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SÎRETÜ’l-EMÎRE ZÂTİLHİMME Skip to content Arap halk hikâyesi.
Büyük bir ihtimalle Câhiliye, İslâm, Emevî ve Abbâsî dönemine ait haberlerin bir araya getirilmesiyle derlenen Zâtülhimme destanı anlatıcı tarafından Emevî-Abbâsî dönemi İslâm devletinin genel durumunu ortaya koyan bir hikâye haline sokulmuştur. Hikâyenin, arzusu üzerine Halife Vâsiḳ-Billâh’a (842-847) defalarca anlatıldığı bilindiğine göre tam olarak Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh döneminden (833-842) sonra rivayet edilmeye başlandığı söylenebilir. Çünkü sîrette geçen olaylar, Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân döneminde başlayıp Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın hilâfetinin bitişiyle sona erer. Sîretin dil özellikleri hikâyenin Bizans’a sınır olan bölgede (Sugūr: Kuzey Suriye, Tarsus, Adana, Maraş, Malatya …) kaleme alındığını göstermektedir. Hikâyedeki tarihî şahsiyetlerden aslı anlaşılamayan ve bir halk kahramanının özelliklerini taşıyan Zâtülhimme ile Ukbe dışındakilerin tamamı tarihî kişiliklerdir.
Bütünüyle tarihî olaylara dayanan sîrette halifeliğin Abbâsîler’e geçişi, Bermekîler’in çöküşü, Emîn ve Me’mûn arasındaki anlaşmazlık ayrıntılarıyla anlatılmakta ve dönemin ayaklanmalarına ışık tutulmaktadır. Râvinin geniş hayali sîreti ilgi çekici şöyle bir hikâye haline getirmiştir: Halife Abdülmelik b. Mervân döneminde (685-705) Bizans’ın sınır bölgelerinde yaşayan Benî Kilâb kabilesinin reisi Hâris el-Kilâbî ve Benî Süleym kabilesinin lideri Mervân b. Heysem’in ünü yayılır. Hâris’in ölümü üzerine hamile olan karısı, kocasının düşmanlarından korkarak gece vakti hizmetçisi ile yola çıkar. Ancak hizmetçi yolda kendisine kötülük yapmak isteyince kavgaya tutuşurlar. Kavga esnasında kadın doğum yapar ve ardından ölür. Bu arada seyahate çıkan Prens Dârem yolda hem kadının cesedine hem çocuğa rastlar. Prens çocuğa sahip çıkar ve ona Cündübe (Cindebe) adını koyar. Cündübe zamanla büyür, Dârem kendisi için ileride bir tehlike oluşturacağı düşüncesiyle ona öyküsünü anlatır. Aslını öğrenen Cündübe Benî Kilâb kabilesine döner. Fakat bir süre sonra ölür ve yerine kardeşi Utâf (Itâf) geçer. Cündübe’nin ölümünden kısa bir zaman sonra karısı doğum yapar ve çocuğa Sahsâh adı konulur. Utâf’ın da Leylâ adında bir kızı olur. Sahsâh büyüyünce amcasının kızını ister. Sahsâh’ı sevmeyen Utâf bu evliliğe çeşitli engeller koyarsa da o bunların üstesinden gelerek Leylâ ile evlenir, birine Zâlim, diğerine Mazlûm adı verilen iki çocuğu olur. Daha sonra Zâlim’in Hâris adlı bir oğlu, Mazlûm’un ise Fâtıma adlı bir kızı olur. Mazlûm kardeşinin kötülük yapmasından korkarak Fâtıma’yı bir bakıcının yanında saklar. Kısa zamanda büyüyen Fâtıma’da destanlarda olduğu gibi kahramanlık belirtileri görülür, bunun için de kendisine Zâtülhimme (gayretli, yiğit) adı verilir. Ardından kendi kabilesinden çıkarılmasına sebep olan amcası Zâlim’den intikam almak ister. Amcasının oğlu Hâris onu istemeye gelince isteğini reddeder. Ancak Hâris kabilesinin ileri gelenlerini devreye sokarak onunla evlenmeyi başarır ve Abdülvehhâb adlı bir oğlu olur. Zâtülhimme onlardan hoşlanmadığı için oradan ayrılıp İslâm ordusunun başına geçer, Araplar’la Bizanslılar arasında şiddetli savaşların olduğu sınır bölgesine gider ve hayatında yeni bir dönem başlar. Bu sırada halifelik Emevîler’den Abbâsîler’e geçer. Halife Mansûr, Benî Kilâb’a bir elçi göndererek kendisine tâbi olmalarını ister, ancak Benî Kilâb bunu kabul etmez. Zâtülhimme, Abbâsîler’le Benî Kilâb’ın arasını bularak savaşmalarına engel olur; amcası Zâlim ve oğlu Abdülvehhâb, Arap-Bizans savaşlarında öldürüldükten sonra ordusunun birliğini de sağlar. Ancak askerlerin arasını açan ve bütün fitnelerin başı konumunda bulunan Ukbe es-Süleymî adlı bir kadı müslüman görünmesine rağmen gizlice irtidad edip hıristiyanların lehine çalışır ve casusluk yapar, İslâm’a ihanet edip Bizans’ın en büyük yardımcısı haline gelir, Benî Kilâb’ı küçük düşürmek için elinden gelen gayreti sarfeder. Benî Süleym kabilesine mensup olan Ukbe halifeleri kendi güvenirliliği konusunda inandırır. Bu arada Muhammed adlı bir kahramanın kendilerine katılmasıyla Benî Kilâb daha kuvvetli hale gelir.
Olaylarının mekânı Hicaz’dan Suriye’ye, Ön Asya’dan Konstantinopol’e ve Malatya’ya kadar uzanan Zâtülhimme öyküsü iki dönemden meydana gelir. Birincisi, Zâtülhimme’nin dedesi Sahsâh el-Kilâbî’nin kahramanlıklarının anlatıldığı Suriye Emevî devridir. İkincisi Zâtülhimme ve oğlu Abdülvehhâb’ın kahramanlıklarıyla doludur. Diğer taraftan Hârûnürreşîd iktidara gelince Vezir Fazl b. Rebî‘ ve Ukbe es-Süleymî, Benî Kilâb’ı baskı altına alabilmek için her yolu denerler. Bu arada Benî Kilâb’ın tarafında yer alan Battal (Gazi), Bizans imparatorunun Nûrâ adlı kızını esir alır, daha sonra da ona âşık olur. Ancak Ukbe kızı Hârûnürreşîd’e göstererek Battal ile aralarını açmayı başarır. Nihayet Abdülvehhâb ile halifenin, daha sonra da Abdülvehhâb’la Battal’ın arası açılır. Zâtülhimme oğluna karşı Battal’ı tutar. Süleym emîriyle Abbâsî Halifesi Mehdî-Billâh, Ukbe’nin fitne başı olduğuna dair Zâtülhimme’nin, Battal ve Abdülvehhâb’ın getirdikleri delilleri kabul etmez ve Ukbe’yi desteklemeye devam eder.
Hârûnürreşîd’in ölümünden sonra taht önce Emîn’e, ardından Me’mûn’a kalır, ancak ikisi arasında sorunlar çıkar. Emîn hilâfetin kendisinden sonra kardeşine değil kendi oğluna kalmasını ister. Benî Kilâb ailesi ve dolayısıyla Zâtülhimme bu anlaşmazlık karşısında tarafsız kalıp barışçı bir politika izlemek ister. Ancak Abdülvehhâb’ın oğlu Zâlim, Me’mûn’un taraftarlarına katılınca buna çok üzülür. Emîn’e karşı meydana gelen ayaklanma onun katliyle son bulur, böylece Battal tarafından desteklenen Me’mûn hilâfete geçer. Belli bir süre sonra Zâtülhimme’nin bir isyancıya karşı Bizans’la iş birliğine gitmesi halifenin bu aileye sırt çevirmesine sebep olur. Bu olayın ardından Halife Benî Kilâb’ı bir tehlike olarak görmeye başlar. Ukbe bu fırsatı değerlendirmek isterse de halife onun daha büyük bir tehlike teşkil ettiği sonucuna varır ve Benî Kilâb’ı tehlikeli görmekten vazgeçer.
Mu‘tasım-Billâh döneminde müslümanların durumu düzelmeye devam eder. Battal’ın talebi üzerine daha önce esir alınan İmparator Michael serbest bırakılır. Bu sırada Malatya’da Kilâb ile Süleym kabileleri arasında da uzlaşma sağlanır. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra Benî Süleym’in emîri Amr, Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ı Süleym ve Ukbe’nin tarafına çeker ve Bizans bölgesini işgal etmek için Malatya’ya gelir, Zâtülhimme ile Abdülvehhâb ve Benî Kilâb emîrlerini, kısa bir süre sonra da Battal’ı tutuklar, Battal’ın daha önce uzun arayışlar neticesinde yakaladığı Ukbe’yi serbest bırakır. Benî Kilâb’ın Bağdat yolu üzerinde tutuklu esirleri kurtarma teşebbüsü Mu‘tasım-Billâh ve Amr’ın güçlerinin birleşmesi sonucu neticesiz kalır. Bütün bu olayları bir dizi kahramanlık izler.
Hikâyenin son bölümünde üç önemli olay anlatılır. Önce Ukbe’nin İspanya’dan başlayıp çeşitli ülkelerden geçmek suretiyle Yemen’e gidişi, yakalanışı, on yedi kral tarafından yönetilen geniş bir hıristiyan ordusunun müdahalesine rağmen Konstantinopol’ün önündeki Altınkapı’da çarmıha gerilişi, müslümanların geri dönüşlerinde Anadolu’da kendilerini bekleyen öldürücü pusu anlatılır. Ardından Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın halefi Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın Konstantinopol’e yürümesi, imparatoru yakalatıp idam ettirmesi, Konstantinopol’de Abdülvehhâb’ın oğlunun vali olarak tayini hikâye edilir. Bundan sonra kahramanların ölümlerinden bahsedilir. Önce Zâtülhimme, sonra oğlu Abdülvehhâb Mekke’den döndükten sonra ölür. Battal ise Bizanslılar’ın Ankara ile Malatya arasındaki bölgeyi ele geçirdiklerini duyunca çok üzülür ve Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın halefi Mütevekkil-Alellah’ın zamanında (847-861) ölür.
Hıristiyan Bizans ve İslâm medeniyetleri arasındaki mücadeleyi konu edinen Zâtülhimme hikâyesi tarihin ihmal ettiği Arap kahramanlıkları örnekleriyle doludur. Anlatıcıya göre sîretin bütün şahsiyetleri iyi şiir söyler. Bu sebeple onda şiir ve nesir parçaları dengeli ve dönüşümlü olarak devam eder, kahramanların dilinden hikemiyat, kahramanlık ve gazel şiirleri aktarılır. Sîrette dikkati çeken özelliklerden biri de manzum ve mensur atasözlerine çokça yer verilmesidir. Bu yönüyle sîretü Zâtilhimme halk edebiyatının bütün özelliklerini taşımaktadır. Kadın-erkek eşitliğinin bir simgesi olan Zâtülhimme destanının oluşturulmasında değişik elemanlara yer verilmiştir. Döneminin siyasal ve sosyal pek çok olayını yansıtan hikâyede Antere Kıssası’nda olduğu gibi bedevî faktörü hâkimdir. Meselâ istilâlar, savaşlar, Hâris’in, Cündübe’nin, Sahsâh’ın ve Zâtülhimme’nin kahramanlıkları, kovalamacalar, at çalmalar, Sahsâh’ın önce Leylâ ile, ardından Amâme ile olan romantik maceraları. Bedevî öyküler İslâm öncesi devirlere kadar gider.
Hikâyede Arap tarihine ait bir dizi olay ve tarihî kahraman kronolojiye riayet edilmeden bir araya getirilerek anlatılmıştır. Emevîler devrinde özellikle Mesleme b. Abdülmelik kumandasında Bizans’a karşı düzenlenen savaşlarda büyük kahramanlıklar göstermiş tarihî bir şahsiyet olan Battal Gazi’nin kahramanlıkları etrafında oluşan destanla sîretü Zâtilhimme arasında etkileşimin olduğu görülmektedir. Battal Gazi destanında o büyük bir kahraman olarak serüvenleri anlatılırken Zâtülhimme öyküsünde Muhammed Battal ileri derece pratik zekâya ve savaş taktiklerinde büyük maharete sahip olan, uyguladığı savaş teknikleriyle Arap kahramanları ile ordularına yol açan bir kişilik olarak sunulmakta, hem Emevîler hem de Abbâsîler’den Hârûnürreşîd, Emîn, Me’mûn, Mu‘tasım-Billâh, Vâsiḳ-Billâh ve Mütevekkil-Alellah zamanlarında yaşamış gösterilmektedir. Kendisine düşmanların savaş hilelerini boşa çıkardığı için “Battal” lakabı verilmiştir. Rumca bilen Battal, Bizans tarafına çalışan mürted ve münafık Ukbe es-Süleymî’nin rakibi olup onun tertip ettiği hileleri daima boşa çıkaran dindar bir kişi niteliğinde gösterilmiştir.
Muhtemelen binbir gecede yer alan Ömer b. Nu‘mân hikâyesinin kısaltılmış bir kaynağını oluşturan öykünün ne zaman yazıldığını söylemek oldukça güçtür. Ancak İslâmiyet’i 558 (1163) yılında kabul etmiş bir yahudi olan Semev’el el-Mağribî, İslâm’ı seçmeden önce Dîvânü aḫbâri ʿAntere, Dîvânü Ẕâti’l-himme ve Battal gibi hikâyeleri ve destansı tarihî koleksiyonları okumaktan keyif aldığını söyler. Sîretin yaklaşık V. (XI.) yüzyılda Haçlılar’ın etkisi altında yazıldığını söylemek mümkündür. Hikâyenin ayrıca Fâtımîler devrinde bilinen rivayetleri de bulunmaktadır. VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda İbn Kesîr, İbn Asâkir’in Battal hakkında söylediklerini tekrarlayarak Zâtülhimme, Battal, Emîr Abdülvehhâb ve Kadı Ukbe adları altında sunulan sîretin bir yalanlar dizisi olduğunu ileri sürer. Esasen Zâtülhimme sîretinde yer alan kahramanların maceralarının izlenmesi oldukça güçtür. Eser benzer olayların sürekli tekrarlanışı, karakterlerin aynı rollerle sunî olarak yeniden ortaya çıkışı gibi yollarla anlatıcı tarafından kasten uzatılmıştır. Sîrette, savaşlardaki başarıları ve büyük kahramanlıkları ile destanî karaktere ilâveten dramatik ve melodramatik faktörler de eksik değildir. Hikâyede kişilikler karakter olarak basit olup birbirlerine benzerler ve temsil ettikleri tipe göre her zaman aynı şekilde davranırlar. Destanda dil hataları oldukça çoktur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Hânî el-Amed, Melâmiḥu’ş-şaḫṣiyyeti’l-ʿArabiyye fî Sîreti’l-Emîre Ẕâti’l-Himme, Amman 1988, tür.yer.; Nebîle İbrâhim, Sîretü’l-Emîre Ẕâti’l-Himme, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), tür.yer.; M. Canard, “Les principaux personnages du roman de chevalerie arabe Dāt al-Himma wa’l-Baṭṭāl”, Arabica, VIII, Leiden 1961, s. 158 vd.; a.mlf., “Dhu’l-Himma”, EI2 (İng.), II, 233-239; G. Canova, “Dhāt al-Himma”, Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (ed. J. S. Meisami – P. Starkey), London 1998, I, 187-188.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 268-269 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.