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ŞİRVANŞAHLAR Skip to content Doğu Kafkaslar’da ve kısmen bugünkü Azerbaycan’da 799-1607 yılları arasında hüküm süren bir müslüman hânedan.
İlk Şirvanşahlar’ın, Sâsânî İmparatorluğu’nun kuzeydoğudaki topraklarında Sâsânî Devleti’nin kurucusu I. Erdeşîr (226-242) veya Enûşirvân I. Hüsrev (531-579) zamanında tarih sahnesine çıktıkları rivayet edilir. Bunların, Sâsânî Devleti’nin kuzey sınırlarının güvenliğini sağlamakla görevlendirilerek şah unvanıyla (Arapça kaynaklarda şirvanşah, şervanşah) hükümdar tayin edildikleri ve Sâsânî hükümdarlarının vasalı sıfatıyla hüküm sürdükleri belirtilmektedir. İlk Şirvanşahlar, V-VI. (XI-XII.) yüzyıllarda kuzeyden Mâverâ-yi Kafkas’a ve Şirvan’a akınlar yapan Türk göçebe aşiretlerine karşı dağ geçitlerini koruyorlardı. Araplar, Şirvan’ı ve Derbend’i fethettikleri sırada söz konusu bölgede Şehriyâr, bazı kaynaklara göre ise Şehrverâz unvanlı bir hükümdar bulunmaktaydı. Şirvan’ın ele geçirilmesinin ardından burada hüküm süren Arap asıllı müslüman Şirvanşahlar’ın ilki Yezîd b. Mezyed b. Zâide eş-Şeybânî olup Hârûnürreşîd tarafından 171’de (787) İrmîniye valiliğine getirilmiş ve bir yıl sonra görevden alınmıştı. Hârûnürreşîd, İbn Tarîf eş-Şeybânî’nin el-Cezîre’deki isyanını bastıran Yezîd b. Mezyed’i ödüllendirip Azerbaycan, Şirvan ve Bâbülebvâb bölgesine vali tayin etti (183/799). Böylece müslüman Mezyedî Şirvanşahlar hânedanının temelleri atılmış oldu. Belâzürî, İrmîniye Valisi Saîd b. Selm el-Bâhilî zamanında Şemmâh b. Şücâ‘ın Şirvan emîri olduğunu ve Şemâhî şehrinin adını ondan aldığını kaydeder (Fütûh, s. 301).
Yezîd b. Mezyed’in 185’te (801) ölümünün ardından yerine oğulları Hâlid ve Muhammed eyaletin idaresini üstlendi. Ancak Hârûnürreşîd daha sonra bölgeye Huzeyme b. Hâzim’i vali tayin etti. Me’mûn 205 (820-21) yılında Hâlid b. Yezîd’i İrmîniye valiliğine getirdi. Mu‘tasım-Billâh, Hâlid’i azledip Haydar b. Kâvûs el-Afşin’i vali yaptı. Vâsiḳ-Billâh 227’de (842) tekrar Hâlid’i vali tayin edip Tiflis Valisi İshak b. İsmâil’in isyanını bastırmakla görevlendirdi. Onun ölümü üzerine yerine getirilen oğlu Muhammed, İshak karşısında mağlûp olunca azledilip başka valiler görevlendirildi. 242’de (856) Boğa el-Kebîr’in yardımıyla Azerbaycan, İrmîniye ve Arran toprakları yine Muhammed’e verildi. Daha sonra Şirvan eyaletine vali tayin edilen kardeşi Heysem b. Hâlid, 247’de (861) Abbâsî Halifesi Mütevekkil-Alellah’ın katliyle başlayan karışıklıklar sırasında Şirvanşah unvanıyla bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Heysem’in ölümünün ardından yerine sırasıyla oğlu Muhammed ve torunu Heysem geçti. Heysem’in oğlu Ali, Bâbülebvâb hâkimiyle beraber gayri müslimlerle savaşırken esir düştü. Ardından fidyesiz serbest bırakıldıysa da amcazadesi Ebû Tâhir Yezîd isyan edip Ali’yi tahtından uzaklaştırdı (305/917-18). Ebû Tâhir, Şemâhî yakınlarında kurduğu Yezîdiye şehrini başşehir edindi. Ebû Tâhir’den sonra oğlu Muhammed tahta geçti (337/948-49). Onu sırasıyla oğlu Ahmed ve torunu Muhammed, diğer torunu Yezîd ve oğlu Menûçihr b. Yezîd takip etti. Kardeşi Ali bir hileyle Menûçihr’i katlettirip tahta çıktı. Ali’nin 435’te (1043-44) ölümü üzerine yerine kardeşi Kubad geçti. Günümüze intikal etmeyen bazı kaynaklardan faydalanan Müneccimbaşı, Şirvanşahlar hânedanının bu kolunun diğer hükümdarlarını şöyle sıralar: Buhtunnasr Ali, Sâlâr (Sellâr) b. Yezîd, 1068’de Gürcistan seferi sırasında Sultan Alparslan’a itaat arzeden Ferîburz ve Ferîdun. Ferîdun hakkında bilgi bulamadığını söyleyen Müneccimbaşı, son Şirvanşahlar’dan bahsederken bunların soylarını Sâsânî Hükümdarı Enûşirvân’a dayandırdıklarını kaydeder ve onları iki grupta inceler. Tabaka-i ulyâ adını verdiği birinci grubun en meşhur simasının el-Melikü’l-Muazzam Hâkān-ı Büzürg (Hâkān-ı Ekber) unvanıyla tanınan III. Menûçihr (1120-1160) olduğunu ve ünlü şair Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî’nin ona nisbetle böyle anıldığını belirtir. Eski Bakü Kalesi’nin duvarları III. Menûçihr tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Şirvanşah III. Menûçihr, Irak Selçukluları’na bağlıydı. Gürcü Kralı IV. David, Şirvanşahlar ile evlilik yoluyla akrabalık kurarak onları Selçuklular’la mücadelede kendi yanına çekmişti. IV. David’in Kıpçak Prensi Şaragan oğlu Atrak’ın kızı Guranduht’la evlenmesi ve ardından 40.000 Kıpçak’ın aileleriyle beraber Gürcistan’a göç ettirilip yerleştirilmesi Selçuklular ve diğer komşu devletlerle mücadelede kendisine önemli güç kazandırmıştı. 588 (1192) depreminde Şemâhî büyük tahribata mâruz kaldı. XV. yüzyılın başında Bakü, Şirvanşahlar hânedanının yeni başşehri oldu. Müneccimbaşı diğer Şirvanşahlar’ı şöyle sıralar: Ferruh-zâd, Güştâsb, Ferâmurz, Ferruhzâd, Keykubad, Kâvûs, Hûşenk. İkinci tabakanın (Derbendî Şirvanşahları) ilk hükümdarı olan Şeyh İbrâhim (1378-1418) Timur’a tâbi olup Karakoyunlular’a karşı Gürcü Kralı Köstendil ve Şeki hâkimi Seyyid Ahmed ile ittifak yaptı. Ancak Kür nehri boylarında yapılan savaşta müttefikler Karakoyunlu Hükümdarı Kara Yûsuf karşısında ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı (815/1412). Vefatında yerine Sultan Halil (Halîlullah, 1418-1463) ve Ferruh Yesâr (Siyer) (1463-1500) geçti. Tarihçilerin Mezyedî Şirvanşahları dedikleri bu hânedan Arap kökenlidir. Ancak zamanla yerli ailelerle evlenerek onlarla karıştı, Arap kökeninden koptu ve Sâsânî hükümdarlarının soyundan geldiklerini iddia ederek İran adlarını benimsedi.
Safevîler’den Şeyh Cüneyd, Şirvan’ı zaptetmek amacıyla harekete geçtiyse de Şirvanşah Cüneyd’i yenerek katletti. Daha sonra Cüneyd’in oğlu Şeyh Haydar da Ferruh Yesâr devrinde Şirvan’a saldırdı, fakat o da sonuç alamadı. Bu yıllarda Osmanlılar’ın Şirvanşahlar’la temas kurdukları bilinmektedir. 906 (1500) yılında Şah İsmâil, babası ve dedesinin intikamını almak için 7000 kişilik bir orduyla Şirvanşah Ferruh Yesâr’ın üzerine yürüdü ve yapılan savaşta Ferruh Yesâr hayatını kaybetti. Şah İsmâil, Bakü ve Şemâhî’yi zaptedip çok sayıda Sünnî’yi katlettirdi. Bu dönemde Şirvanşahlar, Osmanlılar’a başvurarak Safevîler’e karşı yardım talebinde bulundular. Özellikle Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Irakeyn Seferi sırasında ilişkiler daha da gelişti. Yavuz Sultan Selim de Şirvanşahlar’dan Şeyh II. İbrâhim’e mektup gönderip kendisini halife olarak tanımasını ve adına hutbe okutmasını istemişti (Feridun Bey, I, 437-444). Kanûnî’yi metbû tanıyan Sultan II. Halil 1534’te vefat edince oğlu Burhân-ı Ali çocuk yaşta olduğundan yerine amcası Ferruh Yesâr’ın oğlu Şâhruh geçti. Genç yaştaki Şâhruh, 944’te (1537) Kalenderoğlu adlı birinin çıkardığı isyanı bastırdı, fakat uyguladığı sert siyasetle halkın tepkisini çekti. Bunun üzerine Şah I. Tahmasb kardeşi Elkas Mirza’yı 20.000 kişilik orduyla Şirvan’a yolladı. Safevîler bölgeyi yağma edip 945 Cemâziyelevvelinde (Ekim 1538) Baykurd Kalesi’ni zaptettiler ve şiddetli savaşlardan sonra on beş yaşındaki Şâhruh’u esir alarak Tebriz’e götürdüler. Tahmasb onu bir süre kalede hapsetti ve 946 (1539) yılında gizlice öldürttü. Şirvan’ın zaptından sonra Şirvanşahlar hânedanı ortadan kalktı ve Şirvan ülkesi Safevî Devleti’ne katıldı. Bununla beraber Osmanlı kaynaklarında Şirvanşahlar’a mensup olarak gösterilen Burhân-ı Ali 951’de (1544) ortaya çıkıp Şirvan’ı Safevîler’den geri almaya çalıştı. Kanûnî 1548 seferi sırasında ona haberler yolladı ve kendisiyle irtibat kurdu. Osmanlı ordusunun çekilmesinin ardından Şah Tahmasb, Burhân-ı Ali üzerine Ustaclu Abdullah Han’ı göndererek duruma hâkim olmak isterken Burhân-ı Ali’nin bir hastalık sonucu öldüğü haberi geldi. Şirvanlılar, Mihrab adlı birini onun yerine geçirdilerse de Abdullah Han, Şirvan’a girip burada yeniden Safevî idaresini tesis etti (958/1551). Osmanlılar, XVI. yüzyıl boyunca Şirvan’la olan ilgilerini sürdürüp buradaki mahallî liderleri Şirvanşah unvanıyla andılar. 987’de (1579) Ebû Bekir b. Burhân-ı Ali bir süre Osmanlı valisi sıfatıyla görev yaptıysa da 1016’da (1607) Safevî egemenliğinin kesin olarak kurulmasıyla Şirvanşahlar hânedanı sona erdi (hânedanın hükümdar listesi için bk. Bosworth, s. 140-141).
XI. yüzyılda Abbâsî halifelerini ve Selçuklu sultanlarını metbû tanıyan ve sikkelerde onların adına yer veren (Kouymjian, s. 342-343) Şirvanşahlar hânedanında siyaset, toplum ve kültür hayatı İran’ın etkisi altına girmiştir. Azerbaycan kültürünün gelişmesi açısından zirve sayılan Şirvanşahlar, XII. yüzyılda tamamen yerli nüfusla karışıp yaşam ve gelenekleriyle mahallî bir hânedan niteliği kazanmışlardır. XI. yüzyıldan başlayarak Moğol istilâsına kadar Şirvanşahlar kendi paralarını darbettirmiş, bunu daha sonra Derbendî Şirvanşahları döneminde (1382-1501) sürdürmüşlerdir. Şirvanşah Devleti’nin başşehri önce Şemâhî ve Yezîdiye idi, XV. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Bakü oldu. Şirvanşahlar deneyimli, politik, yetenekli, olgun diplomasi ve başarılı yönetimleriyle Selçuklular, Moğollar ve Timurlular’ın egemenliği döneminde bile siyasî varlıklarını sürdürebilmişlerdir. Tâbi oldukları Selçuklular’ın ve ardından Safevîler’e vergi ödeyen Şirvanşahlar iç işlerinde serbestti. Şirvanşahlar’dan I. Ferîburz, III. Menûçihr, oğlu I. Ahistan (Ahsetân, Ahsitan), I. Şeyh İbrâhim ve Halil ünlü diplomat ve devlet adamları olarak tarihte iz bırakmıştır. Araştırmacılar III. Ferîburz, Kâvûs, Şeyh İbrâhim ve Ferruh Yesâr’ın iyi birer kumandan olduklarında hemfikirdir. II. Ahistan, Zâhidiyye tarikatının pîri İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî’ye mürid olmuş ve Güştâsfî’de onun için bir zâviye yaptırmıştır.
Ünlü kaside şairi Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî, Hâkān-ı Ekber III. Menûçihr’in himayesine mazhar olmuş ve hükümdar kendisine melikü’ş-şuarâ ve nedîmü’ş-şuarâ unvanlarını vermiştir. III. Menûçihr’in oğlu Celâlüddevle Ahistan’ın isteği üzerine 584 (1188) yılında Nizâmî-i Gencevî Leylâ vü Mecnûn adlı eserini kaleme almıştır. III. Menûçihr ve Ahistan dönemlerinde Şirvanşahlar hânedanında Sâsânî gelenekleri güçlenmiş, özellikle kültürel hayatta egemen olmuştur. XI-XIII. yüzyıllarda şehirlerde ekonomi ve kültür alanlarında gelişmeler kaydedilmiş, hükümdarlar bilim, sanat ve edebiyatı teşvik etmiştir. XII. yüzyılda Azerbaycan edebî ekolü ortaya çıkmış, Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî, Nizâmî-i Gencevî, Ebü’l-Alâ-yı Gencevî, Felekî-yi Şirvânî; XV. yüzyılda Hâmidî, Kabûlî ve Şemseddin Kâtibî gibi ünlü edip ve şairler yetişmiştir. Şirvanşahlar Devleti’nde resmî dil Farsça’ydı, Arapça dinî alanda kullanılırdı. Konuşma dili olan Türkçe ile XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren şiirler yazılmıştır. Şirvanşahlar dinî geleneklerin ve kurumların geliştirilmesine önem vererek tarikat ve tekkelerin faaliyetlerini desteklemişlerdir. Bu dönemde Pîr Hüseyin ve Muhammed Alî-i Bakûvî gibi din âlimleri yetişmiştir.
Şirvanşahlar şehirlerde dikkati çeken savunma tesisleri, kale ve gözetleme kuleleri yapmışlardır. Öte yandan Şirvan ülkesi doğal şartları, gelişmiş ekonomisi, zanaat ve ticaretiyle öne çıkmıştır. İpek yolu vasıtasıyla milletlerarası ticarî faaliyetler ve kültürel ilişkiler canlılık kazanmıştır. Fakat Moğol işgali döneminde Şirvanşahlar ülkesi gerilemiş, insan kaybı, mesken ve şehirlerin harap edilmesiyle ekonomik açıdan büyük bir çöküş yaşanmıştır. Daha sonraki yıllarda ülke ekonomik ve kültürel açıdan eski seviyesine ulaşmaya çalışmıştır. XV. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Şirvanşahlar hânedanında 100 yıl kadar süren kalkınma ve gelişme aşaması gerçekleşmiş, önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Özellikle Şeyh İbrâhim’in iktidar yılları şehirlerde kültür, sanat ve edebiyat alanlarında bir yükseliş çağı olmuştur. Sultan Halil başşehir Bakü’de önemli bayındırlık faaliyetlerinde bulunmuş, bu arada Şirvanşahlar Sarayı’nı yaptırmıştır (bk. ŞİRVANŞAHLAR SARAYI). Devlet mekanizmasına ve yönetim düzenine önem verilen Şirvanşahlar’da o döneme göre mükemmel bir yasal ve gelişmiş bir idarî düzen mevcuttu. Daha XII. yüzyılda Şirvanşahlar Devleti, Azerbaycan’ın siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel gelişimi açısından önemli rol oynamaktaydı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Strabon, Geografiya (trc. G. A. Stratonovskogo), Moskva 1964, kn. XI, gl. II, s. 468, 470, 479; Ptolemey, Geografiya, kn. V. gl. 2, 8, 11, 14. Vestnik drevney istorii, Moskova 1948, t. 2, s. 252-254; Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 300-301; İbn Hurdâzbih, el-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik, s. 17, 122, 124; Mes‘ûdî, et-Tenbîh, s. 6, 89; İbn Miskeveyh, Tecâribü’l-ümem, VII, 49; Zekeriyyâ b. Muhammed el-Kazvînî, Âs̱ârü’l-bilâd, Beyrut 1960, s. 600-601; Şerefeddin, Ẓafernâme, Tahran, ts., s. 37, 196, 207, 299-300, 445; Hasan-ı Rûmlû, Aḥsenü’t-tevârîḫ: A Chronicle of the Early Safawis (nşr. ve trc. C. N. Seddon), Baroda-Kalküta 1931, I, 54; Feridun Bey, Münşeât, I, 437-444; Şeref Han, Şerefnâme, Moskova 1967, I, 406-407; Svedeniya İbrahima Peçevi o Gruzii i Kavkaze (haz. S. S. Cikiya), Tbilisi 1964, s. 3-4; Müneccimbaşı, Sahâifü’l-ahbâr, III, 173-179; M. F. Brosset, Gürcistan Tarihi (trc. H. D. Andreasyan, haz. Erdoğan Merçil), Ankara 2003, bk. İndeks; J. Marquart, Erānšahr nach der Geographie des ps. Moses Xorenaci, Berlin 1901, III, 56, 73, 96, 119; Hadi Hasan, Falakī-i Shirvānī: His Times, Life and Works, London 1929; Zeyneloğlu Cihangir, Şirvanşahlar Yurdu, İstanbul 1931, s. 150-154; A. Zeki Velidi Togan, Azerbaycan’ın Tarihî Coğrafyası, İstanbul 1932, s. 10; V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries, Cambridge 1958; K. V. Trever, Oçerki po istorii i kulture Kavkazskoy Albanii, Moskova-Leningrad 1959, s. 192, 262-264; M. I. Artamonov, Istoriya Hazar, Leningrad 1962, s. 52-53, 57-70, 206-217, 250-251; W. Madelung, “The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran”, CHIr., IV, 243-249; D. K. Kouymjian, “A Unique Coin of the Shirvānshāh Minuchihr II”, Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History-Studies in Honor of George C. Miles (ed. O. K. Kouymjian), Beyrut 1974, s. 339-346; C. E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Edinburgh 1996, s. 140-142; B. Dorn, “Versuch einer Geschichte der Schirwanschache”, Mémoirés de L’Académie impériale des sciences de St. Petersbourg, VI. seri: IV, St. Petersbourg 1841, s. 533-534; W. Barthold – [C. E. Bosworth], “S̲h̲īrwān S̲h̲āh”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 488-489; Tahsin Yazıcı, “Hâkānî-i Şirvânî”, DİA, XV, 168; Mehmet Kanar, “Nizâmî-i Gencevî”, a.e., XXXIII, 184.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 211-213 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.