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SİH DİNİ Skip to content Hindistan’da Guru Nanak’ın öğretileri doğrultusunda XV. yüzyıl sonlarında ortaya çıkan tek tanrılı din.
XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren Kuzey Hindistan’da farklı din ve inançlar arasında uzlaşma hareketleri görülmüş, bu kapsamda İslâm’ın tevhide dayalı sınıfsız toplum anlayışı ve bölgede yaşayan mutasavvıfların öğretisi Hint toplumunu derinden etkilemiştir. Sih dini de Hindular’ın çok tanrılı ve putperest inanışlarına, kast sistemine ve Brahmanlar’ın aşırılığa varan uygulamalarına karşı bir tepki olarak XV. yüzyılın sonlarında Hindistan’ın kuzeybatısındaki Pencap bölgesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Sih dini yerli Hindu düşüncesi, özellikle belli bir Tanrı’ya bağlılığa dayanan Bhakti geleneğiyle İslâm Tanrı inancının bir karışımı olarak aşırı ibadet ve riyâzet yerine ahlâkî davranışlara önem veren, uzlaştırmacı ve eşitlikçi bir dinî hareket olarak gelişmiştir. Ancak bu dinin şekillenmesinde ve akîdesinin oluşumunda esas pay Guru Nanak’a aittir. Nanak’ın hayatı ve düşünceleri üzerinde başka birçok kişi gibi XV. yüzyıl sûfî düşünürü Kabir’in de etkisi olmuştur. Nanak’ın onunla görüştüğü ve ondan etkilendiği söylenir. Yeni bir din ortaya koyma iddiasında bulunmayan Nanak’ın gayesi dinler arasında uzlaşma sağlayarak toplumsal ve ahlâkî bir ıslahat meydana getirmekti. Tek, yüce ve evrensel Tanrı anlayışının yanı sıra dürüstlük, hoşgörü, sevgi, barış ve alçak gönüllülük ilkelerini benimseyen Nanak’ın eleştirisi dinlerin aslından ziyade onların mesajını iyi algılayamamış olan din mensuplarına yönelikti. Nanak, Hindu’nun iyi bir Hindu, müslümanın da iyi bir müslüman olmasını istiyordu. Başlangıçta farklı ırk ve kastlardan insanların bir araya gelmesiyle oluşan dinî cemaat zaman içinde kendilerine Sih adı verilen bir topluluğa dönüştü. Pencap dilinde “çırak” veya “öğrenci” anlamına gelen sih (sikh ) kelimesinin Sanskritçe ve Pali dilindeki karşılığı sişya ve sikha dır.
Guru Nanak’tan sonra gelen ve öğretileri Sih dininin şekillenmesinde etkili olan dokuz mânevî rehberin (guru) sonuncusu Guru Gobind Singh, 1699’da Khalsa teşkilâtını kurarak barışçı bir ülküsü olan Sih dininin askerî bir görünüm almasında ve Sihler arasında farklı düşünce ve mezheplerin ortaya çıkmasında rol oynadı. Khalsa teşkilâtının kuruluşu Sihler’i yeni ve farklı bir millî kimliğe büründürdü. Bir Sih’in Khalsa’ya girmesi için giriş merasimi yapılır. Khalsa’ya katılmış erkeklerin adlarının sonuna “singh” (aslan), kadınlarınkine “kaur” (prenses) pâyesi eklenir. Khalsa’ya katılmış bir Sih erkeği “beş k” olarak bilinen kılık kıyafet kurallarına uymak zorundadır. Bunlar “kah” (kısa pantolon), “kangha” (tarak), “kara” (sağ bileğe takılan demir bilezik), “keş” (kesilmemiş saç sakal) ve “kirpan”dır (kama/kılıç). Bir Sih erkeği kesilmemiş saçını başına sardığı türban adı verilen bir çeşit sarık içinde saklar. Sih cemaati pek çok mezhebe sahip olmakla birlikte temelde iki gruba ayrılır: Sehajdari (tıraşlı olanlar) ve Keşdari (tıraşsız olanlar). Birinci gruba Nanakpanthi de (Nanak’ın takipçileri) denir.
Sih dininin sembolü, Tanrı’nın bilgisini temsil eden simetrik iki kama arasında dik duran ve “khanda” olarak isimlendirilen, iki ağızlı bir kılıçla Tanrı’nın sonsuzluğunu temsil eden bir daireden oluşan şekildir. Pek çok yerde kullanılan bu sembol Sihler’in “nişân-sâhib” diye adlandırdıkları turuncu bayraklarının üzerinde de yer alır. Günümüzde çoğunluğu Hindistan’da olmak üzere dünya genelinde 23 milyona yakın Sih dini mensubu bulunmaktadır. Hindistan’daki Sihler’in büyük kısmı Pencap bölgesinde yaşar ve Pencâbî dilini konuşur. Hindistan dışındaki Sihler ise başta İngiltere, Güneydoğu Asya, Kuzey Amerika, Doğu Afrika, İtalya, Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda olmak üzere dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerine dağılmış durumdadır. Eğitime çok önem veren Sihler politikadan ekonomiye ve spora kadar hayatın her alanında kendilerini göstermektedirler.
Kutsal Metinler. Sih dininin kutsal metni olan Guru Granth Sahib toplam 1430 sayfadan oluşan, Pencâbî dilinde ve Guru Nanak’a ait Gurmukhi alfabesiyle yazılmış bir kitaptır. Adi Granth isimli metin ise beşinci guru Arjan (Arjun) tarafından derlenmiş olup (1604) Guru Granth Sahib ’in küçük bir bölümünü ihtiva eder. Guru Granth Sahib ’de Sih gurularının manzumelerinin yanı sıra Ramanuja (ö. 1137), Namdev (ö. 1350) ve Ramananda (ö. 1470) gibi Hindu Bhakti hareketi mensuplarının, ayrıca Şeyh Ferîdüddin Mes‘ûd (ö. 1265) ve Kabir (ö. 1518) gibi müslüman sûfîlerin deyişleri yer almaktadır. Onuncu guru Gobind Singh kitaba son şeklini vermiş ve kendisinden sonra yeni bir guru gelmeyeceğini bildirerek Guru Granth Sahib ’i sonuncu ve ebedî olarak yaşayan guru ilân etmiştir. Gobindh ayrıca kendine ait manzumeleri Dasam Granth isimli bir kitapta toplamıştır. Her Sih ailesi evinde bir Guru Granth Sahib bulundurmak ve her gün ondan bir bölüm okuyarak üzerinde düşünmekle yükümlüdür. Aşırı sevinç ya da üzüntü durumlarında kitabın kırk sekiz saatte hatmedilmesi âdet olmuştur. Guru Granth Sahib ’in on günde hatmedilmesi ise daha çok başvurulan bir uygulamadır. Bir Sih belli zaman aralıklarıyla kitabın tamamını hatmetmelidir.
İnanç Esasları. Sih dininin inanç esaslarının başında Tanrı’nın varlığına ve birliğine iman gelir. Sih dini Tanrı anlayışı bakımından İslâm’a yakındır. Buna göre Tanrı her şeyin yaratıcısı, ikincisi olmayan tek Tanrı’dır. Aslında kavranılamaz olan Tanrı insanlar kendisini bilsinler diye kavranılabilir hale gelmiştir. Yani Tanrı’nın insanlar tarafından bilinemeyen yönleri olduğu gibi bilinebilen özellikleri de vardır. Bütün yaratılmış varlıklarda değişme özelliği bulunmasına karşılık Tanrı ezelî, ebedî ve zamanın ötesinde olup asla değişmeyendir. O hem sabit hem süreklidir. O hiçbir şeye benzemez, her yerde hâzır ve nâzır olup her varlığın özünde bulunur. Nanak, Tanrı’dan bahsederken “sözle anlatılamaz”, “şekli olmayan, şekilsiz” gibi ifadeler kullanmıştır. Sihler, Tanrı’yı isimlendirmek için en çok Nam (isim) kelimesini kullanırlar. Ayrıca Sihler’in yaşadıkları bölgelerde Tanrı’yı ifade eden sıfat ve isimler genellikle Sihler tarafından da benimsenmiştir. Bunların başlıcaları “sat/satnam, Vaheguru, ram, mohan, gobind, hari, Allah, huda, akal, agam, kadur, karanhar, kerim”dir. Tanrı için “anami” (isimsiz) ve “sat” (gerçek) “guru” isimleri de kullanılmaktadır. Sih mâbedlerinde yer alan en dikkat çekici yazı ise “Tanrı birdir” mânasındaki “İk onkar”dır. Guru Nanak’ın yanı sıra onun ruhunu taşıdığına inanılan diğer dokuz guruya ve onların öğretilerine inanmak da Sih inancının önemli bir prensibidir. Sih guruları geliş sırasına göre şöyledir: Guru Nanak (ö. 1539), Guru Angad (ö. 1552), Guru Amar Das (ö. 1574), Guru Ram Das (ö. 1581), Guru Arjan (ö. 1606), Guru Har Gobind (ö. 1644), Guru Har Rai (ö. 1661), Guru Har Krişan (ö. 1664), Guru Teg Bahadur (ö. 1675), Guru Gobind Singh (ö. 1708). Sih dininin mensupları bu on guruya ilâhlık nisbet etmemekle birlikte onlardaki ruhun tek bir ruh, yani Guru Nanak’ın ruhu olduğuna, ayrıca Guru Nanak’ın ve diğer guruların vahye muhatap kılındığına inanırlar. Nanak’ın ilk tebliği Mul Mantra olarak da bilinen şu sözlerle başlar: “Bir Tanrı vardır, en yüce gerçek O’dur. O yaratıcı, korkusuz ve nefretsizdir. Her yerde hâzırdır, evreni kaplar. O doğmamıştır, tekrar doğmak için de ölmez …” (“Japji I”, Guru Granth Sahib ). Diğer Hint dinlerinde yer alan maya, karma ve tenâsüh kavramları Sih dininde de kültürel mânada kabul görmüştür. Dünya hayatına ait olan ve insanı yanıltan şeylerin hepsi maya olarak görülür. İnsan mayanın aldatıcı cazibesine kapılıp nefsinin esiri olmamalıdır. İnsanın gelecek hayatında göreceği şeyler bugünkü amellerinin bir sonucudur. Sih dindarlığında benliğin yok edilmesi önemli bir husustur. Kötülüklerden uzak kalmak ve erdemli davranışlarda bulunmak Sihler’in sıkı sıkıya uymaları gereken ahlâkî görevlerdir. Sih inancına göre insanlar küllî nur ya da ateş olan yüce Tanrı’dan kopmuş kıvılcımlardır ve dünyaya gelmek suretiyle kirlenmişlerdir. Ancak insan hep aslına, yani küllî nura dönmek arzusundadır. Bu dönüş, yalnız Tanrı’ya lâyık bir saflığa ve temizliğe ulaşanlar için mümkün olacağından insan daima bulunduğu konumdan daha yukarıya doğru yükselmeyi ister. Yükseliş ise tenâsüh vasıtasıyla olabilir. Sih dininde bu yükseliş beş basamak şeklinde sıralanmıştır. Her Sih’in en önemli ideali bu süreçleri tamamlayıp nihaî olarak Tanrı ile buluşmak ve O’nunla bütünleşerek karmadan, yani doğum ve ölüm zincirinden kurtulmaktır.
İbadet ve Mâbed. Sih dini çile ve riyâzet anlayışını reddeder. Oruç, kurban, kefâret vb. ibadet ve uygulamalar da bu dinde yoktur. Ancak sadaka kültürü gelişmiş olup bir Sih mal varlığının onda birini din kardeşlerine ve Sih toplumuna vermekle yükümlüdür. Sih dininde en önemli ferdî ibadet “Nam simran”dır (Tanrı’nın ismini zikretme). Bu ibadet mekanik olarak ismin tekrarından ibaret olmayıp bu yolla kişi isim (Nam-Tanrı) üzerinde tefekkür ederek saflaşır ve Tanrı’ya yaklaşır. Zira ismi devamlı şekilde hatırlamak suretiyle her an Tanrı’nın kendisini gördüğünü düşünür, bu da onu kötülük işlemekten korur. Günlük ibadet üç şekilde gerçekleşir. 1. Sih müminin şafak vaktinde tercihen akan bir suda yıkandıktan sonra Guru Nanak’a ait en önemli dualardan biri olan Japji’yi, Guru Gobind Singh’e ait zikir ve ilâhileri (Jap ve Svayya) ezbere okuyarak tefekküre dalması, 2. Bir Sih ailesinin mâbede gitmemişse sabahleyin toplanıp Guru Granth Sahib ’den herhangi bir bölümü okuması, 3. Sih müminlerinin mâbedleri olan gurdwarada cemaat halinde bir araya gelmesi. Mâbeddeki ibadet herhangi bir zamanda yapılabilir; fakat genellikle cemaatle ibadet için sabah erken ve akşam olmak üzere günde iki defa toplanmak gelenek halini almıştır.
Sih mâbedleri mimari bakımdan Hint ve İslâm mimarisinden izler taşır, genellikle de Tac Mahal’le benzerlik gösterir. En önemli Sih mâbedi, Pencap eyaletinin kuzeybatısındaki Amritsar bölgesinde yer alan Altın Tapınak’tır (Sri Harimandir, Darbar Sahib). Büyük bir havuzun ortasında inşa edilen bu mâbedin dört tarafında Sih dininin bütün kastlara açık olduğunu belirtmek için birer kapı bulunur. Burayı hacı olmak ya da şifa bulmak amacıyla ziyaret edenlerin sayısı oldukça fazladır. Mâbedlerde en çok önem verilen husus, kutsal kitap Guru Granth Sahib ’e bir insan guruya davranır gibi davranılıp saygı gösterilmesidir. Kitap yaldızlarla süslenmiş bir taht üstünde kadife yastıklar üzerinde muhafaza edilir; sıcak mevsimlerde açılıp serinletilir. Mâbede ayakkabılarını çıkararak giren bir Sih önce Guru Granth Sahib ’in önünde saygıyla eğilir veya secde eder; ardından kitaba arkasını dönmemeye dikkat ederek yere oturur ve cemaate katılır. Mâbedde başı örtülü olan kadınlar erkeklerden ayrı yerde oturur. Sih dininde din adamı sınıfı yoktur. Mâbed yönetim kurulu Guru Granth Sahib ’i iyi okuyabilen bir kadın veya erkeği ibadeti yöneten kişi yani bir nevi imam (giyani) olarak görevlendirir. İbadet (divan) giyaninin Guru Granth Sahib ’i açıp okumasıyla başlar. İlâhilerin müzik eşliğinde terennümü ibadetin önemli bir özelliğidir. Guru Granth Sahib ’den ve Dasam Granth ’dan okunan ilâhilerden sonra dua ve o güne ait ilâhî emrin söylenmesiyle sona eren ibadet un, şeker ve manda sütünden yapılmış bir yiyeceğin cemaate dağıtılmasıyla sona erer. Gurdwaralar ibadet dışında sosyal fonksiyon da icra ederler. Düğün merasimleri, yeni doğan çocuklara isim konulması ve Khalsa teşkilâtına giriş merasimleri bu mâbedlerde gerçekleşir.
Sihler’in hafta içinde kutsal saydıkları özel bir gün yoksa da yıl boyunca geleneksel kültürleri gereğince kutladıkları birçok bayram vardır. Bilhassa Sih gurularının “gurpurb” diye bilinen doğum yıl dönümleri, guru oluşlarının başlangıç tarihleri ve ölüm tarihleri Sihler için önemli kutlama ve anma günleridir. Sih gençleri çeşitli görevlerden oluşan ve “seva” denilen toplum hizmetini yürütmek için teşvik edilir. Böylece onların hayır severlik, fedakârlık, tevazu gibi erdemleri öğrenip uygulamaları sağlanmış olur. Her Sih seva konusunda birbiriyle yarışmalıdır. Mâbed hizmetlerinin yanı sıra “langar” adı verilen ve birlikte yenen yemek işleri gönüllü olarak çalışan Sihler tarafından yürütülür.
Sihler ölülerine karşı son görevlerini genellikle Hindular gibi onları yakarak yerine getirirler. Duruma göre cesedin yakılmadan akarsuya bırakılması veya toprağa gömülmesi de rastlanan uygulamalardandır. Ölünün yakılması ailenin sorumluluğu kapsamındadır. Ölen kişi yıkandıktan sonra ona temiz elbiseler giydirilir ve o kişi Khalsa mensubu bir Sih ise “beş k”nin üzerinde bulunmasına dikkat edilir. Ateşi en yakın akrabası veya arkadaşlarından biri yakar. Yanma süresince ilâhiler okunur. Sonunda küller akarsuya bırakılır veya toprağa gömülür. Yakma işleminin ardından Guru Granth Sahib ’in on günde hatmedilmesi gerekir. Sih kültüründe ölüm olgusu, aslına dönme ve Tanrı ile bütünleşme anlamına geldiği için korkulacak bir husus diye görülmez. Sih dininde kocası ölen kadının yakılması şeklindeki Hindu uygulaması kabul görmemiştir. Kadın-erkek ayırımına yer vermeyen Sih dininde dul kadınlar tekrar evlenebilir.
Bir Sih’in kurtuluşa ulaşabilmesi için guruların ve Guru Granth Sahib ’in öğretilerine dayanan bir hayat sürmesi gerekir. İnanç ve ibadetle ilgili temel hususların yanı sıra yaşam boyu uyulması gerekli görülen prensip ve kurallardan bazıları şöyledir: Kast, kirlenme fikri, kara büyü, kehanet, uğur arama, yıldız falı, dönencelerle ilgili hurafe uygulamaları, kutsal iplik takma, alna kast işareti koyma, putperestlik, Hindu ve müslüman velîlerin mezarlarında dua etme, diğer dinlerin hac yerlerini ziyaret etme ve Hindu cenaze merasimlerini takip etme gibi uygulamalardan uzak durmak; asla çocuklarını, özellikle kız çocuklarını öldürmemek; çocuklarının saçlarını kesmemek ve onları imanlı olarak yetiştirmek; geçimlerini sadece meşrû yoldan kazanılmış para ile sağlamak; cömertlik etmek; kumar oynamamak ve hırsızlık yapmamak; alkolden, afyon vb. uyuşturuculardan ve tütünden uzak durmak; başkasının karısına kendi annesi, başkasının kızına kendi kızı gibi saygı göstermek; diğer Sih dindaşlarını, “Khalsa Tanrı’nındır, zafer Tanrı içindir” diyerek selâmlamak.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 166-168 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.