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SÜKNÂ Skip to content Bir evden veya evin bir bölümünden mesken olarak yararlanma hakkı.
Sözlükte “yerleşmek, oturmak; sükûnet, huzur” gibi mânalara gelen sükûn kökünden türeyen süknâ fıkıhta bir evden veya onun bir bölümünden mesken olarak yararlanma hakkını ifade eder. Kelime yalın halde veya “evin süknâsı” gibi bir eşyaya izâfe edilerek kullanıldığında ilgili kişinin bir malın menfaatinden, içinde kalma şeklinde yararlanma yetkisini belirtirken “zevcenin süknâsı, iddet bekleyen kadının süknâsı” örneklerinde olduğu gibi aile hukuku ilişkilerinden doğan malî hak ve yükümlülükler bağlamında kullanıldığında bu kişilerin uygun bir meskende barınmalarının sağlanması hakkını anlatır. “Süknâ hakkı” şeklindeki kullanımlarda çoğunlukla bu nitelikteki malî haklar söz konusu edilmektedir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de süknâ kelimesi geçmemekle birlikte aynı kökten türeyen kelimeler birçok yerde sözlük anlamlarıyla (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “skn” md.) ve kocanın, boşanma iddeti bekleyen karısını sahip olduğu imkânlar ölçüsünde kendi oturduğu yerde oturtmasını emreden âyette terim anlamıyla (et-Talâk 65/6) yer almaktadır. Hadislerde ise süknâ hem sözlük hem terim anlamıyla yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem, “skn” md.).
Süknâ kavramı fıkıhta değişik bağlamlarda ele alındığından bununla ilgili hükümler fıkıh eserlerinin farklı yerlerine dağılmış durumdadır. “Belirli bir mal üzerinde doğrudan kullanma yetkisi” mânasındaki süknâ bu hakkın kurucu işlemleri niteliğindeki icâre, âriyet, vasiyet, vakıf, iktâ ve sulh gibi bölümlerde; “bu yetkinin borçlu-alacaklı ilişkisi çerçevesinde malî hak/yükümlülük olarak sabit olması” anlamındaki süknâ ise daha ziyade aile hukukuyla ilgili bölümlerde işlenmektedir. Her iki anlamıyla süknâ malî haklardan olmakla birlikte ilkinde bu hak doğrudan mal (ayn) üzerinde kurulmakta, ikincisinde kişinin zimmetinde alacak hakkı (deyn) şeklinde sabit olmaktadır.
Aynî Hak Olarak Süknâ. Bir evde oturmak bir malın (ayn) kullanılmasıyla meydana gelen menfaati ifade ettiğinden süknâ temelde menfaat üzerine kurulu bir haktır. Mutlak süknâ hakkı, sahibine bu menfaatten hem bizzat yararlanma hem de onu hukukî tasarruflara konu yapma yetkisi verir. Bu nitelikteki süknâ bütün mezheplere göre nâkıs milk kapsamında milkü’l-menfaa niteliğinde kabul edilir (bk. MİLK; MÜLK). Süknâ, bazı hallerde kullananın şahsına sıkı sıkıya bağlı ferdî faydalanma yetkisi şeklinde de kurulabilir. Bu durumda süknânın konusu yine eşyanın menfaati olmakla birlikte bunun, sahibi tarafından hukukî işlemlere konu yapılması mümkün değildir. Bu şekilde kurulan süknânın milk mi yoksa ibâha karakterli yararlanma yetkisi mi doğurduğu, milk ise milkü’l-menfaa mı yoksa milkü’l-menfaanın özel ve ondan farklılaşmış bir türü olan milkü’l-intifâ mı olduğu doktrinde tartışmalıdır (aş.bk.).
İslâm hukukunda başkasına ait meskende süknâ hakkı tek taraflı veya iki taraflı iradeye dayalı muhtelif hukukî işlemlerle kurulabilmektedir. Süknâ hakkı doğuran başlıca işlemler şunlardır: a) Kira. Süknâ hakkının en yaygın türü kira akdiyle kurulanıdır. Kiralanan eşyada akdin konusu aynın menfaati olup meselâ konut diye kiralanan evin temel menfaati süknâdır. Bu sebeple akidde oturma kaydı zikredilmese de kira akdiyle doğan hak süknâ hakkıdır. Kira ile elde edilen süknâ bütün mezheplere göre milkü’l-menfaa türünde ve herkese karşı ileri sürülebilen aynî bir hak olarak değerlendirildiği için kiracı bu hakkını akdin ve mevcut örfün gerektirdiği ölçülerde bizzat kullanabildiği gibi süresi içinde kullanılış tarzı değişmemek kaydıyla kira, âriyet vb. hukukî işlemlerle başkasına da devredebilir. Aksi yönde ileri sürülen şartların akdin gereğine ters düştüğü ve fâsid olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Bu hükümde, süknâ hakkının milk karakteri yanında klasik dönem fakihlerinin taşınmaz mallardan oturma şeklinde yararlanmalarda kişilerin şahsının önemli olmadığı yönündeki temel kabulleri etkili olmaktadır (bk. İCÂRE).
b) İâre. Kişi sahip olduğu evi oturması için başkasına karşılıksız olarak verdiğinde alan kişinin ev üzerinde süknâ hakkı doğmaktadır. Klasik İslâm hukuku eserlerinde evin süknâsının bedelsiz devri için çeşitli ifade kalıplarının kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bunlar arasında evin süreli, süresiz veya yaşadığı sürece kaydına bağlı olarak süknâ kılındığı yahut “menfaatinin bedelsiz temlik edildiği” anlamındaki âriyet ifadelerinin yanında evin süknâsının veya menfaatinin hibe kelimesi kullanılarak temlik edildiği örneklere de rastlanır. Menfaatin hibesi evin aynını değil kullanım hakkını devrettiği için yapılan işlemin âriyet hükmünde olduğu kabul edilir. Öte yandan umrâ ve rukbâ işlemlerine bağlı olarak teslim alınan ev üzerindeki kullanma hakkı da bazı fakihlerce âriyet niteliğinde süknâ hakkı diye yorumlanmaktadır (bk. RUKBÂ). İâre akdiyle kazanılan süknâ Mâlikîler’e ve Kerhî dışındaki Hanefîler’e göre milkü’l-menfaa niteliğindedir. Mâlikîler’e göre iâre bağlayıcı olduğu için âriyet alan kişi süknâ hakkını süresi içinde bedelli veya bedelsiz başkasına devredebilir. Hanefîler’e göre iâre bağlayıcı bir işlem olmadığından âriyet verenin açık izni olmadıkça âriyet alanın süknâ hakkını başkasına iâre etmesi tartışmalı olsa da tercih edilen görüş bu işlemin cevazı yönündedir. Fakat Hanefîler’ce kabul edilen, “Kişi mâlik olduğundan fazlasını temlik edemez” kuralına göre âriyet alanın bunu kiraya vermesi câiz görülmemiştir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezhepleri ise iârenin hak sahibine menfaat üzerinde bizzat kullanmanın dışında hukukî tasarruflarda bulunma yetkisi vermediğini dikkate alarak bunun milkü’l-menfaa değil milkü’l-intifâ ya da ibâha karakterli bir yetki doğurduğu sonucuna varmıştır. Hanefîler’den Kerhî de iârenin ibâha karakterli olduğu görüşündedir (bk. ÂRİYET).
c) Vasiyet. İbn Ebû Leylâ, İbn Şübrüme, Zâhirîler ve Mâlikîler’den İbn Abdülber dışında İslâm hukukçularına göre evin menfaati tek başına vasiyet edilebilir. Bu vasiyetin mutlak, süre belirtmeden veya süreyle sınırlı biçimde kurulması geçerlidir. Evin süknâsı vasiyet edildiğinde bu işlem, lehine vasiyet yapılan için kural olarak mûrisin malının üçte birinde geçerli olmak üzere milkü’l-menfaa niteliğinde bir yetki doğurmaktadır. Bundan dolayı fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre aksine kayıt bulunmadıkça bu menfaatin iâresi ve kiraya verilmesi câizdir. Hatta genelde menfaatin vakfını câiz gören Mâlikîler’e göre kira, vasiyet vb. yollarla elde edilen süknâ hakkı süresi içinde başka cihete vakfedilebilir. Şâfiîler’e göre süre ile sınırlı veya kişinin hayatı boyunca istifadesi üzerine yapılan menfaat vasiyeti, ibâha karakterli kullanma yetkisi verip ev üzerinde iâre ve kira gibi tasarruflarda bulunmaya yetkili kılmaz. Mâlikîler de vasiyetin bazı kayıtlarla milkü’l-intifâ veya ibâha ifade edecek şekilde yapılabileceği görüşündedir. Hanefîler’de ise bedelsiz mâlik olunan menfaatin bedelli olarak temliki anlamı taşıdığı için lehine süknâ vasiyet edilen kişinin bunu iâre etmesi geçerli görülse de kiraya vermesi geçerli sayılmamıştır (bk. VASİYET).
d) Vakıf. Gayri menkullerin belirli kişilerin süknâsı gayesiyle vakfedilmesi vakfın en yaygın şekillerinden olup fıkıh eserlerinde vakıfla ilgili meselelerin birçoğu bu nitelikteki vakıflar hakkındadır. Süknânın vakfedilmesi işlemi vakfın çeşidine, vakfedenin şartlarına, lehtar kişilerin durumuna ve mezheplerin menfaat üzerindeki tasarruflara yönelik temel yaklaşımlarına göre lehine süknâ tesis edilen kişiler açısından milkü’l-menfaa, milkü’l-intifâ, ibâha ve hakku’l-ihtisâs niteliğinde yetkiler doğurabilmektedir. Bu hakkın bedel karşılığında devredilip devredilemeyeceği de bu yetkilerin mahiyetine göre değerlendirilmektedir (bk. VAKIF). Ayrıca Osmanlı hukukunda bazı vakıf çeşitleriyle ilgili olarak ortaya çıkan gedik hakkı klasik doktrindeki süknâ kavramıyla temellendirilmekte ve bazan aynı adla ifade edilmektedir (bk. GEDİK).
e) İktâ. Yetkili mercilerin, devlete ait arazi veya emlâkin bir kısmını kuru mülkiyeti devlette kalmak üzere belirli kişilerin kullanma ve yararlanması için tahsis etmesi işlemi, fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre içinde süknâ hakkını da barındıran milkü’l-menfaa niteliğinde bir yetki sağlar.
f) Sulh. Konusu mal olan anlaşmazlıkta bedel olarak süknâ hakkı ve konusu süknâ olan davada bedel olarak mal verilip sulh yapılması câizdir. Her iki durumda gerçekleştirilen işlem kira akdi, verilen mal da süknânın ücreti kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte Mâlikîler, “deynin deyn ile feshi” anlamına geleceği için zimmette sabit alacak hakkına karşılık süknâ hakkının bedel olmasını câiz görmezken aynı cinsten iki menfaat karşılıklı bedel kılınarak icâre akdi yapılamayacağını savunan Hanefîler de süknâ davasından başka bir süknâ karşılığında vazgeçilmesi yoluyla sulh yapılmasını geçerli saymaz. Diğer taraftan davalının zilyedi olduğu evde bir süre oturması üzerine yapılan sulh akdini Hanefîler câiz görürken Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler câiz görmemiştir (bk. SULH).
Alacak Hakkı Olarak Süknâ. Bu anlamıyla süknâ aile hukuku ilişkileri çerçevesinde eş, çocuklar ve belirli akrabalara tanınan mesken hakkını ifade eder. Esas itibariyle nafaka yükümlülüğünün bir parçasını teşkil ettiği için bu konu fıkıh eserlerinde genellikle nafaka ile birlikte işlenir. Nafaka ile aynı hukukî sebeplere bağlı olarak doğan mesken yükümlülüğü hem evlilik hem de hısımlık nafakası kapsamında söz konusu olmaktadır. Fakihler, nafaka hakkı kapsamında evli kadının mesken ihtiyacını karşılama yükümlülüğünün kocaya ait olduğunda görüş birliği içindedir. Aile meskeninin erkek ve kadından hangisinin malî ve içtimaî seviyesine göre belirleneceği hususu tartışılmakla birlikte örf ve âdet dikkate alınmak kaydıyla fıkıh ilkeleri çerçevesinde barınma yerinde aranan asgari vasıfların meskende bulunması şarttır. Meskenin kadının beşerî, dinî ve gündelik ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek, onun can ve mal güvenliğini sağlayacak, aile mahremiyetini ve sırlarını koruyacak nitelikte olması bu özelliklerin başında gelmektedir. Evin mâkul ölçüler içinde döşenmesi ve ev için gerekli eşyanın temin edilmesi mesken yükümlülüğü kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Mesken nafaka yükümlüsünün kendi mülkü olabileceği gibi kira, âriyet vb. yollarla temin ettiği yer de olabilir. Kadının prensip itibariyle tasarrufu kendine ait evde ikamet ettirilmesi gerekmekle birlikte bunun müstakil bina olması şart değildir, bir binanın müstakil bölümü de olabilir. Evde karı ve koca ile birlikte onların hısımlarından hangilerinin barınabileceği konusunda fıkıh mezhepleri arasında bazı görüş ayrılıkları vardır (bk. MESKEN).
Yeni bir nikâha gerek olmaksızın evlilik hayatını sürdürmenin mümkün olduğu boşama türünde (ric‘î talâk) boşanan kadının iddet süresince süknâ hakkının bulunduğu konusunda fakihler arasında ihtilâf yoktur. “O kadınları imkânınıza göre kendi oturduğunuz yerde oturtun” (et-Talâk 65/6) ve, “Onları evlerinden çıkarmayın, kendileri de çıkmasınlar” (et-Talâk 65/1) meâlindeki âyetlerin öncelikle ric‘î talâkla boşanan kadınlar hakkında olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Öte yandan, “Eğer onlar hamile iseler doğum yapıncaya kadar nafakalarını karşılayın” âyeti gereğince (et-Talâk 65/6) kadın hamile ise yeni bir nikâh gerektiren (bâin) talâkla boşanmış olsa da bütün fakihlere göre nafaka ve süknâ hakkına sahiptir. Bununla birlikte nafaka ve meskenin hamile kadın için mi yoksa karnındaki çocuk için mi olduğu konusunda değişik yorumlar yapılmıştır. Hanbelîler’in çoğunluğuna ve Zâhirîler’e göre hamile olmayıp bâin talakla boşanan kadının iddeti süresince süknâ hakkı yoktur. Bu görüşün temel dayanağı, Hz. Peygamber’in bâin talâkla boşanan Fâtıma bint Kays’a nafaka ve süknâ hakkı tanımadığı ve onu iddetini geçirmek üzere Abdullah b. Ümmü Mektûm’un evine yerleştirdiği yönündeki rivayettir (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 41; Müslim, “Raḍâʿ”, 103, 109, 111, 113, 114, 117). Bu görüşte olan âlimler hadisin bazı rivayetlerinde yer alan, “Nafaka ve süknâ kocasının kendisine dönme hakkı bulunan kadın için sabit olur” şeklindeki ilâveyi de (Nesâî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 7) dikkate alarak yukarıdaki âyetlerin sadece ric‘î talâkla boşanmış kadınları kapsadığını ileri sürer. Bu durumdaki kadının süknâ hakkının bulunduğu görüşünde olan Hanefîler ise bu âyetlerin ric‘îbâin ayırımı söz konusu olmaksızın boşanan bütün kadınları içine aldığını savunmakta ve Hz. Ömer ile Âişe gibi sahâbîlerin Fâtıma bint Kays’ın rivayetine yönelik itirazlarını da (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 41-42; Müslim, “Ṭalâḳ”, 40, 46, 54) göz önünde bulundurarak bu hadisle amel edilemeyeceğini belirtmektedir. Mâlikî ve Şâfiîler, söz konusu hadisin delil değerini kabul etmekle birlikte bu durumdaki kadının süknâ hakkının bulunduğunu, Fâtıma bint Kays’ın ise özel durumu sebebiyle bu haktan mahrum edildiğini ileri sürer.
Fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğu, evliliğin boşanma dışındaki sebeplerle sona ermesi halinde kadının iddeti süresince süknâ hakkına sahip olacağı kanaatindedir. Ölen kocanın mallarının mirasçılara intikal etmesi sebebiyle Hanefîler’e göre hamile olsun veya olmasın ölüm iddeti bekleyen kadının süknâ hakkı bulunmaz. Bu durumdaki kadının bir yıl meskende oturması yönünde vasiyet yapılmasını öngören âyet (el-Bakara 2/240) kadına miras hakkı tanıyan âyetle (en-Nisâ 4/12) neshedilmiştir (ilgili rivayetler için bk. Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 2/41, “Ṭalâḳ”, 50; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 42, 45; Nesâî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 60). Şâfiî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe ve bazı şartlarla Mâlikîler’e göre ölüm iddeti bekleyen kadının süknâ hakkı mevcuttur. Bu görüş sahipleri, kocası ölen kadının dört ay on gün iddet beklemesi gerektiğini bildiren âyeti (el-Bakara 2/234) ve Hz. Peygamber’in kocası öldürülen Fürey‘a bint Mâlik’le ilgili uygulamasını (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ, “Ṭalâḳ”, 87; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 42) delil gösterirler. Hanbelîler’e göre, kocası ölen kadının hamile ise süknâ hakkı bulunmakla birlikte hamile değilse bu hakkının bulunup bulunmadığı tartışmalıdır. Nafaka ve süknâ hakları geçerli evlilikler için söz konusudur. Fâsid akidle evli olan veya hukuken muteber bir şüpheyle cinsel ilişkiye girilen kadının nafaka ve süknâ hakkı yoktur; fakat bu durumdaki kadın hamile olup karnındaki çocuğun nesebinin sübûtuna karar verilirse nafaka ve mesken hakkı doğar.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 48-50 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.