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SPHRANTZES, Georgios Skip to content (1401-1477’den sonra)
Bizanslı tarihçi.
Hayatı hakkındaki ilk bilgiler Chronikon adlı eserinde yer alır. Buna göre aslen Limni adasından gelip İstanbul’a yerleşen bir ailenin çocuğu olarak 30 Ağustos 1401 tarihinde doğdu (Krumbacher, s. 307). Babası İmparator II. Manuel’in saray hizmetinde yer alan kişilerden biriydi. Bu sebeple iyi bir eğitim aldı. On altı yaşındayken II. Manuel’in hizmetine girdi. Henüz yirmi iki yaşını bitirmeden 1423’te Şubat ayında II. Murad’a gönderilen elçiler arasında Loukas Notaras, Manuel Melahrinos ile birlikte bulundu. Özellikle 1421 yılından itibaren ortak imparator ilân edilen II. Manuel’in oğlu VIII. Ioannes Palaiologos’un annesi Helena ve VIII. Ioannes’in eşi tarafından himaye gördü. II. Manuel’in ölümünden sonra onun oğullarından son Bizans imparatoru XI. Konstantinos Palaiologos’un hizmetine girdi ve kendisiyle birlikte Mora’ya gitti. 5 Mayıs 1428’de Despot Konstantinos adına Glarentza Kalesi’ni Latinler’den teslim aldı. Konstantinos onu ayrıca kardeşi Theodoros ile giriştiği Mora’daki iç mücadelede elde ettiği Andrusa, Loi, Neokastro gibi yerlerin teslim alınması işiyle de görevlendirdi. 26 Mart 1429’da Mora Despotluğu ordusuyla Patra şehri kuşatmasına katıldı, bu çarpışmalarda efendisini zor durumdan kurtardıysa da kendisi esir düştü. Fidye karşılığı serbest kaldıktan sonra Despot Konstantinos onu Patra meselesi dolayısıyla II. Murad’a elçi olarak yolladı (1429). İstanbul’a uğrayıp II. Murad’ın yanına gitti ve Sadrazam İbrâhim Paşa’yla buluştu. Patra konusunun çözümünde mesafe alınmasını sağladı. Eylül 1429’da Tırhala bölgesini kontrol eden Turahan Bey ile görüştü, Patra meselesini kesin olarak çözüme kavuşturdu. 1430 Martında Mora’daki iç anlaşmazlıkların çözümünde hakem olarak görev aldı. Dönüş yolunda Ayamavra (Lefkas) adası yakınlarında Katalanlar’a esir düştü, yine fidye karşılığı serbest bırakıldı. 1430 Eylülünde Patra’yı ele geçiren Konstantinos tarafından buraya yönetici tayin edildi (Colonna, s. 121). 1432 yılı Ocak ayında Bizans imparatoruna ve Osmanlı sultanına elçi olarak yollandı. 1434’te yine Atina Dukalığı’na, Osmanlı sultanına ve Bizans imparatoruna gönderildi. 1435’te Tiva ve Atina’yı efendisi Konstantinos adına teslim almak üzere görevlendirildiyse de Turahan Bey daha hızlı davranarak bunu gerçekleştirmesine izin vermedi. 1435 yılı Eylül ayında İstanbul’a gitti. 1436’da kardeşleriyle iktidar mücadelesine giren Konstantinos tarafından sultanın desteğini almak üzere elçi sıfatıyla yollandı ve bunu başararak Mora’ya döndü. Ancak Mora’da efendisini kardeşleriyle savaş halinde buldu. İmparator Ioannes’in kiliselerin birleştirilmesi ve II. Murad’a karşı Mustafa’nın kullanılması politikalarına şiddetle karşı çıktı ve imparatoru babasının düşüncelerine uymamakla suçladı.
26 Ocak 1438’de imparatorluk sekreteri Aleksios Paleologos Tzamplakonas’ın kızı Eleni’yle evlenen Sphrantzes’in dördü erkek, biri kız beş çocuğu oldu. Bu arada kendisine verilen çeşitli görevleri sürdürdü. 20 Ekim 1441’de bir defa daha elçi olarak Mora’dan Osmanlı sultanına ve Bizans imparatoruna gönderildi. Kasım 1442’de İstanbul’a gelen Despot Konstantinos, Silivri’yi devralarak Mart 1443’te onu buranın idareciliğine tayin etti. Bir yıl sonra Sphrantzes antlaşma gereği Silivri’yi Theodoros’a teslim edip 1444 Haziranında Mora’ya döndü. Ancak hemen elçi olarak Bizans imparatoruna, Osmanlı sultanına ve Macar kralına yollandı. 1447 Ağustosunda Konstantinos’un evlilik işine aracılık yapmak ve buradaki siyasî teşekküllerle ilişki kurmak üzere Trabzon’a ve Gürcistan’a gitti. 31 Ekim 1448’de İmparator VIII. Ioannes’in ölümü üzerine Konstantinos’un tahta çıkması konusunda desteğini sağlamak amacıyla aynı yılın aralık ayında Osmanlı Sultanı II. Murad’a gönderildi. 1449’da Konstantinos son Bizans imparatoru olarak taç giyince onun yanında bulundu. Ekim ayında tekrar Trabzon ve Gürcistan’a gönderildi (Moravcsik, I, 283). Görünüşteki amaç efendisine evlilik için aracılık yapmaktı. Ancak bu bölgede bazı diplomatik girişimlerde bulundu. II. Murad’ın ölümü ve yerine oğlu II. Mehmed’in tahta geçme haberi onu endişelendirdi. İmparatoru II. Murad’ın dul eşi, Sırbistan despotunun kızı Mara ile evlendirerek yeni müttefik bulmayı tasarladı. Fakat gelin adayının red cevabı üzerine bu gerçekleşmedi. 14 Eylül 1451’de İstanbul’a geri döndü. Hemen ertesi günü bölgeyi çok iyi tanıdığı için bugünkü başbakanlık makamıyla eşdeğer bir konumda olan “megas logothetis” (Karagioannopulos, s. 398) unvanı vaadini alarak Mora’ya elçilikle görevlendirildi. Fakat II. Mehmed’in İstanbul’u almak için Edirne’de hazırlıklara başlaması sebebiyle görev yerine gidemedi ve İstanbul’da kaldı. Nisan 1453’te başlayan İstanbul kuşatması sırasında şehri savunan askerlerin sayım görevini üstlendi. 29 Mayıs’ta esir düştü, ardından fidye karşılığı serbest bırakıldı. 1453 yılının Aralık ayında Mora’da Despot Thomas’ın emrine girdi. Eşi ve hayatta kalan son iki çocuğu esir edildikten sonra sultanın mîrâhuruna satılmıştı. Daha sonra çocukları II. Mehmed tarafından satın alındı. Aralık 1453’te on dört yaşına gelmiş olan ilk oğlu Ioannes sultana suikast girişiminde bulunduğu gerekçesiyle öldürüldü. 1 Eylül 1454’te karısını fidye karşılığında kurtarmak amacıyla Edirne’ye gitti. Bunu başardıktan sonra Şubat 1455’te Patra’ya geri döndü. 1455 Eylülünde padişahın sarayında bulunan on dört yaşındaki kızı Thamar’ın bulaşıcı bir hastalıktan dolayı öldüğünü haber aldı. Bu olaylarla sarsılan Sphrantzes 5 Ekim 1455’te elçi olarak Venedik’e gitti. Bu görevini tamamlayıp Nisan 1456’da Patra’ya döndü. 1460 yılına kadar Mora’da Despot Dimitrios ile Thomas arasındaki iç savaşa ve Mora’nın Osmanlılar tarafından alınmasına şahit oldu. 2 Ağustos 1460’ta Korfu adasına gitti; burada veba salgınının çıkması üzerine adanın iç bölgesindeki Molivotina köyüne yerleşti. 6 Eylül 1461’de Aya Ilios adındaki manastıra kapandı ve eşiyle birlikte burada beş aydan fazla kaldı. Mart 1462’de dostu Dorotheos’un yardımıyla Aya Nikola Manastırı’na taşındı. Ancak 1465 yılının Ekim ayında Dorotheos’un ölmesi üzerine maddî sıkıntılar yüzünden Ankona’ya, Roma’ya ve Venedik’e gitti. Bir süre burada yaşadıktan sonra 5 Eylül 1466’da Korfu’ya döndü. Hayatının son yılları yoksulluk içinde geçti. 1 Ağustos 1468 tarihinde Grigorios ismiyle keşiş oldu. Temmuz 1472’de keşişliğin en yüksek derecesine yükseldi ve bu sırada ağır bir hastalığa yakalandı. Eserinin 1477’de âniden kesilmesinden hareketle bu tarihten sonra fazla yaşamadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Eseri. Georgios Sphrantzes’e isnat edilen birbirinden hacim ve içerik açısından oldukça farklı iki eser mevcuttur. Hacim olarak daha küçük olan ve ilim âlemi tarafından Chronicon Minus adıyla tanınan küçük rûznâmesinde yazar Sphrantzes (Sfrancis) ismini kullanır. Buna karşılık hacimce daha büyük olan ve Chronicon Maius başlığı ile tanınan büyük rûznâmede Phrantzes (Francis) adı geçer. Ayrıca her iki eserde kullanılan Sphrantzes’in sıfatıyla da ilgili farklılık söz konusudur. Küçük rûznâmede “imparatorluk muhafızlarının başı” mânasındaki “protovestiaritis” unvanı bulunurken büyük rûznâmede imparatorun elbiselerinden sorumlu kişi için kullanılan “protovestiarios” kelimesi yer alır. Hem isminin hem de unvanının çok küçük ses farklılıklarıyla iki ayrı eserde mevcudiyeti bu iki eserin aynı kişiye ait olduğu kanaatini doğurmuştur. Ancak daha sonra yapılan çalışmalar sonucu büyük rûznâmenin 1585’te ölen Monemvasia (Menekşe / Menevşe) Metropoliti Macarios Melissenos tarafından yazıldığı ve burada Sphrantzes’in küçük rûznâmesinin kullanıldığı tesbit edilmiştir (Papadopulos, IX [1935], s. 177). Ancak bazı araştırmacılar, bir süre büyük rûznâmenin Sphrantzes’in özgün eseri olmadığı görüşünü benimsememişlerdir. F. Dölger ise küçük rûznâmenin Sphrantzes’in kişisel günlüğü olup ilk önce büyük rûznâmenin yazılmasını sağlayacak olan ayrıntılı bilgileri toplayabilmek için Minus’u kaleme aldığını ve büyük rûznâmenin kesinlikle Macarios Melissenos tarafından sonraki bilgiler toplanarak ve Minus araya sıkıştırılarak oluşturulmuş bir eser olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bu son görüş daha sonra yaygın biçimde kabul görmüş; her iki eseri de tek bir kitapta toplayarak yayımlayan Romen Bizantinolog Grecu, büyük rûznâmeye Pseudo-Phrantzes (sahte Sphrantzes) adını verip Macarios Melissenos’un ismini yazarak bu ayırımı açık şekilde belirlemiştir (Georgios Sphrantzes Memorii, 1401-1477, in anexa Pseudo-Phrantzes: Macarie Melissenos Cronica 1258-1481, Bükreş 1966). Böylece küçük ve büyük rûznâmenin iki farklı kişiye ait olduğu ve Monemvasia Metropoliti Macarios Melissenos’un Sphrantzes ile birlikte diğer pek çok kaynağı geniş ölçüde kullanarak yeni bir eser ortaya koyduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Melissenos’un çalışmasında Sphrantzes’in eseri büyük ölçüde aynı cümlelerle alınmasına rağmen yer yer tahrifata uğratılmıştır. Riccardo Maisano, orijinal metin ve İtalyanca çevirisiyle birlikte yayımladığı Sphrantzes’in eserinin adında sadece “Cronaca” (kronik) kelimesini kullanmış, böylece isim karmaşasına ve tartışmasına bir çözüm getirmiştir (Giorgio Sfranze, Cronaca [ed. R. Maisano], Roma 1990).
Küçük rûznâme Sphrantzes’in otobiyografik nitelikte hatırlatıcı stenograf notlarından oluşmaktadır. Bu notlar yazarın yaşadığı dönemin olaylarına denk düşer ve kronolojik bir sıraya göre dizilmiştir. Yılları göstermek için zaman zaman Bizans hilkat takvimi, yer yer milâdî takvim kullanılmıştır. Bir bakıma eser Sphrantzes’in kişisel günlüğüdür ve tamamen orijinaldir. Kaynak olarak bizzat Sphrantzes kendi gözlemlerini ve yaşadığı olayları günlüğüne aktarmıştır. Ayrıca yazar, idaredeki üst düzey rütbesinden dolayı devletin resmî belgelerini de kullanabilmiştir. XV. yüzyıldaki halk diliyle yazılan eser yazarın doğduğu 1401 yılından Osmanlılar’ın İnebahtı’ya 1477 yılında yaptığı sefere kadarki olayları kırk sekiz küçük bölüm halinde içine alır. Buna karşılık büyük rûznâme dört cilde ve bölüme ayrılır. I. ciltte 1259’da VIII. Mikhael Paleiologos’un tahta çıkışından 1425’te II. Manuel Palaiologos’un ölümüne kadar geçen olaylar anlatılır. II. cilt 1425-1451 yılları arasındaki olayları kapsar. 1451-1453 yıllarını kapsayan III. cilt büyük rûznâmenin en önemli kısmını oluşturur ve hemen hemen Sphrantzes’in küçük rûznâmesi bu kısımda hiç kullanılmaz. Son bölüm ise 1453-1478 yıllarındaki olayları içine alır. Macarios bu eserini oluştururken Bizanslı tarihçi Georgios Akropolites’i (ö. 1282), Nikitas Choniates’i (ö. 1213), 1204-1359 dönemlerini anlatan Nikephoros Gregoras’ı (ö. 1360), Laonikos Chalcocondyles’i (ö. 1490), İstanbul’un fethinin şahidi olan Midilli adasının piskoposu Leonardo’yu (ö. 1459), 1444 yılı Varna Savaşı’nı anlatan rahip Paraspondylos Zotikos’u ve dünyanın yaratılışından milâttan sonra 1577 yılına kadarki olayları anlatan Manuel Malaksos ile Monemvasia Piskoposu Doroteos’u ve Sphrantzes’in küçük rûznâmesini kaynak olarak kullanmıştır.
Sphrantzes, küçük rûznâmesinde ailesinin esir edilmesine ve çocuklarının öldürülmesine rağmen Türkler hakkında “inançsız” ve “acımasız” kelimelerinin dışında olumsuz bir sıfat kullanmamasına ve özellikle fetih olayını çok kısa nakletmesine rağmen Macarios Melissenos, eserinin en değerli kısmını oluşturan III. cildinde İstanbul’un fethini anlatırken doğruluğu şüpheli pek çok ayrıntıya yer vermiş, Türkler’i son derece olumsuz sıfatlarla tasvir etmiştir. Melissenos, eserini İstanbul’un fethinden yaklaşık 125 yıl sonra yazdığı için verdiği bilgilerin doğruluğunu ve özgünlüğünü gösterebilmek amacıyla İstanbul’un fethine şahit olan Sphrantzes’in adını özellikle kullanmış olmalıdır. Bütün bunlara rağmen Melissenos’un eserinin Sphrantzes’in orijinal eseriymiş gibi tercüme edilerek kullanılmakta olması önemli bir ilmî hatadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA G. Sfrantze, Brachy Chroniko (giriş-çeviri-yorum: D. Moniou), Athena 2006; K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der Byzantinischen Litteratur, München 1897, s. 307-309; M. E. Colonna, Gli Storici Bizantini dal IV al XV Secolo, Napoli 1956, s. 121-124; G. Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica, Berlin 1958, I, 282-288; I. E. Karagiannopoulos, Pegai tes Byzantines Historias, Thessalonike 1970, s. 397-399; A. Savvidis, O Byzantinos İstoriografos tou 15. Aiona, Georgios Sfrantzes (Frantzes), Athena 1983, s. 1-48; G. Ostrogorsky, Bizans Devleti Tarihi (trc. Fikret Işıltan), Ankara 1986, s. 433; The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ed. A. P. Kazhdan v.dğr.), Oxford 1991, III, 1750, 1937, 2163; I. Papadopulos, “Phranzès estil réellement l’auteur de la grande chronique qui porte son nom?”, Actes du IVe congrès international des études byzantines I, Bulletin de l’institut archéologique bulgare, IX, Sofia 1935, s. 177-189; V. Grumel, “La nouvelle édition du Chronicon de Phrantzès”, Echos d’orient, XXXVI, Paris 1937, s. 87-94; H. Grégoire, “Compte rendu: La nouvelle édition de Phrantzès, ou la conjecture téméraire de M. Papadopoulos”, Byzantion, XII, Bruxelles 1937, s. 385-391.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 415-417 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.