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SİYAVUŞ PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1066/1656)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Abaza asıllıdır. Kaynaklarda Celâlî Abaza Paşa’nın yetiştirmesi olup onun hazinedarlığını yaptığı belirtilir. Paşasının idamı üzerine (1634) saraya alındı ve Seferli Odası neferatı arasına yerleştirildi. Bir süre sonra IV. Murad’ın huzurunda yapılan etkinliklerde özellikle cirit oyunundaki maharetiyle dikkati çektiği için âdete aykırı olarak doğrudan Has Oda’ya alındı. Ardından Melek Ahmed Paşa Diyarbekir beylerbeyi olunca onun yerine silâhdar ağalığına getirildi (Şevval 1048 / Şubat 1639). IV. Murad’ın vefatı anında Siyavuş Ağa’nın da yanında bulunduğu, vefatı müteakip padişahın yüzünü bir şal ile örterek durumu Sadrazam Kara Mustafa Paşa’ya haber verdiği zikredilir (Naîmâ, II, 946).
Sultan İbrâhim’in saltanatı sırasında Deli Hüseyin Paşa’nın Özü valisi olması üzerine Siyavuş Ağa’ya vezirlik verilerek kaptan-ı deryâ yapıldı (22 Cemâziyelevvel 1050 / 9 Eylül 1640). Bir yıl dört ay yirmi iki gün sürecek olan bu görevi esnasında kendisine öncelikle elden çıkmış olan Azak Kalesi’nin geri alınması görevi verildi. Gerekli hazırlıklar yapıldıktan sonra donanma İstanbul’dan ayrıldı. 140 gün süren kuşatmaya rağmen herhangi bir neticeye varılamadan yalnızca Kefe’deki birlikler tahkim edilerek geri dönüldü (12 Ocak 1642). Siyavuş Paşa kaynaklara göre tersane işlerindeki liyakatsizliği, devlet adamlarıyla geçimsizliği ve görevde kusurlu bulunması gibi suçlamalarla kaptanlık görevinden alındı, ancak kendisinden yararlanmak için haslar tahsis edilip kubbe veziri yapıldı (a.g.e., III, 954).
Siyavuş Paşa daha sonra Halep beylerbeyi olduysa da (1053/1643) halka baskı uyguladığı gerekçesiyle görevden alındı ve dönmesi emredildi. İstanbul’a geldiğinde birkaç gün Yedikule’de hapiste yattı, ardından affedilerek Receb Paşa ve I. Ahmed’in kızı Gevherhan Sultan’ın kızları olan Safiye Sultan ile evlendirildi. Bundan sonra muhtelif eyaletlerde beylerbeyilik yaptı (Erzurum, Mart 1644; Tımışvar, Aralık 1644; Diyarbekir, Eylül 1647; Budin, 1648); yine kubbe vezirliğine getirildi. Onun Özü muhafazasında bulunduğu sırada ilk serdar Yûsuf Paşa’nın yerine Girit serdarı tayin edildiği (9-18 Aralık 1645), ancak Girit’e gitmek üzere yola çıkmış iken görev yeri değiştirilerek (18-27 Ocak 1646) Silistre muhafazasına nakledildiği bilinmektedir (Gülsoy, s. 48-49, 76). Kazandığı devlet tecrübesi sebebiyle Sadrazam Melek Ahmed Paşa onu kendisine rakip olarak görmeye başladı ve kaptanlık verip İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırmak istedi. Fakat Siyavuş Paşa güçlü ilişkileri sayesinde tehlikeyi atlattı. Bunda yakın dostu Şeyhülislâm Bahâî Mehmed Efendi ve Kösem Sultan’ın müdahaleleri de etkili olmuştur (Naîmâ, III, 1285).
Siyavuş Paşa kubbe vezirliğini sürdürürken züyûf akçe ve ağır vergilerden bunalan halk ve esnaf Şeyhülislâm Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi’yi zorla önüne katarak saray önüne gelmiş, çıkan karışıklıklar sırasında Melek Ahmed Paşa’nın azliyle daha başka konular dile getirilmiş, bu arada bazı ocak ağaları yeniçeri ağası Kara Çavuş’un sadrazam yapılmasını istemişse de sadrazamın vezirlerden biri olması gerektiği görüşü öne çıkmış (Kâtib Çelebi, s. 895; Mehmed Halîfe, s. 38-40) ve neticede bu makama en çok lâyık olduğu gerekçesiyle Siyavuş Paşa’nın sadrazamlığına karar verilmiştir. Bu karışıklıklar sırasında IV. Mehmed ile Abdülaziz Efendi arasında yeni sadrazamın seçimi konusunda bir konuşma geçtiği ve şeyhülislâmın teklifiyle sadârete getirildiği de rivayet edilir (Karaçelebizâde, s. 73-74, 124, 226).
4 Ramazan 1061’de (21 Ağustos 1651) sadrazam olan Siyavuş Paşa, bir ay yedi gün süren görevi sırasında ocak ağalarına dayanan Büyük Vâlide Kösem Sultan ile saray halkından güç alan Vâlide Turhan Sultan arasındaki şiddetli rekabetin daha da arttırdığı problemlerle karşı karşıya kaldı. Açık bir tehlike ve tehdit halini alan ocak ağalarının tahakkümünü kırdı, sorumluları cezalandırdı. Ancak bunu yaparken destek aldığı Dârüssaâde Ağası Uzun Süleyman Ağa’nın bu defa kendisi benzer bir tehlike olarak ortaya çıktı. Siyavuş Paşa’nın Emîr Paşa yerine Halıcıoğlu’nu defterdar yapma teşebbüsü Süleyman Ağa tarafından engellendi. Sadrazam ile ağa arasındaki ihtilâf giderek büyüdü ve Siyavuş Paşa gözden düştü. Saraya çağrılarak sadâret mührü Süleyman Ağa tarafından kendisinden alındı (15 Şevval 1061 / 1 Ekim 1651), hatta öldürülmek için bostancıbaşıya teslim edildi; ancak Turhan Sultan’ın müdahalesiyle canını kurtarabildi (Naîmâ, III, 1366-1368). Ardından malları müsadere edildi ve Malkara’ya sürüldü. Kısa bir müddet sonra Fazlı Paşa’nın yerine Bosna beylerbeyi oldu (Kâtib Çelebi, s. 901; Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, s. 33).
Daha sonra sadrazamlığa getirilecek olan Abaza asıllı İpşir Mustafa Paşa’nın Abaza Hasan’la birleşerek isyan etmesi olayında onun Siyavuş Paşa’dan aldığı tâlimatla hareket ettiği şeklindeki suçlama yüzünden yeniden katli gündeme geldiyse de bazı aracılar sayesinde bundan da kurtuldu ve Bosna’daki görevi Rumeli beylerbeyiliğiyle değiştirildi. Kandiye’yi muhasara eden askere yardım için bütün sipahi ve cebelüsü ile muhasaraya katılmak şartıyla Rumeli beylerbeyiliğine getirilen Siyavuş Paşa (17 Nisan 1652) aldığı emir üzerine hareket etti, ancak askerlerini adaya ulaştırmadan geri döndü. Bu arada Gürcü Mehmed Paşa’nın idaredeki zaafı yüzünden sadâretten alınması gerektiğinde yerine şeyhülislâm ve nakîbüleşraf tarafından yine Siyavuş Paşa önerildi, fakat Tarhuncu Ahmed Paşa’da karar kılındı. Rumeli’den sonra Silistre valisi olan Siyavuş Paşa bu görevi sırasında Kazaklar’ın taşkınlıklarına karşı sahil savunmasında başarılı oldu; ancak Silistre ve Şumnu halkından aleyhinde İstanbul’a birçok şikâyet ulaştı (Naîmâ, III, 1432, 1482, 1494-1495, 1530).
Süleyman Paşa’nın sadâreti zamanında âcil yardım için Girit’e gitmekle görevlendirildi (Şubat-Mart 1656). Fakat Silistre’den Girit’e geçemeden arka arkaya sadâret değişiklikleri meydana gelince (Gülsoy, s. 69-70, 76) onun durumu değişti. Bu arada merkezde her sadrazam değişikliği sırasında ismi adaylar arasında zikrediliyordu. Derviş Paşa’nın yerine geçecek sadrazamın belirlenmesiyle ilgili müşaverede yine adı geçti, ancak Turhan Sultan ve saraydaki ağalar geçmiş dönemdeki vukuatı hatırlatarak bunun büyük bir çekişmeye yol açacağı endişesini dile getirdi. Bir süre sonra Vak‘a-i Vakvâkıyye diye bilinen büyük karışıklıklarda sadâret kaymakamı Zurnazen Mustafa Paşa sadrazam olduysa da olaylarda dahli bulunduğunun anlaşılması ve askerin onu istememesi üzerine tayininin dördüncü saatinde mühür kendisinden alındı ve aynı gün Siyavuş Paşa ikinci defa sadrazam oldu (9 Cemâziyelevvel 1066 / 5 Mart 1656). Haberi Silistre’de iken alan Siyavuş Paşa hemen gemiyle İstanbul’a geldi ve huzura çıkıp hil‘at giydi (15 Mart). Ancak gelirken humma hastalığına yakalandı. Bir ay yirmi iki gün süren bu ikinci sadâretinde hastalığı sebebiyle divan toplantılarına bir defa katılabildi. IV. Mehmed’in hastalığı giderek artan sadrazama özel bir ihtimam gösterdiği, hatta kendisini hasta yatağında ziyaret ettiği belirtilmektedir (Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, s. 75). Siyavuş Paşa hasta olmasına rağmen kendisi için yakın bir tehlike olarak gördüğü ve gerçekten de liyakati sebebiyle sadrazam olacağı düşünülen Defterdarzâde Mehmed Paşa’nın öldürülmesini sağladı, fakat aynı gece kendisi de vefat etti ve ertesi gün (2 Receb 1066 / 26 Nisan 1656) ikisinin cenaze namazı aynı vakitte kılındı. Siyavuş Paşa’nın mezarı Çemberlitaş’ta Atik Ali Paşa hazîresindedir. İki defada toplam üç ay sadrazamlık yapan Siyavuş Paşa devrin kaynaklarında cesur ve heybetli olması yanında kibirli, zalim, garazkâr bir devlet adamı olarak anılır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), Ankara 2003, s. 1148, 1150-1152, 1159, 1162; Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke (haz. Zeynep Aycibin, doktora tezi, 2007), Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 724, 816, 895, 897-898, 901; Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, Ravzatü’l-ebrâr Zeyli (haz. Nevzat Kaya), Ankara 2003, s. 73-74, 99, 100, 124, 126, 142, 226, 234, 242, 249, 258, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. XXII; Mehmed Halîfe, Târîh-i Gılmânî (s.nşr. Kamil Su), Ankara 1999, s. 38-40, 54-55, 57-58; Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, Vekāyi‘nâme (haz. Fahri Çetin Derin, doktora tezi, 1993), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 29, 33, 44, 73-76; Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 190, 191; Naîmâ, Târih (haz. Mehmet İpşirli), Ankara 2007, II, 895, 941, 946; III, 952, 954, 990, 1110, 1285-1286, 1321-1322, 1365-1368, 1384-1385, 1399, 1432, 1461, 1482, 1494-1495, 1530, 1550-1551; IV, 1644, 1659-1660, 1662-1664; Hadîkatü’l-vüzerâ, s. 93, 94; Hammer (Atâ Bey), X, 14, 183, 186-187, 192, 194-195, 254-256; Sicill-i Osmânî, III, 116, 117; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, III/1, s. 249, 252-259, 261, 267, 272, 293-294; III/2, s. 400, 401, 402, 408; Danişmend, Kronoloji2 , III, 389, 416-417, 421; V, 30, 34, 39, 41, 190-191; M. Orhan Bayrak, İstanbul’da Gömülü Meşhur Adamlar (1453-1978), İstanbul 1979, s. 49; M. Çağatay Uluçay, Harem II, Ankara 1985, s. 123; Ersin Gülsoy, Girit’in Fethi ve Osmanlı İdaresinin Kurulması (1645-1670), İstanbul 2004, s. 44, 48-49, 60, 69-70, 76, 81, 84-85, 101-193.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 310-311 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 05.10.2019 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.