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SU KEMERİ Skip to content Üzerinden su kanalı geçen bir çeşit köprü.
İki yüksek arazi arasında alçak seviyedeki vadi, akarsu gibi engellerden suyu aşırmak amacıyla eş yükseltideki iki nokta arasını bağlayan, pâyeler ve kemerler üzerinde yükseltilmiş köprü olup üzerindeki kanallardan akıtılan suyun serbest biçimde akışını sağlamak için çok hassas bir yükseklik ve eğim hesaplaması gerektiren mimarlık ve mühendislik eserlerindendir. Arazinin durumuna göre bazan kilden yapılma künklerle toprağın altından, bazan da kayalık arazilerden kayaların üzerine oyulan kanallar vasıtasıyla taşınan su arazi taşı, kesme taş ve tuğla inşaat malzemesinden ve Horasan harcı kullanılarak inşa edilen kemerli su yollarıyla istenilen yere ulaştırılıyordu.
Bu mimari tipin tarihte bilinen ilk örneği Asurlular’ın milâttan önce 494-490 yılları arasında Kuzey Irak’ta Ninevâ Jervan’da inşa ettikleri su kemeridir. Helenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde bu mimari tipin en gösterişli örnekleri verilmiştir. Milâttan önce 145’te Praetor Marcius’un Roma’ya su getirmek için yaptırdığı, uzunluğu 90 kilometreyi aşan su yolunun 10 kilometrelik kısmında su kemerleri kullanılmıştır. Milâttan önce 33 yılında Agrippa’nın inşa ettirdiği su yolunun 9,5 kilometrelik kısmını su kemerleri oluşturmuştur. 36 yılında yapılan Caligula su yolunun 14 kilometrelik bölümünde su kemerlerinden faydalanılmıştır. İspanya’da İmparator Trajanus devrine ait (53-117) Segovia Su Kemeri çift katlı 109 kemerden oluşur. Romalılar’ın Kuzey Afrika’da Cezayir’in Kostantîne şehrine su getirmek için inşa ettikleri Antonianus Su Kemeri ve Caeserea’ya su taşıyan 16 kilometrelik su yoluna ait 24 m. yüksekliğindeki muhteşem su kemeri önemli örneklerdendir.
İstanbul’da Geç Roma-Erken Hıristiyanlık dönemlerinde yaptırılan en önemli su kemeri olan Bozdoğan Kemeri’nin aslı İmparator Hadrianus devrine ait (117-138) bir su yolunun önemli bir parçası olduğu ve Büyük Konstantinos zamanında onarılarak Trakya’dan getirilen bir su şebekesine bağlandığı kabul edilir. Bu kemer Osmanlı devrinde çeşitli onarımlardan sonra Halkalı su yollarının bir parçası olarak kullanılmıştır (bk. BOZDOĞAN KEMERİ). Aynı döneme ait bir başka su kemeri Mahmutbey-Atışalanı arasında Uzuncaova deresi üzerindeki Mâzul Kemer’dir (Mazlûm Kemer). IV. yüzyıla tarihlenen bu kemer belki de Valens zamanında (364-378) inşa edilmiştir. V. Konstantinos devrinde (741-775) tamir edilmiş olup Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında yapılan tâdilâtlardan sonra Türk devrinde de kullanılmıştır. Kalker taşı bloklarından iki sıra kemerli olarak inşa edilen Mâzul Kemer 110 m. boyundadır.
Anadolu’da Roma dönemine ait çok sayıda su kemeri örneği bulunur. Başlıca örnekler içinde Aspendos’a Köprüçay üzerinden kuzeydeki dağlardan su getiren kemerler II. yüzyıla tarihlenir. 30 metreden fazla yüksekliği olan çift katlı kemerlerden oluşan bu su yolu parçalar halinde günümüze ulaşmıştır. Side’ye Manavgat çayından su getiren 30 km. uzunluğundaki yolun değişik kısımlarında blok taşlarla inşa edilmiş, milâttan sonra II. yüzyıla ait kemerler kullanılmıştır. Antakya’ya Harbiye’den su getiren Trajan Su Kemeri’nin (98-117) kalıntıları halen görülebilir. Kayseri’ye Gürpınar suyunu getiren on üç gözlü kemer 172 m. boyundadır. Nikomedia’ya (İzmit) su taşıyan Üçtepeler Su Kemeri Ağa deresi üzerinde ve 100 m. uzunluğundadır. Bergama’ya Madradağı’ndan su getiren sistemin önemli bir parçası olan tek göz sırasından oluşan su kemerinin kalıntıları günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Bizanslılar Roma dönemi su kemerlerini kullandıkları gibi yenilerini de yapmışlardı. Ephesos’ta Ayasuluk’a doğu yönünden su getiren kemerler kısmen sağlam durumdadır. Mylasa’nın (Milas) doğu kısmındaki su kemeri iki katlıdır. İznik’te Iustinianos devrine ait olması gereken su kemerine ait kalıntılar Lefke Kapısı yakınında görülmektedir. Trabzon’da İmaret deresinin üzerinde 30 m. boyundaki su kemeri Iustinianos devrine tarihlenir. Sumela Manastırı’na su getiren çok gözlü kemer bir yamaca yaslanmış durumdadır.
Osmanlı döneminde imparatorluğun değişik yerlerinde su kemerlerinin inşa edildiği görülür. İstanbul’da sayıları kırk civarında olan önemli örnekler bilinmektedir. Şehrin en önemli su şebekesi olan Kırkçeşme su tesisi üzerinde otuz beş adet kemer mevcut olup bunlardan altısı iki veya üç katlı anıtsal örneklerdir. I. Theodosios devrine (379-395) tarihlenen bu su hattı VII. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren batıdan gelen saldırılar sırasında tahrip edilmiştir. Bu tesis 1554-1563 yılları arasında Mimar Sinan tarafından neredeyse yeniden yaptırılmıştır (bk. KIRKÇEŞME SULARI). Tesisin en muhteşem yapıları Moğlova Kemeri ile (bk. MOĞLOVA KEMERİ) 711 m. boyunda, 25 m. yüksekliğinde iki katlı bir yapı olan Uzunkemer’dir. Aslı Roma dönemine ait olan, fakat Türk döneminde yenilenen kemerlerden biri olarak kabul edilen Kovukkemer (Kırıkkemer) üç kat halinde inşa edilmiştir. Cebeciköy deresi üzerindeki Güzelcekemer (Gözlücekemer) altta sekiz, üst katında on bir göze sahip, dokuz pâyenin taşıdığı 165 m. boyunda bir yapıdır. Tesisin doğu kolu üzerindeki Paşa Kemeri (Balıkzâde Kemeri) 971’de (1563-64) Sinan tarafından yapılmıştır. Cebeciköy deresinin tâli kollarından biri üzerine kurulan Karakemer, Develioğlu Kemeri, Vâlide Kemeri ve Alacahamam Kemeri tek katlı diğer önemli kemerlerdendir.
Yapımı I. Mahmud döneminde gerçekleştirilen Taksim su sistemi üzerindeki kemerlerden en önemlisi yirmi bir gözlü, 400 m. uzunluğundaki I. Mahmud Kemeri’dir. Sadece üstünde kurulmuş olduğu derenin üzerindeki kısmı iki kemer sırası halinde yapılmıştır. Buna göre daha mütevazi boyutlardaki Bahçeköy Kemeri 150 m. uzunluğundadır. Her iki kemerin inşa tarihi 1144’tür (1731-32) (bk. TAKSİM SULARI). Halkalı sularına ait Şirinkemer adıyla da bilinen Ali Paşa Kemeri, Atışalanı-Metris Çiftliği yakınında Ayvalı deresinin kolu üzerinde kurulmuş çift sıra kemerli bir yapıdır. Yuvasından düştükten sonra kaybolan “mâşallah” yazılı taş blok üzerinde 1205 (1790-91) tarihi tesbit edilmiştir. Aynı bölgede Sinan’ın eseri olan Avasköy Kemeri (Yılanlıkemer, Tekkemer) on bir gözlü, tek katlı olup kalker bloklarından inşa edilmiştir. Halkalı sularının Süleymaniye yolu üstündeki tek gözlü Kumrulu Kemer (Akyar Kemeri), üç gözlü Karakemer ve Beyazıt su yolu kesişiminde Turunçlu suyunu şehre taşıyan Paşa Kemeri sıradan su kemerleridir.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde Haseki Hürrem Sultan adına Edirne’nin kuzeydoğusundaki Taşmüsellim, Hıdırağa köyleri ve Kurtalçağı deresi gibi kaynaklardan şehre su getirilmiştir. Tezkirelerde belirtilmemekle birlikte bu tesislerin Selimiye Camii ve Külliyesi’nin inşası sırasında Mimar Sinan tarafından 978 (1570-71) yılı civarında inşa edildiği kabul edilir. Kesme taştan yapılmış, tek sıra halinde sivri kemerlerden oluşan bu su yapıları Hançerli Kemer, Ortakçı Kemeri, Arap Kemeri, Çiftekemer, Kurt Kemeri, Yedigöz Kemeri, Hıdırağa Kemeri, Üçgöz Kemeri, Oğlanlı Kemeri, Hasanağa Kemeri’dir. Zamanla harap olan kemerler 1890’da Edirne Valisi İzzet Paşa tarafından tamir ettirilmiştir.
Kadifekale’deki eski İzmir’e (Smyrna) su getiren Bizans dönemine ait su kemeri Şirinyer’de (Kızılçullu) Kemer çayının üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Üç kat kemerli bu tesis Osmanlı devrinde defalarca onarılarak XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar kullanılmış, aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısı içlerinde Sadrazam Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa tarafından Vezirsuyu diye anılan suyu şehre getiren su yolu ile Vezirkemeri inşa edilince eski su yolları iptal edilmiştir. 160 m. uzunluğundaki Vezirkemeri beden kısmı kaba taştan, sivri kemerleri tuğladan yapılmış, kemer aralarında tuğladan hafifletme kemerleri kullanılmıştır.
Anadolu’daki örnekler içinde Safranbolu’ya su getiren ve İncekaya Köprüsü yakınında bulunan su kemeri Sadrazam Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa tarafından 1794-1798 yılları arasında yaptırılmış, 116 m. uzunluğunda ve 60 m. yüksekliğindeki kemer moloz taş ve harçla inşa edilmiştir; biri büyük, beşi küçük kemerden meydana gelmektedir. Pınarbaşı su kaynağından Kırkgöz suyunu Kahramanmaraş’a taşıyan Akdere Su kemeri 4,10 m. genişliği, 1,10 m. kemer açıklığı olan tek bir sivri kemerle vadiyi aşar. Moloz taş üzerine kesme taş kaplamalı kemer günümüzde harap durumdadır. Hamza Gündoğdu’nun Alâüddevle veya Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman dönemine tarihlediği bu su tesisi (DİA, XXIV, 200) Mehmet Özkarcı tarafından 1618 yılı civarına tarihlenmekte ve bânisinin Bayezidoğulları’ndan Hacı Abdullah Bey olması gerektiği belirtilmektedir (Türk Kültür Varlıkları Envanteri, I, 519). Hârûnürreşîd’in eşi Zübeyde Hanım tarafından Tâif yönünden Arafat’a taşınan suyu (Aynizübeyde suyu) kemerler aracılığıyla Mihrimah Sultan Mekke’ye taşıtmıştır. Mimar Sinan’a mal edilen, Arafat-Müzdelife arasındaki bu kemerler yıkılmıştır.
Balkanlar’da Türk döneminde yaptırılan anıtsal su kemerleri içinde Yunanistan-Kavala’da Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında inşa edilen çift katlı su kemerinde kalın pâyeler arasına atılan alt kat kemerleri üst kata göre daha geniş tutulmuş, üst kat kemerleri arasına altlı üstlü hafifletme gözleri yapılmıştır. Üsküp’ün kuzeybatı kısmındaki Mustafa Paşa Su Kemeri Banya dağından elli beş kemerle su getiren 3800 metrelik bir yapıdır. Bu kemer XIX. yüzyılın başında Hamza Paşa tarafından tamir ettirilmiştir. Kesme taş ve moloz taştan yapılmış, kemerlerinde tuğla kullanılmıştır. Yunan adalarından Ayamavra’ya Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeyken XVI. yüzyıl ortalarındaki imar faaliyetleri sırasında inşa edilen su yoluyla 3 km. uzaklıktaki bir kaynaktan su taşınmıştır. Bu tesisin su kemeri 360 gözden meydana geliyordu. Kıbrıs’ta Limasol-Larnaka arasındaki su kemeri Ebûbekir Paşa tarafından 1746-1750 yılları arasında tek katlı ve üç parça halinde yaptırılmıştır. Avrupa’da XVIII. yüzyılda Kral V. John tarafından Lizbon’da yaptırılan 18 km. uzunluğundaki Aguas Livres Su Kemeri ile 1848 tarihli Marsilya su yoluna ait Roquefavour Su Kemeri bu mimari tipin en muhteşem örneklerdir. Su kemerlerinde uygulanan temel mühendislik esaslarının günümüzde tarım alanlarının sulanmasında kullanılan kanallarda aynen uygulandığı görülmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA K. O. Dalman, Der Valens-Aquädukt in Konstantinopel, Bamberg 1933; Saadi Nazım Nirven, İstanbul Suları, İstanbul 1946; Naci Yüngül, Taksim Suyu Tesisleri, İstanbul 1957, s. 35-36, şekil 21; Ayhan Aytöre, “Türklerde Su Mimarisi”, Milletlerarası Birinci Türk Sanatları Kongresi (Ankara 19-24 Ekim 1959), Kongreye Sunulan Tebliğler, Ankara 1962, s. 45- 69; Arif Müfid Mansel, Side, Ankara 1978, s. 79-94; Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri III , s. 303; a.e. IV , s. 237-238, rs. 108-112; Oral Onur, Edirne Su Kültürü, İstanbul 1985, s. 36, 71, 76; Ünal Öziş, Su Mühendisliği Tarihi Açısından Türkiye’deki Eski Su Yapıları, Ankara 1994; Kâzım Çeçen, Halkalı Suları, İstanbul 1991, s. 121-138; a.mlf., İstanbul’un Vakıf Sularından Taksim ve Hamidiye Suları , İstanbul 1992, s. 66-68; a.mlf., Sinan’s Water Supply System in İstanbul, İstanbul 1992, s. 91-125; a.mlf., The Longest Roman Water Supply Line, İstanbul 1996, s. 42-61; a.mlf., “XVI. Yüzyıldaki Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Yapılan Su Tesisleri”, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Doruğu 16. Yüzyıl Teknolojisi (ed. Kâzım Çeçen), İstanbul 1999, s. 19-53; a.mlf., “Mazul Kemer”, DBİst.A, V, 313-314; a.mlf., “Sukemerleri”, a.e., VII, 53-55; a.mlf., “Kırkçeşme Suları”, DİA, XXV, 476-479; Neriman Meriç Köylüoğlu, Edirne’de Osmanlıdan Günümüze Su Yapıları, Edirne 2001, s. 16-20, rs. 1-2; Mustafa Özer, Üsküp’te Türk Mimarisi, Ankara 2006, s. 160-162, rs. 386-389, şekil 33-34; Mehmet Özkarcı, Türk Kültür Varlıkları Envanteri: Kahramanmaraş, Ankara 2007, I, 519-520; R. Ekrem Koçu, “Bozdoğan Su Kemeri”, TTOK Belleteni, sy. 155 (1954), s. 18; Pakalın, III, 263; “Su Kemeri, Su Yolu”, TA, XXIX, 444-448; Hamza Gündoğdu, “Kahramanmaraş”, DİA, XXIV, 200.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 444-446 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.