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SPULER, Bertold Skip to content (1911-1990)
Alman şarkiyatçısı.
5 Aralık 1911’de Karlsruhe’de doğdu. Burada klasik Yunanca ve Latince eğitim veren Bismarck Lisesi’nden mezun oldu. Heidelberg (1930-1931), Münih (1931-1932, 1933), Hamburg (1932) ve Breslau (1933-1935) üniversitelerinde Gotthelf Bergsträsser, Rudolf Strothmann ve Carl Brockelmann gibi şarkiyatçılardan klasik filoloji, tarih, Slavistik ve şarkiyat okudu. 1935’te Breslau Üniversitesi’nde Friedrich Andreae’nın yanında Die europaeische Diplomatie in Konstantinopel bis zum Frieden von Belgrad (1739) adlı doktora tezini tamamladıktan sonra Berlin Üniversitesi’ndeki Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Bölümü’nde Walther Hinz’in asistanı olarak çalışmaya başladı. 1937’de Göttingen Üniversitesi Yakındoğu Tarihi Enstitüsü’nde asistan oldu ve 1938’de aynı üniversitenin Oryantalistik ve İslâm Araştırmaları Kürsüsü’nde Die Mongolen in Iran başlıklı çalışmasıyla doçent unvanını aldı. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın çıkması üzerine askere çağrıldı. Çok sayıda Doğu Avrupa diline vâkıf olması sebebiyle mütercim sıfatıyla önce Polonya’da, ardından Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nda görevlendirildi. Savaşa rağmen ilmî çalışmalarını aksatmadı. 1942’de Münih Üniversitesi Şarkiyat Bölümü’ne profesör olarak tayin edildiyse de savaş halindeki orduda vazifeli olduğu için bu göreve başlayamadı. Spuler’in ordudaki görevleri arasında, Haziran 1944’ten itibaren çoğu Rusya’dan kaçarak Alman ordusuna katılan müslüman askerler için imam yetiştirmek de vardı. Spuler, otuz kırk kişiden oluşan gruplara üç dört haftalık kurslar halinde temel İslâm akaidi ve ibadetleri hakkında Türkçe dersler verdi (Hoffmann, s. 139-140). Savaştan sonra Göttingen Üniversitesi’ndeki Oryantalistik ve İslâm Araştırmaları Kürsüsü’nü vekâleten yönetti. 1948’de Hamburg Üniversitesi Şarkiyat Enstitüsü başkanlığına tayin edildi ve kürsünün gelişmesi için büyük gayret sarfetti. 31 Mart 1980’de emekli oluncaya kadar bu görevde kaldı. Aynı üniversitenin Sâmî Dilleri Enstitüsü’nün başında bulunan Arthur Schaade’nin ölümü üzerine 1953’te bu bölümün de temsilciliğini üstlendi. Ayrıca Hamburg Üniversitesi’nde Fars Dili, Türkoloji ve Eski Mısır Araştırmaları (Aegyptologie) bölümlerinin kurulmasına öncülük etti.
Bern ve Bordeaux üniversiteleri tarafından kendisine fahrî doktora unvanı verilen Spuler, 1969’da Académie Nationale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux’ya muhabir üye seçildi. Ayrıca Ankara, İstanbul, Los Angeles, Bordeaux, Paris, Bağdat ve Kâbil üniversitelerinde misafir hoca olarak ders verdi. 1951-1967 yılları arasında eski Alman Katolik kilisesinin ruhanî meclis başkanlığını yaptı. Hamburg’da başında bulunduğu kürsüyle de irtibatlı olan Der Islam dergisinin editörlüğünü önce kürsüdeki selefi Rudolf Strothmann’la birlikte, ardından tek başına, 1982’den sonra da kürsüdeki halefi Albrecht Noth ile birlikte yürüten Bertold Spuler 6 Mart 1990’da Hamburg’da öldü. Spuler ilgi alanı oldukça geniş şarkiyatçılardan biridir. Üniversitede çeşitli bölümlerin açılmasındaki rolü, yazdığı eserler ve yetiştirdiği talebelerle II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasındaki Alman şarkiyat araştırmalarına önemli katkıda bulunmuştur. Öğrencileri arasında çok sayıda yabancının bulunması ve misafir hoca olarak çeşitli ülkelerde ders vermiş olması sebebiyle şöhreti Almanya dışına taşmıştır.
Spuler’in araştırmalarında onun özellikle tarihçiliği ön plana çıkmaktadır. Orta Asya’dan Avrupa’ya uzanan bir coğrafyada İslâm tarihini (Türk, İran, Moğol ve Arap tarihi) kapsayan çalışmalarından özellikle Die Mongolen in Iran, Die Goldene Horde ve Iran in frühislamischer Zeit başlıklı eserleriyle ilim dünyasında adını duyurmuştur. Çok sayıda Batı ve Doğu dilini bilmesinden dolayı temel kaynakları kullanabilmesiyle takdir edilen Spuler’in tarihçiliği konusunda kendisine çok sayıda eleştiriler de yöneltilmiştir. Bunların başında ileri sürdüğü bazı tezleri belgelerle desteklememesi gelmektedir. Türkiye’de verdiği bir konferansta onun eski Türk tarihi ve Türkler’in anayurdu hakkındaki farklı görüşleri büyük tepki uyandırmıştır (Kafesoğlu, VIII/11-12 [1955], s. 230-233). Mutaassıp bir Katolik kilisesi mensubu olan Spuler’in İslâmiyet’in Doğu’daki Hıristiyanlığı yok ettiğine dair görüşü ise (Busse, LXVII/2 [1990], s. 202) tarihî ve ilmî dayanaktan yoksun bir iddiadır. Spuler, Ortodoks ve Doğu kiliseleri hakkında toplam 100 rapor kaleme almıştır. Bunun yanı sıra Doğu’daki hıristiyan kiliselerinin tarihi ve güncel durumlarını ele alan müstakil eserler ve makaleler yazarak Rus ve Ermeni Ortodoks kiliseleri, Mısır’daki hıristiyan Kıptî kilisesi ve diğer bağımsız küçük kiliselerin siyasî rolleri üzerinde durmuştur.
Onun hayatında dikkat çeken noktalardan biri de 1968 öğrenci hareketlerine karşı olan tavrıdır. Klasik bir disiplin ve eğitim anlayışına sahip olan Spuler, 1960’lı yılların sonunda Hamburg Üniversitesi’nde güç kazanan öğrenci hareketlerine ve öğrencilerin üniversitelerin liberalleşmesi taleplerine karşı çok muhafazakâr bir tavır ortaya koymuştur. Öğrencilerin gösterilerinden rahatsız olup kızgınlık esnasında sert sözler sarfetmesi Spuler’in Nazilik’le suçlanmasına sebep olmuş, Bonn Üniversitesi tarafından bir kürsü başkanlığına adaylığı öğrencilerin tepkisini çekmemek için Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından geri çekilmiştir. Bertold Spuler çok sayıda kitap yanında çeşitli dergi ve ansiklopedilerde yüzlerce makale, kitap tanıtımı ve ansiklopedi maddesi yazmış, birçok kitabın yayımlanmasını sağlamıştır. Eserlerinden bazıları İngilizce, Fransızca, Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça gibi çeşitli dillere tercüme edilmiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Die europaeische Diplomatie in Konstantinopel bis zum Frieden von Belgrad 1739 (Breslau 1935). Doktora tezi olan eser, ayrıca kısaltılarak Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven dergisinde yayımlanmıştır (N. F. 11/1-4 [1935], s. 53-115, 171-222, 313-366). 2. Minderheitenschulen der europaeischen Türkei von der Reformzeit bis zum Weltkrieg (mit einer Einleitung über das türkische [mohammedanische] Schulwesen) (Breslau 1936). Tanzimat’tan I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar Osmanlılar’daki azınlık okullarını ele alır. 3. Die Mongolen in Iran: Politik, Verwaltung und Kultur der Ilchanzeit 1220-1350 (Leipzig 1939; genişletilmiş baskılar, Berlin 1955, 1968; Leiden 1985). Cemal Köprülü tarafından İran Moğolları. Siyaset, İdare ve Kültür: İlhanlılar Devri, 1220-1350 başlığıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (Ankara 1957). 4. Idel-Ural: Völker und Staaten zwischen Wolga und Ural (Berlin 1942). 5. Die Goldene Horde, Die Mongolen in Russland 1223-1502 (Leipzig 1943; genişletilmiş baskı, Wiesbaden 1965). 6. Die Gegenwartslage der Ostkirchen in ihrer völkischen und staatlichen Umwelt (Wiesbaden 1948). Spuler’in Doğu kiliselerinin güncel durumunu ele aldığı eser Die Gegenwartslage der Ostkirchen in ihrer nationalen und staatlichen Umwelt başlığıyla tekrar yayımlanmıştır (Frankfurt 1968). 7. Die Mongolenzeit (Berlin 1948; Leiden-Köln 1953). Bu eseri F. R. C. Bagley The Muslim World A Historical Survey Part II, The Mongol Period adıyla İngilizce’ye (Leiden 1960); Hâlid Îsâ Es‘ad el-ʿÂlemü’l-İslâmî fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-Muġūlî adıyla Arapça’ya (Dımaşk 1402/1982) tercüme etmiştir. 8. Die Chalifenzeit. Entstehung und Zerfall des islamischen Weltreichs (Leiden 1952). İslâm tarihinin halifeler dönemini ele alan eser, F. R. C. Bagley tarafından The Muslim World: A Historical Survey: Part I. The Age of the Caliphs adıyla İngilizce’ye çevrilmiştir (Leiden 1960). 9. Iran in frühislamischer Zeit. Politik, Kultur, Verwaltung und öffentliches Leben zwischen der arabischen und der seldschukischen Eroberung 633 bis 1055 (Wiesbaden 1952). Cevâd Felâtûrî tarafından İran der Ḳurûn-i Nuhustîn-i İslâmî adıyla iki cilt halinde Farsça’ya çevrilmiştir (Tahran 1349/1970, 1364 hş./1985). 10. Die morgenländischen Kirchen (Leiden-Köln 1964). 11. Geschichte der Mongolen. Nach östlichen und europaeischen Zeugnissen des 13. und 14. Jahrhundert (Zürich-Stuttgart 1968). 12. Die Kunst des Islams (Berlin 1973, Janine Sourdel-Thomine ile birlikte). 13. Gesammelte Aufsaetze (Leiden 1980). Spuler’in 1941-1977 yılları arasında çeşitli yerlerde yayımlanan makalelerinden bir kısmının derlenmesinden oluşturulmuş bir kitaptır. Spuler ayrıca meşhur “Handbuch der Orientalistik” serisinin neşrini başlatmış, bu seriden kendi eserlerinin bazılarını yayımladığı gibi çeşitli dillerdeki çok sayıda eseri de neşretmiştir (eserlerin listesi için bk. Türschmann – Hartmann, s. 458-477; Bibliographie der Deutschsprachigen Arabistik und Islamkunde, XVIII, 23-29). Makalelerinden bazıları şunlardır: “Die Mongolen und das Christentum. Die letzte Blütezeit der morgenlaendischen Kirchen” (Internationale Kirchliche Zeitschrift, Neue Folge 28 [Bern 1938], s. 156-175); “Das orthodoxe Patriarchat in Jerusalem. Versuche eines neuen Ausbaus der Rechtslage” (Altkatholisches Volksblatt, LXIX [Baden-Baden 1938], s. 299-330); “Quellenkritik zur Mongolengeschichte Irans” (ZDMG, XCII [1938], s. 219-243); “Mittelalterliche Grenzen in Osteuropa: 1. Die Grenze des Grossfürstentums Litauen im Südosten gegen Türken und Tataren” (Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven , VI [Breslau 1941], s. 152-170).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA J. Hoffmann, Die Ostlegionen 1941-1943: Turkotataren, Kaukasier und Wolgafinnen im deutschen Heer, Freiburg 1976, s. 139-140; Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn, Kahire 1980, II, 475-477; I. Türschmann – A. Hartmann, “Die Wichtigsten Publikationen Bertold Spulers”, Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients: Festschrift für Bertold Spuler zum Siebzigsten Geburtstag (ed. H. R. Roemer – A. Noth), Leiden 1981, s. 458-477; Bibliographie der Deutschsprachigen Arabistik und Islamkunde (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1993, XVIII, 23-29; P. Heine, “Die Imamkurse der Deutschen Wehrmacht im Jahre 1944”, Fremde Erfahrungen. Asiaten und Afrikaner in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz bis 1945 (ed. G. Höpp), Berlin 1996, s. 229-238; Yahyâ Murâd, Muʿcemü esmâʾi’l-müsteşriḳīn, Beyrut 1425/2004, s. 472-473; İbrahim Kafesoğlu, “Haberler: Profesör Dr. Berthold Spuler’in Konferansları”, TD, VIII/11-12 (1955), s. 230-233; “Mitteilungen”, MT, VI (1983), s. 151-152; H. Frei, “Bertold Spuler, 1911-1990”, Internationale Kirchliche Zeitschrift, LXXVI/4, Bern 1986, s. 193-194; H. Busse, “Bertold Spuler (1911-1990)”, Isl., LXVII/2 (1990), s. 199-205; W. Ende, “Bertold Spuler (1911-1990)”, Orient, XXXI, Hamburg 1990, s. 171-172; H. Göckenjan, “Bertold Spuler (1911-1990)”, ZDMG, CXLII/1 (1992), s. 1-2; E. Wolf-Gazo, “On the Bertold Spuler Collection Found in the Library of ISTAC”, al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization , II/2, Kuala Lumpur 1997, s. 291-299; Hasan Eren, “Spuler, Bertold”, TA, XXIX, 388; Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopaedie, Darmstadt 1988, IX, 423-424; Brockhaus Enzyklopaedie, Mannheim 1993, XX, 729.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 422-423 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.