Strategic insights into penalty kick execution: A comprehensive analysis of observable behaviors in the German Bundesliga

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 79 – 100, 30.06.2024

Guilherme Pinheiro , Pascal Feber

https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1459430

Öz

This study aimed to investigate which observable variables would be able to predict the penalty taker strategy; and to identify the prevalence of the penalty taker strategy in successful penalty kicks. Dataset consists of 220 penalty kicks from the German Bundesliga (2019-2021). Video-based performance analysis of in-match penalty kicks was performed. Chi-squared (χ2) test and logistic regression (enter method) analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between observable behaviors and the penalty-taker strategy. The following behavior: gaze behavior at the ball, no deception, number of steps more than 3, perceived ball speed as powerful shot, run up speed fast, penalty kick shot height at the center or down, kicking technique instep kick, and run up approach frontal was related to the goalkeeper independent strategy (χ2 (177) = 211.049, 96%, p < .001). In successful penalty kicks the independent goalkeeper strategy was more adopted (59.87%). The differentiation between penalty kick patterns provides scientific and practical insights as it enables researchers to identify patterns in the German Bundesliga. Through analysis of the kicker's running pattern, deception actions, gaze behavior, and kicking technique, football practitioners may attempt to determine the kicker's favored approach, and ultimately the penalty kick strategy, so they can inform coaching staff and players.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Football, goal scoring, observational methodology, performance analysis, soccer penalty

Kaynakça

• Almeida, C. H., Volossovitch, A., & Duarte, R. (2016). Penalty kick outcomes in UEFA club competitions (2010-2015): the roles of situational, individual and performance factors. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 16, 508-522.
• Altman, D. G. (1991). Practical Statistics for Medical Research. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press.
• Aranda, R., González-Ródenas, J., López-Bondia, I., Aranda-Malavés, R., Tudela-Desantes, A., and Anguera, M. T. (2019). “REOFUT” as an observation tool for tactical analysis on offensive performance in soccer: mixed method perspective. Front Psychol, 10, 1476.
• Azar, O. H., & Bar-Eli, M. (2023). Penalty kicks as cross-fertilization: On the economic psychology of sports. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 8-12.
• Bar-Eli, M., & Azar, O. H. (2009). Penalty kicks in soccer: An empirical analysis of shooting strategies and goalkeepers’ preferences. Soccer & Society, 10(2), 183-191.
• Brinkschulte, M., Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2020). English football players are not as bad at kicking penalties as commonly assumed. Sci Rep, 10, 7027.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2). Auflage. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Comas, G. N., Bardavío, J. S., Nuviala, R., & Miguel, D. F. (2018). Design of an observational instrument for the assessment of penalties in football and analysis of the results obtained (In Spanish). J Sport Psychol, 27, 189-199.
• Dalton, K., Guillon, M., & Naroo, S. A. (2015). An analysis of penalty kicks in elite football post 1997. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 10(5), 815-827.
• Dicks, M., Uehara, L., & Lima, C. (2011). Deception, individual differences and penalty kicks: Implications for goalkeeping in association football. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 6(4), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.4.515
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336-353.
• Fariña, A. R., Gabriel Fábrica, P., Tambusso, S., & Alonso, R. (2013). Taking the goalkeeper’s side in association football penalty kicks. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 13, 96-109.
• Fernandes, T., Camerino, O., Garganta, J., Pereira, R., & Barreira, D. (2019). Design and validation of an observational instrument for defence in soccer based on the Dynamical Systems Theory. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 14, 138-152.
• FIFA, 2018; Retrieved December 22, 2022, from fifa.com
• Gabin, B., Camerino, O., Anguera, M. T., & Castañer, M. (2012). Lince: Multiplatform sport analysis software. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 46, 4692-4694.
• Hüttermann, S., Memmert, D., and Liesner, F. (2014). Finding the happy medium: an analysis of gaze behavior strategies in a representative task design of soccer penalties. J Appl Sport Psychol, 26, 172-181.
• Jamil, M., Littman, P., & Beato, M. (2020). Investigating inter-league and inter-nation variations of key determinants for penalty success across European football. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(5), 892–907.
• Kuhn, W. (1988). Penalty-kick strategies for shooters and goalkeepers. In T. Reilly, A. Lees, K. Davids, and W. J. Murphy (eds.), Science and Football (pp. 489–492). London: E & FN Spon.
• Lames, M. (2006). Modelling the interaction in game sports – Relative phase and moving correlations. J Sports Sci Med, 5, 556-560.
• Lames, M., & Hansen, G. (2001). Designing observational systems to support top-level teams in game sports. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 1, 85-91.
• Lames, M., & McGarry, T. (2007). On the search for reliable performance indicators in game sports. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 7, 62-79.
• Li, C., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Comparison of goal scoring patterns in "The Big Five" European football leagues. Front Psychol, 11, 619304.
• Li, Y., Alexander, M. J. L., Glazebrook, C. M., & Leiter, J. (2015). Prediction of kick direction from kinematics during the soccer penalty kick. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, 3(4), 1-7.
• Memmert, D., & Nöel, B. (2020). The penalty kick: The psychology of success. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport. Moreira, L., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Pinheiro, G. S., & Costa, V. T. (2021). Are there differences in the attention of elite football players concerning playing positions? Sci Med Footb, 6(4), 494-502.
• Noël, B., & van der Kamp, J. (2012). Gaze behaviour during the soccer penalty kick: an investigation of the effects of strategy and anxiety. Int J Sport Psychol, 43, 326-345.
• Noël, B., Furley, P., van der Kamp, J., Dicks, M., & Memmert, D. (2015). The development of a method for identifying penalty kick strategies in association football. J Sports Sci, 33, 1–10.
• Noël, B., van der Kamp, J., & Klatt, S. (2021). The interplay of goalkeepers and penalty takers affects their chances of success. Front Psychol, 12, 645312.
• O’Donoghue, P. (2010). Research methods for sports performance analysis. London: Routledge.
• Oudejans, R.R.D., & Nieuwenhuys, A. (2009). Perceiving and moving in sports and other high-pressure contexts. In M. Raab, J. G. Johnson & H.R. Heekeren (Eds.), Mind and Motion: The bidirectional link between thought and action – Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 174 (pp. 35-48). Elsevier, North-Holland.
• Paterson, G., van der Kamp, J., & Savelsbergh, G. (2020). Moving advertisements systematically affect gaze behavior and performance in the soccer penalty kick. Front Sports Act Living, 1, 69.
• Pinheiro, G. S., Jin, X., Costa, V. T., & Lames, M. (2022). Body pose estimation integrated with notational analysis: A new approach to analyze penalty kicks strategy in elite football. Front Sports Act Living, 12, 661179.
• Pinheiro, G. S., Nascimento, V. B., Dicks, M., Costa, V. T., & Lames, M. (2021). Design and validation of an observational system for penalty kick analysis in football (OSPAF). Front Psychol, 12, 661179.
• Sánchez-Flores, J., Martín-González, J. M., García-Manso, J. M., De Saa, Y., Arriaza-Ardiles, E. J., & Da Silva-Griglotetto, M. E. (2016). Analysis of goals scored in 13 seasons (2000/01-2012/13) in the First Division of the Spanish Professional Football League. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 9(2), 55–61.
• Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Araújo, D., Davids, K., McRobert, A., & Figueiredo, A. (2017). What performance analysts need to know about research trends in association football (2012–2016): A systematic review? Sports Med (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(4), 799-836.
• Soto, A., Camerino, O., Iglesias, X., Anguera, M. T., & Castañer, M. (2019). LINCE PLUS: research software for behavior video analysis. Apunts Educ Fís Deportes, 137, 149-153.
• UEFA, 2018; Retrieved December 22, 2022, from uefa.com van der Kamp, J. (2006). A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy. J Sports Sci, 24, 467-477.
• Wood, G., Jordet, G., & Wilson, M. R. (2015). On winning the “lottery”: psychological preparation for football penalty shoot-outs. J Sports Sci, 33, 1758-1765.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 79 – 100, 30.06.2024

Guilherme Pinheiro , Pascal Feber

https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1459430

Öz

Kaynakça

• Almeida, C. H., Volossovitch, A., & Duarte, R. (2016). Penalty kick outcomes in UEFA club competitions (2010-2015): the roles of situational, individual and performance factors. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 16, 508-522.
• Altman, D. G. (1991). Practical Statistics for Medical Research. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press.
• Aranda, R., González-Ródenas, J., López-Bondia, I., Aranda-Malavés, R., Tudela-Desantes, A., and Anguera, M. T. (2019). “REOFUT” as an observation tool for tactical analysis on offensive performance in soccer: mixed method perspective. Front Psychol, 10, 1476.
• Azar, O. H., & Bar-Eli, M. (2023). Penalty kicks as cross-fertilization: On the economic psychology of sports. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 8-12.
• Bar-Eli, M., & Azar, O. H. (2009). Penalty kicks in soccer: An empirical analysis of shooting strategies and goalkeepers’ preferences. Soccer & Society, 10(2), 183-191.
• Brinkschulte, M., Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2020). English football players are not as bad at kicking penalties as commonly assumed. Sci Rep, 10, 7027.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2). Auflage. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Comas, G. N., Bardavío, J. S., Nuviala, R., & Miguel, D. F. (2018). Design of an observational instrument for the assessment of penalties in football and analysis of the results obtained (In Spanish). J Sport Psychol, 27, 189-199.
• Dalton, K., Guillon, M., & Naroo, S. A. (2015). An analysis of penalty kicks in elite football post 1997. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 10(5), 815-827.
• Dicks, M., Uehara, L., & Lima, C. (2011). Deception, individual differences and penalty kicks: Implications for goalkeeping in association football. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 6(4), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.4.515
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336-353.
• Fariña, A. R., Gabriel Fábrica, P., Tambusso, S., & Alonso, R. (2013). Taking the goalkeeper’s side in association football penalty kicks. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 13, 96-109.
• Fernandes, T., Camerino, O., Garganta, J., Pereira, R., & Barreira, D. (2019). Design and validation of an observational instrument for defence in soccer based on the Dynamical Systems Theory. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 14, 138-152.
• FIFA, 2018; Retrieved December 22, 2022, from fifa.com
• Gabin, B., Camerino, O., Anguera, M. T., & Castañer, M. (2012). Lince: Multiplatform sport analysis software. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 46, 4692-4694.
• Hüttermann, S., Memmert, D., and Liesner, F. (2014). Finding the happy medium: an analysis of gaze behavior strategies in a representative task design of soccer penalties. J Appl Sport Psychol, 26, 172-181.
• Jamil, M., Littman, P., & Beato, M. (2020). Investigating inter-league and inter-nation variations of key determinants for penalty success across European football. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(5), 892–907.
• Kuhn, W. (1988). Penalty-kick strategies for shooters and goalkeepers. In T. Reilly, A. Lees, K. Davids, and W. J. Murphy (eds.), Science and Football (pp. 489–492). London: E & FN Spon.
• Lames, M. (2006). Modelling the interaction in game sports – Relative phase and moving correlations. J Sports Sci Med, 5, 556-560.
• Lames, M., & Hansen, G. (2001). Designing observational systems to support top-level teams in game sports. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 1, 85-91.
• Lames, M., & McGarry, T. (2007). On the search for reliable performance indicators in game sports. Int J Perform Anal Sport, 7, 62-79.
• Li, C., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Comparison of goal scoring patterns in "The Big Five" European football leagues. Front Psychol, 11, 619304.
• Li, Y., Alexander, M. J. L., Glazebrook, C. M., & Leiter, J. (2015). Prediction of kick direction from kinematics during the soccer penalty kick. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, 3(4), 1-7.
• Memmert, D., & Nöel, B. (2020). The penalty kick: The psychology of success. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport. Moreira, L., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., Pinheiro, G. S., & Costa, V. T. (2021). Are there differences in the attention of elite football players concerning playing positions? Sci Med Footb, 6(4), 494-502.
• Noël, B., & van der Kamp, J. (2012). Gaze behaviour during the soccer penalty kick: an investigation of the effects of strategy and anxiety. Int J Sport Psychol, 43, 326-345.
• Noël, B., Furley, P., van der Kamp, J., Dicks, M., & Memmert, D. (2015). The development of a method for identifying penalty kick strategies in association football. J Sports Sci, 33, 1–10.
• Noël, B., van der Kamp, J., & Klatt, S. (2021). The interplay of goalkeepers and penalty takers affects their chances of success. Front Psychol, 12, 645312.
• O’Donoghue, P. (2010). Research methods for sports performance analysis. London: Routledge.
• Oudejans, R.R.D., & Nieuwenhuys, A. (2009). Perceiving and moving in sports and other high-pressure contexts. In M. Raab, J. G. Johnson & H.R. Heekeren (Eds.), Mind and Motion: The bidirectional link between thought and action – Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 174 (pp. 35-48). Elsevier, North-Holland.
• Paterson, G., van der Kamp, J., & Savelsbergh, G. (2020). Moving advertisements systematically affect gaze behavior and performance in the soccer penalty kick. Front Sports Act Living, 1, 69.
• Pinheiro, G. S., Jin, X., Costa, V. T., & Lames, M. (2022). Body pose estimation integrated with notational analysis: A new approach to analyze penalty kicks strategy in elite football. Front Sports Act Living, 12, 661179.
• Pinheiro, G. S., Nascimento, V. B., Dicks, M., Costa, V. T., & Lames, M. (2021). Design and validation of an observational system for penalty kick analysis in football (OSPAF). Front Psychol, 12, 661179.
• Sánchez-Flores, J., Martín-González, J. M., García-Manso, J. M., De Saa, Y., Arriaza-Ardiles, E. J., & Da Silva-Griglotetto, M. E. (2016). Analysis of goals scored in 13 seasons (2000/01-2012/13) in the First Division of the Spanish Professional Football League. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 9(2), 55–61.
• Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Araújo, D., Davids, K., McRobert, A., & Figueiredo, A. (2017). What performance analysts need to know about research trends in association football (2012–2016): A systematic review? Sports Med (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(4), 799-836.
• Soto, A., Camerino, O., Iglesias, X., Anguera, M. T., & Castañer, M. (2019). LINCE PLUS: research software for behavior video analysis. Apunts Educ Fís Deportes, 137, 149-153.
• UEFA, 2018; Retrieved December 22, 2022, from uefa.com van der Kamp, J. (2006). A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy. J Sports Sci, 24, 467-477.
• Wood, G., Jordet, G., & Wilson, M. R. (2015). On winning the “lottery”: psychological preparation for football penalty shoot-outs. J Sports Sci, 33, 1758-1765.

Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

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