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ŞU‘BE b. HACCÂC Skip to content Ebû Bistâm Şu‘be b. el-Haccâc b. el-Verd el-Ezdî el-Basrî (ö. 160/776)
Tebeu’t-tâbiîn neslinden muhaddis, ricâl âlimi.
82-87 (701-706) yılları arasında Vâsıt’ta doğdu. Ailesi hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur, ancak ebeveyninin hadis öğrenmeye meraklı kişiler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Abdülmelik Bekir, s. 15). Ezd kabilesinin mevlâsı olan Şu‘be ilk gençlik yıllarını Vâsıt’ta geçirdi. 110 (728) yılından önce Basra’ya yerleşerek Hasan-ı Basrî’den fıkıh öğrendi. Beşşâr ve Hammâd adlı kardeşleri ilim tahsil etmesi için ömrü boyunca nafakasını üstlenmişlerdir. Gençliğinde şiire merak sarıp uzunca bir süre Tırımmâh et-Tâî’den ders aldı ve Asmaî tarafından, “Şiir konusunda Şu‘be’den daha bilgilisini görmedim” ifadesiyle övüldü. Ancak daha sonra Hakem b. Uteybe’nin etkisiyle hadise yöneldi. Hasan-ı Basrî, Muhammed b. Sîrîn, Şa‘bî, Enes b. Sîrîn, Amr b. Dînâr gibi şahsiyetlere yetişti ve 400’den fazla tâbiîden hadis alarak ashâbü’l-hadîsin en meşhur simalarından biri oldu (Mizzî, XII, 479-489). Kûfe, Mekke, Medine, Bağdat ve Medâin’e yolculuk yapan Şu‘be’nin talebeleri arasında A‘meş, Eyyûb es-Sahtiyânî, İbn İshak, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh, Abdullah b. Mübârek, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Âdem b. Ebû İyâs, Ebû Dâvûd et-Tayâlisî ve Amr b. Merzûk zikredilmektedir. Hocalarının önemli bir kısmı da Şu‘be’den hadis rivayet etmiştir. Şu‘be gönlü zengin, fakirlere karşı merhametli, dünya malına değer vermeyen zâhid bir kimseydi. Onun idarecilerin ihsanlarını kabul etmediği belirtilmektedir.
Hadis ilmi açısından Şu‘be’yi önemli kılan husus, Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yüzlerce rivayetinin bulunması kadar Basra’da sistemli hadis tasnifini ve ricâl tenkidine dair bilgi toplama ve değerlendirme faaliyetini başlatmış olmasıdır (DİA , XXII, 85; XXXII, 170). Hadisin her alanındaki bilgisi dolayısıyla “emîrü’l-mü’minîn fi’l-hadîs” diye anılırdı. Zayıf ve metrûk râviler hakkındaki değerlendirmeleriyle Iraklı âlimlere yol göstermiştir. Şâfiî, “Şu‘be olmasaydı Irak’ta hadis bilinmezdi” diyerek onun bu özelliğine işaret etmiştir. Önceki nesillere ait ilmin dayandığı belli başlı kişilerden olduğu için döneminin meşhur isnadlarında mutlaka adı geçerdi. Hadislerin sağlam bir şekilde tesbitine önem verir, ehil sayılmayanların rivayete kalkışmasını eleştirir, hadis uyduran kimseleri sultana şikâyet etmekle tehdit ederdi. Sahih bir hadis elde etmenin kendisine herkesten ve her şeyden daha sevimli geldiğini söylerdi. Tedlîsi büyük bir suç kabul eder, muan‘an hadisi muttasıl saymazdı. Hocalarının semâları açıkça belirtilmeyen veya kendisinin bilmediği rivayetlerini ve icâzetle rivayeti benimsemezdi. İhtiyatı dolayısıyla sadece sika olarak tanıdığı kimselerden hadis alır, rivayeti perde arkasından duyan kişinin semâını geçerli saymaz, takvâ sahibi olmayan kişilerden hadis rivayet etmezdi. En küçük bir şüphe durumunda rivayetleri terkederdi. Bu sebeple Şu‘be’nin kendilerinden hadis naklettiği kişiler hakkında ayrıca araştırma yapılmadığı söylenmiştir. Bir mecliste en fazla iki hadis öğrenir, bunları hocasından defalarca dinleyip iyice ezberlemeden bir yenisine geçmezdi. Hadisleri yazarak değil ezberleyerek muhafaza ettiği, hadis yazan talebelerine öfkelendiği söylense de hadis imlâ ettiği, başkalarına ait kitapları incelediği, mükâtebe yoluyla hadis aldığı, kitap telif ettiği ve şahsî bir kütüphanesinin bulunduğu bilinmektedir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VII, 228; Abdülmelik Bekir, s. 29, 33, 37-38, 46, 53-54; DİA , XXII, 226; XXVII, 11). Şu‘be’nin hadisle meşguliyetinin ilk yıllarında Râfizîler’in bazı görüşlerini benimsediği, fakat Basralı hadis âlimleriyle yaptığı tartışmalar neticesinde bu görüşlerden vazgeçtiği belirtilmektedir (Hatîb, IX, 260). Kendisine Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa ’da yer verilmesinin bu sebeple olabileceği söylenmektedir (Mv.AU , VI, 195).
Kaynaklarda Şu‘be b. Haccâc’a el-Ġarâʾib fi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kitâbü Şuʿbe , Muṣannefü Şuʿbe , Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm gibi eserler nisbet edilmektedir. Ehil olmayan kişilerin eline geçmemesi için ölümünden sonra kitaplarının imha edilmesini vasiyet etmiş ve oğlu Sa‘d bu vasiyeti yerine getirmiştir. Basra’da ilk musannifler arasında zikredilmesine rağmen günümüzde elde bir eserinin bulunmayışı bu durumla ilgili olmalıdır. Şu‘be’ye ve rivayetlerine dair klasik dönemde yazılan eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: Ahmed b. Hanbel, Kitâbü Ḥadîs̱i Şuʿbe (Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 665); Müslim b. Haccâc, Meşâyiḫu Şuʿbe (a.g.e. , II, 590), er-Ruvât ʿan Şuʿbe (Abdülmelik Bekir, s. 155); Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Begavî, Ḥikâyâtü Şuʿbe ve ʿAmr b. Mürre (Cüzʾ min ḥikâyâti Ebî Bistâm adıyla nşr. Abdullah Muhammed ed-Dervîş, et-Türâs̱ü’l-ʿArabî , II/8 [Dımaşk 1402/1982], s. 120-128); Nesâî, Müsnedü ḥadîs̱i Şuʿbe b. el-Ḥaccâc (DİA , XXXII, 565); Ebû Kureyş el-Kuhistânî, Kitâbü Ḥadîs̱i Mâlik ve Süfyân ve Şuʿbe (Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , II, 766); İbn Hibbân, Mâ ḫâlefe’s̱-S̱evrî fîhi Şuʿbe , Mâ ʿinde Şuʿbe ʿan Ḳatâde ve leyse ʿinde Maʿbed ʿan Ḳatâde ; Taberânî, Müsnedü Şuʿbe (Ḥadîs̱ü Şuʿbe b. el-Ḥaccâc ; bk. Kettânî, s. 83); İbn Adî, Cemʿu eḥâdîs̱i’l-Evzâʿî ve Süfyâni’s̱-S̱evrî ve Şuʿbe ve İsmâʿîl b. Ebî Ḫâlid ve cemâʿat mine’l-muḳıllîn ; İbnü’l-Muzaffer, Ġarâʾibü ḥadîs̱i Şuʿbe (Abdullah b. Abdülazîz el-Gusn tarafından yüksek lisans tezi olarak neşre hazırlanmıştır, DİA , XXI, 148); Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende, Ġarâʾibü Şuʿbe (İbn Hacer el-Askalânî tarafından Tertîbü Ġarâʾibi Şuʿbe li’bn Mende adıyla bablara göre düzenlenmiştir, DİA , XX, 178); Ebû Bekir el-Berkānî, Ḥadîs̱ü Şuʿbe b. el-Ḥaccâc el-Vâsıṭî ; İbn Şâzân el-Bağdâdî, Ḥadîs̱ü Şuʿbe (DİA , XX, 370); Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, Meşâhîru eḥâdîs̱i Şuʿbe (Ebû Nuaym, Ḥilye içinde, VII, 157-209); Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Muʿcemü’r-ruvât ʿan Şuʿbe ; Zehebî, Nefḍu’l-cuʿbe fî aḫbâri Şuʿbe . Abdülmelik Bekir Abdullah Kādî, Şuʿbe b. el-Ḥaccâc ḥayâtühû ve ḥadîs̱ühû adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (Kahire 1401/1981).
Hadis alanıyla yakından ilgilenen bazı müsteşrikler, Şu‘be hakkında çeşitli değerlendirmeler yapmışlardır. Emevîler’le Abbâsîler’i dine yaklaşımları ve ulemâ ile ilişkileri açısından karşılaştıran Goldziher, sünneti bir ilim ve hayat tarzı olarak yerleştirmeye çalışan Şu‘be gibi âlimlerin -kendi deyimiyle- dünyevî Emevî idaresi döneminde değil Abbâsîler sayesinde uygun ortama kavuştuklarını söyler (Muslim Studies , II, 76-77). Goldziher ricâl tenkidinin Şu‘be döneminde başladığını da kabul etmektedir (a.g.e. , II, 135). İsnadların belli bir dönemde birden fazla tarike yayılmasından kuşkulanan Schacht bu tariklerin çoğaldığı noktadaki râvileri “müşterek râvi” diye adlandırır. Ona göre müşterek râviler, içinde yer aldıkları isnadların kendilerinden önceki kısmını uyduran kişilerdir. Schacht bu bağlamda Şu‘be’yi de müşterek râvi saymaktadır. Onun teorisini geliştiren G. H. A. Juynboll de Şu‘be’nin İslâm tarihindeki en velûd müşterek râviler arasında bulunduğunu söyler. Juynboll’e göre, gerçekte var olmayan birçok ismi içeren ricâl literatüründe ve isnadlarda çok sık zikredildiği için inandırıcılığını kaybeden isimlerden biri sayılan Şu‘be’nin itibarı istismar edilmiş ve onunla aynı adı taşıyan bazı uydurma râviler icat edilmiştir (Muslim Tradition , s. 143). Juynboll, genellikle Şu‘be ile çağdaş kabul ettiği bu kişilerin gerçek ve tarihî Şu‘be’den niçin ayırt edilemediği sorusuna cevap vermemektedir. Yine Juynboll’e göre Şu‘be, müşterek râvi sıfatıyla uydurduğu rivayetlerle hadis literatürünü şekillendirmekle kalmamış, bu hadisleri Hz. Muhammed dönemine ulaştırabilmek için uzun ömürlü bazı râviler icat etmiş, Basra’da buna en uygun isim olarak Enes b. Mâlik’i seçmiştir. Kûfeliler’den öğrendiği yaş hilesini kullanan Şu‘be, Enes’in uzun ömürlü, zengin ve çok sayıda evlât sahibi olması için Hz. Muhammed’in yaptığı duanın aktarıldığı haberin de kaynağıdır. Bu hadisin İbn İshak’ta yer almamasından hareketle hadisin o dönemde bilinmediği sonucunu çıkaran Juynboll’ün, belirli bir dönemde tartışılan bir konu hakkında tartışan tarafların ilgili bir hadise işaret etmemesini o hadisin sonradan uydurulduğuna delil saydığı anlaşılmakta, onun bu yaklaşımının hem müsteşrikler hem müslümanlar tarafından eleştirildiği görülmektedir. İbn İshak’ın es-Sîre ’sinde Enes’i Hz. Peygamber’den hemen sonra zikreden, yani onun sahâbî olduğunu gösteren birçok isnad bulunduğu halde Juynboll onun es-Sîre ’deki isnadlarda sadece birkaç defa geçtiğini ileri sürmekte ve bunu iddiası için destek saymaktadır. Schacht sonrası genel çizgiyi takip ederek akîdevî veya hukukî bir kural yahut hükme mesnet olmadıkları sürece tarihî haberleri benimseyen Juynboll, Şu‘be’nin bazı olayları gerçekten naklettiğini kabul etse de araştırmalarında daha çok Schacht’ın son dönemlerde güvenilirliği iyice sarsılmış olan iddialarına dayanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VII, 280-281.
Fesevî, el-Maʿrife ve’t-târîḫ , II, 283-285.
İbn Adî, el-Kâmil , I, 81-93.
Ebû Nuaym, Ḥilye , VII, 144-209.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , IX, 255-266.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , XII, 479-495.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VII, 202-228.
a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 193-197; II, 590, 665, 766.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IV, 338-346.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 417.
I. Goldziher, Muslim Studies (trc. C. R. Barber – S. M. Stern), London 1971, II, 76-77, 135.
Muhammed b. Ca‘fer el-Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müsteṭrafe , Beyrut 1400, s. 83-84.
Abdülmelik Bekir Abdullah Kādî, Şuʿbe b. el-Ḥaccâc: Emîrü’l-müʾminîn fi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kahire 1401/1981, s. 15, 29, 33, 37-38, 46, 53-54, 155-156.
G. H. A. Juynboll, Muslim Tradition , Cambridge 1983, s. 143.
a.mlf., “S̲h̲uʿba b. Al-Hajjāj (d. 160/776) and His Position among the Traditionists of Basra”, Le Muséon , CXI, Louvain 1998, s. 187-226.
a.mlf., “S̲h̲uʿba b. al-Had̲j̲d̲j̲ādj”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 491-492.
Hüseyin b. Kāsım b. Muhammed en-Nuaymî – Hamza b. Hüseyin b. Kāsım en-Nuaymî, İstidrâkât ʿalâ Târîḫi’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî , Cidde 1422, VI, 72-73, 367.
Necm Abdurrahman Halef, İstidrâkât ʿalâ Târîḫi’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî , Cidde 1422, IV, 58-59.
M. Nâsır ez-Zeâyirî, “İbnü’l-Ḥaccâc, Ebû Bistâm el-Vâsıṭî Şuʿbe b. el-Verd”, Mv.AU , VI, 195-200.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 224-226 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.