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Sözlükte “yapılan iyiliği bilmek ve onu yaymak, iyilik edeni iyiliğiyle övmek; minnettarlık” anlamındaki şükr terim olarak “Allah’tan veya insanlardan gelen nimet ve iyilikten dolayı minnettarlığını ifade etme, nimete söz ve fiille mukabelede bulunma, Allah’a itaat edip günah işlemekten uzak durmak suretiyle nimetin gereğini yapma” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır (Fîrûzâbâdî, el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , “şkr” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “şkr” md.; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XIX, 86). Kuşeyrî, tasavvufun önde gelenlerinin şükrü “derin bir saygıyla nimet sahibinin iyiliğini anmak” diye tarif ettiklerini belirtir (er-Risâle , II, 489). Türkçe’de Allah’a karşı minnettarlık için şükür, insanlara karşı minnettarlık için teşekkür kelimeleri kullanılır. Şükrün karşıtı küfr dür (küfrân ) (nimeti inkâr etme, nankörlük). Şükür hamd (övgü) kavramına yakın bir anlam taşımakla birlikte hamdin kapsamı daha geniştir. Nitekim bir kimse hem iyilikleri hem güzel nitelikleriyle övülür; şükür veya teşekkür ise sadece iyiliklere karşı gösterilen minnettarlığı anlatır (İbnü’l-Esîr, II, 493). Râgıb el-İsfahânî üç türlü şükürden bahseder. Nimeti hatırda tutmak kalple şükür, nimeti vereni övgüyle anmak dille şükür, nimet sahibine lâyık olduğu şekilde karşılık vermek organlarla şükürdür. Ona göre Sebe’ sûresinin 13. âyetinde geçen, “Ey Dâvûd ailesi! Şükür için çaba gösterin” meâlindeki ifade ile şükrün bu üç çeşidine işaret edilmiştir. İsfahânî diğer bir açıdan şükrü yine üçe ayırır. Kendinden üstte olana şükür hizmet, övgü ve dua ile, aynı seviyede olana iyiliğe iyilikle karşılık vererek, aşağı seviyede olana ise onu ödüllendirmekle olur (el-Müfredât , “şkr” md.; eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa , s. 279).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de şükür kelimesi ve türevleri yetmiş beş yerde geçmektedir. Bunların çoğunda Allah’ın nimetleri ve ihsanlarından söz edilmekte, dolayısıyla insanların Allah’a şükretmesi gerektiği bildirilmekte ve şükredenlere verilecek mükâfatlar anlatılmaktadır. Neml sûresinde (27/40) Hz. Süleyman’ın dilinden, “Şükreden ancak kendi iyiliği için şükretmiş olur; nankörlük eden de bilsin ki rabbimin hiçbir şeye ihtiyacı yoktur, O büyük kerem sahibidir” buyurulmaktadır. Fahreddin er-Râzî’ye göre bu âyette şükrün faydasının Allah’a değil kula yönelik olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Zira kul şükrederek Allah’a olan minnet borcunu ödemiş olur, ayrıca şükrettiği için O’ndan daha çok nimet umabilir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXIV, 198). Nitekim diğer bir âyette Allah’ın şükredenlere nimetini arttıracağı belirtilmektedir (İbrâhîm 14/7). Fahreddin er-Râzî, maddî ve mânevî olmak üzere iki türlü nimetten bahsederek söz konusu artışın her iki nimet çeşidini kapsadığını söyler. Çok şükredenlerin daha fazla maddî nimet elde ettikleri görülmektedir. Mânevî nimetin artışına gelince bu nimetin zirvesi Allah sevgisidir. Allah’ın nimetlerine nâil olan kul sürekli O’nun lutufkârlığı ve nimetlerinin çeşitliliği üzerinde düşünür, bu sayede Allah’a olan sevgisi artar. Daha sonra nimetle ilgilenme düzeyini aşarak nimetin sahibine yükselir, ilgi ve sevgisini O’na yöneltir. Böylece şükür mânevî nimetlerin çoğalmasını da sağlamış olur (a.g.e. , XIX, 85-86). Râzî’nin bu açıklamasını daha önce Ebû Bekir eş-Şiblî, “Şükür nimeti değil nimeti vereni görmektir” şeklinde özetlemiştir (Kuşeyrî, II, 492). Âyetlerde Allah’ın insanlara bahşettiği maddî ve mânevî nimetler arasında (meselâ bk. el-Mâide 5/6; en-Nahl 16/14; el-Hac 22/36) çeşitli kusurlarına rağmen onları bağışlaması (el-Bakara 2/52), onlara yardım etmesi (el-Enfâl 8/26), kurtarıcı âyetler göndermesi (meselâ bk. el-Mâide 5/89), duyu ve idrak yeteneği vermesi (en-Nahl 16/78; el-Mü’minûn 23/78; es-Secde 32/9) gibi nimetler sayıldıktan sonra, “Belki şükredersiniz” ifadesiyle nimetin verilişinin insanlar için şükür konusunda bir sınama olduğuna vurgu yapılır. Hz. Süleyman böyle bir sınavdan geçtiğini belirtmiştir (en-Neml 27/40). Aynı ifadeler nimet sahibine şükretmenin ahlâkî bir ödev olduğunu gösterir. Nitekim bazı âyetlerde Allah’ın lutufları sayılarak, “Ne kadar az şükrediyorsunuz! Fakat insanların çoğu şükretmez; hâlâ şükretmeyecekler mi?” gibi ifadelerle bu ödevi ihmal edenler uyarılmaktadır (meselâ bk. el-A‘râf 7/10; Yâsîn 36/35, 73; el-Mülk 67/23).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de şükür kavramı meşkûr şekliyle insanların hayırlı işlerinin karşılığı olarak da kullanılır (el-İsrâ 17/19; el-İnsân 76/22). Ayrıca âyetlerde hem insanlar (Fâtır 35/34; el-İnsân 76/3) hem de Allah için (el-Bakara 2/158; en-Nisâ 4/147) şâkir ve şekûr nitelemeleri geçmektedir. Bazı sûfîler insanlar için kullanıldığında şâkiri “varlığa şükreden”, şekûrü “yokluğa şükreden”; bazıları şâkiri “verildiğinde şükreden”, şekûrü “verilmediğinde şükreden”; bazıları da ilkini “nimete şükreden”, ikincisini “belâya şükreden” diye açıklamıştır (Kuşeyrî, II, 491-492). Bu iki ismin Allah için kullanıldığında “şükrün karşılığını veren” veya daha genel olarak “iyi ve faydalı davranışları dolayısıyla kullarını ödüllendiren ve rahmetiyle günahlarını bağışlayan” mânasına geldiği belirtilir (Taberî, II, 55; IV, 338; VIII, 55-56). Fahreddin er-Râzî’ye göre şükür kavramı Allah hakkında mecazi mânada kullanılır (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , IV, 161). Kuşeyrî ise bu bağlamda şekûr isminin “Allah’ın az amele bol sevap vermesi” anlamını içerdiğini belirtir (er-Risâle , II, 489). Bir âyette kulun hem Allah’a hem de ana babasına minnettarlığını göstermesi “şükret” emriyle (Lokmân 31/14), diğer bir âyette genel olarak insanların birbirine teşekkürü şükûr kelimesiyle (el-İnsân 76/9) ifade edilmiştir.
Hadislerde şükür kavramı hem “verdiği nimetten dolayı kulun Allah’a minnettar olması” hem “Allah’ın kullarının şükrüne karşılık vermesi, iyiliklerini ödüllendirmesi” hem de “insanların birbirine teşekkür etmesi” mânasında geçmektedir. Bazı hadis kitaplarında şükürle ilgili özel başlıklar bulunur (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “şkr” md.). “Aza şükretmeyen çoğa da şükretmez” meâlindeki hadis (Müsned , IV, 278, 375) şükrün insanlarda karakter haline gelmesi gerektiğine işaret eder. Diğer bir hadiste, “Allah’a şükretmeyen insanlara teşekkür etmez, insanlara teşekkür etmeyen Allah’a şükretmez” denilmiştir (Müsned , II, 258, 295, 303; Tirmizî, “Birr”, 35). İbnü’l-Esîr’e göre bu hadis, “Bir kimse kendisine yapılan iyiliğe teşekkür etmeyip iyiliği nankörlükle karşılarsa Allah da onun kendisine şükrünü kabul etmez” anlamına gelir (en-Nihâye , II, 494). Belâya sabretmenin de nimete şükretmenin de mümine sevap kazandırdığını bildiren hadis (Müsned , IV, 332, 333; Müslim, “Zühd”, 64) her durumda iyimser olmayı telkin etmektedir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin aktardığı bir yoruma göre, “Yemek yiyip şükreden oruç tutup sabreden gibidir” meâlindeki hadiste (Müsned , II, 283, 289; Buhârî, “Eṭʿime”, 56) şükrün sevabının sabrın sevabından daha az olacağı yolundaki anlayışın yanlışlığı ortaya konmaktadır. İbn Hacer’e göre bu hadis, “Şükreden zengin mi, sabreden fakir mi daha üstündür?” şeklindeki tartışmaya dair olup bunların eşdeğerde sayıldığını gösterir; bu hususta değer farkı kişilere ve onların içinde bulunduğu durumlara göre değişir (Fetḥu’l-bârî , XX, 287). Şükür kavramının Allah’a nisbeti hadislerde de yer almaktadır. Dikenli bir dalı yoldan kaldıran, susuzluktan kıvranan bir köpeğe su içiren kimselerin bu davranışları, “Allah ona şükretti ve onu cennetine koydu” sözleriyle değerlendirilmiştir (Müsned , II, 375, 521, 533; Buhârî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 33, “Eẕân”, 32; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 27, 160). Kuşeyrî’ye göre kulun Allah’a şükrü O’nun kendisine olan ihsanını anarak O’na hamdetmesi, Allah’ın kuluna şükrü de yaptığı iyiliği anıp onu övmesidir (er-Risâle , II, 489-490).
İslâm ahlâkı ve edep literatüründe şükür konusuna ayrılan bölümlerde genellikle bu husustaki âyet ve hadislerle manzum ve mensur güzel sözlerin aktarılmasıyla yetinilmiştir (meselâ bk. İbn Kuteybe, II, 177-194; İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Beyhakī, s. 148-152, 153-154; İbn Abdülber, I, 310-318; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, s. 78-79, 292-294). İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ’nın eş-Şükr başlıklı risâlesinde de aynı yöntem izlenmiştir (Mevsûʿatü Resâʾili İbn Ebi’d-Dünyâ , III içinde, Beyrut 1414/1993). Şükür konusu ağırlıklı biçimde tasavvufî-ahlâkî eserlerde incelenmiş olup bunların en önemlisi Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’idir. Kırk ana bölümden oluşan eserin 32. bölümü “Sabır ve Şükür” başlığını taşır (IV, 60-141). Gazzâlî burada, “Şükrederseniz size daha fazlasını veririm” meâlindeki âyeti (İbrâhîm 14/7) zikrettikten sonra başka âyetlerin de işaretiyle bu fazlalığın zenginlik, duaya icâbet, bağışlama ve tövbelerin kabulünde olacağını söyler. Ayrıca Yûnus sûresinin 10. âyetiyle Zümer sûresinin 74. âyetine dayanıp cennete gireceklerin ilk sözlerinin şükür olacağını ifade eder. Sâliklerin makamlarından olan şükür ilim, hal ve amelden oluşur. İlim hali, hal ameli doğurur. İlim nimetin nimet sahibinden olduğunu bilmek, hal ise O’nun ihsanından doğan sevinçtir; amel de nimet sahibinin istediğini yapmaktır. Amelin kalp, organlar ve dille ilgili yönlerinin bulunduğunu, şükrün anlamını kavrayabilmek için bu üç yönün açıklığa kavuşturulması gerektiğini söyleyen Gazzâlî ilim, hal ve amel kavramlarını şükürle ilgisi bakımından geniş biçimde tahlil eder. Şükrün hakikatini anlayabilmek için öncelikle var olan her şeyin nimet olduğunu ve bütün nimetlerin Allah’tan geldiğini bilmek gerekir. Bu aynı zamanda tevhid bilgisidir, nimeti başkasından bilmek ise bir tür şirktir. Şükrün hal düzeyinde nimeti ve nimete kavuşmayı önemsemeyip bizzat nimet sahibinden dolayı sevinmek gerekir. Bu durumda şükrün amacı nimetin kendisi değil onu veren olduğundan kul elindeki varlığı Allah’ın rızası uğruna ve O’nun istediği şekilde harcar. Bu halin işareti dünyanın sırf âhiretin tarlası olduğu için sevilmesidir. Amel yönünden şükrün kalp, dil ve organlarla ilgisi vardır. Kalbin şükrü bütün yaratılmışlar için iyilik düşünmek, dilin şükrü Allah’a minnettarlığını ifade etmek, organların şükrü Allah’ın verdiği nimetleri O’na itaat sayılacak şekilde kullanmaktır. Buna göre Kuşeyrî’nin de kaydettiği gibi (a.g.e. , II, 494) gözün şükrü başkalarında görülen kusuru örtmekle, kulağın şükrü duyulan kusurları ifşa etmemekle olur. Gazzâlî’ye göre Allah, razı olduğu ve olmadığı şeyleri ayırt etmesini sağlamak için katından gönderdiği vahiy bilgileriyle insana kalp basîreti vermiştir. Dinin hükümlerine uymayanlar şükür vecîbesini yerine getiremeyecekleri gibi basîretlerini kullanarak ibret gözüyle evrendeki gerçekleri, yaratılıştaki hikmetleri kavrayamayanlar da var olan şeylerin gerçek anlamlarına ulaşmaktan uzak kalacakları için yine nimetin değerini anlayamaz ve şükrünü eda edemezler, bu ise bir nankörlüktür. Gazzâlî, şükürle sosyal dayanışma ve paylaşma arasında ilişki kurarak ekonominin temel bir ilkesine dikkat çeker. Buna göre Allah’a giden yol O’na itaat etmek ve halkın geçimini sağlamaktan geçer (İḥyâʾ , IV, 95). Altın ve gümüşün yaratılışındaki hikmet onları tedavülde tutup insanların refahına katkıda bulunmaktır. Bunları saklayarak tedavüle çıkarmamak ise şükür görevini yerine getirmemektir. “Altın ve gümüşü biriktirip de Allah yolunda harcamayanları acıklı bir azapla müjdele!” meâlindeki âyeti (et-Tevbe 9/34) bu yönde yorumlayan Gazzâlî bunun ancak hikmet bilgisiyle öğrenilebileceğini ifade etmekte, sahip olduğu nimete ihtiyaç duyulduğu halde bunu önemsemeyenleri zalim ve nankör diye nitelemektedir (a.g.e. , IV, 90-94).
Şükrün mü yoksa sabrın mı daha faziletli olduğu yolundaki meşhur tartışmayı da ele alan Gazzâlî, değişik durumlara göre sabrın veya şükrün daha faziletli sayılabileceğini delilleriyle açıklamakta, sonuçta sabrın ve şükrün değerinin bunları yerli yerince yapmaya bağlı olduğunu belirtmektedir. Kişiyi itaate ve hayırlı işlere yönelten şükür sabırdan daha üstündür ve böyle bir şükür sabrı da içerir. Çünkü nimetleri kötü yolda kullanmaktan sakınıp hayır yolunda kullanmanın zorluğuna katlanmak da bir sabırdır. Buna karşılık sabreden bir fakir malını faydasız işlerde harcayan bir zenginden daha üstündür. Her iki durumda da önemli olan sabır veya şükür sayılan davranışların görünüşü değil bunların içini dolduran mânevî ve ahlâkî özdür. Kendisine sabrın mı yoksa şükrün mü daha üstün olduğunu soranlara Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî, “Ne zenginin övülmesi varlıklı oluşundan ne de fakirin övülmesi yoksulluğundan dolayıdır; bunların değeri şartlarının yerine getirilmesine bağlıdır” cevabını vermiştir. “Yemek yiyip şükreden oruç tutup sabreden gibidir” meâlindeki hadis de bu gerçeğe işaret etmektedir. Gazzâlî, varlıklar dünyasındaki sayısız nimetleri inceleyip bunlardan dolayı ne kadar çok şükredilmesi gerektiğine ve bu açıdan şükrün çeşitlerine dair İḥyâʾ da yaptığı geniş açıklamaları (IV, 109-123) hatırlatarak bunlardan başka şükür çeşitlerinin de bulunduğunu söylemektedir. Buna göre, kulun Allah’ın nimetlerinin kendisine peş peşe gelmesinden dolayı bu kadarına lâyık olmadığı için mahcubiyet duyması şükürdür; şükürden âciz olduğunu itiraf etmesi, şükrünün azlığından yakınması, kendi şükrünün de Allah’ın lutuflarından sayıldığını bilmesi şükürdür. Yine nimetlerden dolayı kibre kapılmaması, nimetlere vesile olanlara teşekkür etmesi, nimet sahibinin huzurunda edebini koruması, aşırı talepkâr davranmaması, nimetleri güzellikle kabul edip en küçüğüne bile razı olması şükürdür (a.g.e. , IV, 141). Nimet veren veya bir sıkıntıdan kurtaran Allah’a şükran ifadesi olarak yapılan secdeye şükür secdesi denir (bk. SECDE ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , II, 493-494.
Müsned , II, 258, 278, 283, 289, 295, 303, 375, 521, 533; IV, 278, 332-333, 375.
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa (nşr. Ebü’l-Yezîd el-Acemî), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 279-281.
İbn Kuteybe, ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr , II, 177-194.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Beyrut 1412/1992, II, 55; IV, 338; VIII, 55-56.
İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Beyhakī, el-Meḥâsin ve’l-mesâvî (nşr. Muhammed Süveyd), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 148-152, 153-154.
İbn Abdülber, Behcetü’l-mecâlis , I, 310-318.
Kuşeyrî, er-Risâle , II, 488-497.
Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, el-Âdâb (nşr. Ebû Abdullah Saîd el-Mendûh), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 78-79, 292-294.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , IV, 60-141.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , IV, 161; XIX, 85-86; XXIV, 198; XXV, 249.
İbn Hacer, Fetḥu’l-bârî (Sa‘d) , XX, 287.
Sâlim b. Muhammed el-Karanî, “Ḥaḳīḳatü’ş-şükr beyne’s-selefi’ṣ-ṣâliḥ ve’l-Ḳaderiyye”, Mecelletü Câmiʿati’l-İmâm Muḥammed b. Suʿûd el-İslâmiyye , sy. 41, Riyad 1424/2003, s. 247-343.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 259-261 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.