliyetleri etkili bir şekilde sürdürüldü.
Sierra Leone topraklarındaki müslümanların sayısı, 1923’te Nijerya’da faaliyete geçen Ensârü’d-dîn teşkilâtının çalışmalarıyla daha da arttı. 1932’de kurulan Sierra Leone Muslim Congress’in amacı, çeşitli müslüman topluluklarını bir çatı altında toplayarak İslâmî müesseseleri korumak ve yeni okullar açmaktı. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Sierra Leone’de İslâm’ın yayılması hızlandı. Halen ülke genelinde Yüksek İslâm Konseyi’nin çok sayıda şubesi bulunmakta ve camilerle ilgili hizmetleri, tebliğ ve davet çalışmalarını, dinî ve kültürel hizmetleri organize etmektedir. Bu konseyin yanı sıra ülkede Müslüman Öğrenciler Birliği, İmamlar Yüksek Konseyi, Müslüman Gençler Birliği, İslâmî Kültür Cemiyeti, Sierra Leone Müslüman Gençler Millî Birliği, İslâm Hayır Teşkilâtı gibi cemiyetler ve örgütler vardır. Geçmişte ülkede İslâm’ın yayılmasında önemli rol oynamış olan Ticâniyye ve Kādiriyye gibi tarikatlar bugün de varlığını sürdürmektedir. Müslümanların çoğu Sünnî’dir; Ahmediyye mezhebi de örgütlenmiş durumdadır.
Sierra Leone’de müslümanlar ülke nüfusunun yarısından çoğunu oluşturmakla birlikte hükümet kabinesindeki bakanların ekserisi azınlık durumundaki hıristiyanların elindedir ve bu durum, İngiliz yönetiminin bağımsızlık sonrasında da ülkeyi kontrol altında tutmayı amaçlayan politika ve uygulamalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Sierra Leone, İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı (1972) ve İslâm Kalkınma Bankası gibi uluslararası kuruluşlara üyedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Mahmud Brelvi, Islam in Africa, Lahore 1964, s. 398-402; B. Davidson, A History of West Africa, New York 1966, s. 60-63, 117-118, 256-257, 302-305; J. D. Fage, A History of West Africa, Cambridge 1969, s. 37-39, 51-52, 73, 111-120, 128-134, 179-186, 195, 210-211; E. Sik, The History of Black Africa (trc. S. Simon), Budapest 1974, III, 221-228; Türkkaya Ataöv, Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara 1977, s. 285-294; P. B. Clarke, West Africa and Islam, London 1982, s. 107-108, 179-180; J. S. Trimingham, A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford 1985, s. 220-231; C. Wondji, “The States and Cultures of the Upper Guinean Coast”, General History of Africa (ed. B. A. Ogot), Berkeley 1992, V, 368-398; M. Hiskett, The Course of Islam in Africa, Edinburgh 1994, s. 122-134; Fred M. Hayward, “Sierra Leone: State Consolidation, Fragmentation and Decay”, Contemporary West African States (ed. D. B. Cruise O’Brein v.dğr.), Cambridge 1995, s. 165-180; Mes‘ûd el-Havend, el-Mevsûʿatü’t-târîḫiyyetü’l-coġrâfiyye, Beyrut 1998, XI, 119-128; Aydoğan Köksal, Afrika Genel ve Ülkeler Coğrafyası, Ankara 1999, s. 210-214; The Cambridge History of Africa (ed. R. Oliver – G. N. Sanderson), Cambridge 2001, VI, 222-227; D. Keen, Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone, Oxford 2005; D. S. Skinner, “Mande Settlement and the Development of Islamic Institutions in Sierra Leone”, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, XI/1, New York 1978, s. 32-62; Mohammad Alpha Bah, “The Status of Muslim in Sierra Leone and Liberia”, JIMMA, XII/2 (1991), s. 464-481; R. Shaw, “The Politician and the Diviner: Divination and the Consumption of Power in Sierra Leone”, Journal of Religion in Africa, XXVI, Leiden 1996, s. 30-55; The Encyclopaedia Africana, Dictionary of African Biography (ed. L. H. Ofosu-Appiah), Algonac 1979, II, 17-178; Encyclopedia of African Peoples, New York 2000, s. 148-150, 201, 340; M. Shakirdube, “Mende”, Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims (ed. N. Kr. Singh – A. M. Khan), Delhi 2001, III, 977-979; V. R. Dorjhan, “Temne”, a.e., IV, 1419-1423; C. Fyfe, “Sierra Leone”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 550-551; https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html#People; http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sierra-Leone-HISTORY.html.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 153-155 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.