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SULEYHÎLER Skip to content Yemen’de hüküm süren bir Şiî hânedanı (1047-1138).
Kurucusu Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed es-Suleyhî, Himyerî asıllı olup Hemdân kabilesine mensuptur. Hânedan adını muhtemelen kabile reislerinden Suleyh’e (İbn Hallikân, III, 415) veya Harâz’a bağlı Aslûh’a (Kādî Hüseyin b. Ahmed el-Arşî, s. 24) nisbetle almıştır. Şâfiî fakihi ve kadısı olan babası Muhammed b. Ali es-Suleyhî, San‘a’nın güneybatısındaki Harâz bölgesinde yaşayan çok etkili bir kişi idi. Harâz’da Şâfiî mezhebine göre yetiştirilen Ali gençlik yıllarında, babasının nüfuzundan yararlanmak maksadıyla sık sık kendilerini ziyarete gelen İsmâilî dâîsi Âmir b. Abdullah ez-Zevâhî ile tanıştı. Zeki bir çocuk olan Ali’ye İsmâilî öğretisini benimseten Zevâhî talebesinin yeterli düzeye geldiğini görünce kendisini halifeliğine tayin etti; ölmeden önce kitaplarını ve mirasını Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh’ın onayıyla ona bıraktı.
Daha önceki Şiî dâîlerinden farklı bir yol izleyen Suleyhî on beş yıl boyunca Yemen-Mekke hac yolunda rehberlik yaptı ve bu sırada İmâmiyye mezhebince davette bulundu; bu politikasında başarı kazanınca Yemen’in pek çok bölgesinden çeşitli grupları çevresine topladı. Ancak güçlendiği ve isyan edeceği haberinin yayılması üzerine Lihâb hâkimi İbn Cevher bölgesinde bulunan onun yandaşlarına saldırarak çoğunu esir aldı. Bu durum karşısında Suleyhî isyan etti ve Cebelimesâr’ı ele geçirerek İsmâilî davetini yaymak için oraya yerleşti (439/1047 veya 429/1038). Bu arada Tihâme hâkimi Necâh’tan çekindiği için asıl maksadını gizleyip onunla iyi ilişkiler kurmaya özen gösterdi. Suleyhî’nin bu başarısı çevredeki hükümdarların tepkisini çekti ve önce Sa‘de hâkimi Ca‘fer b. Kāsım b. Ali el-İânî, ardından Yemen’in batısında hüküm süren Ca‘fer b. Abbas eş-Şâverî saldırıya geçti. Fakat Ali ikisini de yendi ve özellikle Ca‘fer b. Abbas’tan büyük miktarda ganimetle Harâz bölgesinin tamamını aldı; daha sonra Ebû Hâşid el-Hâşidî’yi yenilgiye uğratarak San‘a’yı ele geçirip merkez edindi (440/1048). Onun Yemen’in başşehri San‘a’ya hâkim olup kendine merkez yapması bu defa Sa‘de hâkimi Zeydî İmam Ebü’l-Feth ed-Deylemî’nin saldırısına yol açtı; ancak imam 444’te (1052) Necdülcâh’ta yapılan savaşta yenildi ve maktul düştü. 445’te (1053-54) Senâ da Suleyhîler’in eline geçti. 448 (1056) yılında bölgede hüküm süren Selâme b. Dahhâk el-Hâşidî, Ali b. Za‘fân el-Hâşidî ve Abdullah b. Ca‘fer b. Kāsım el-İânî ittifak kurup güçlerini Hâz’da bir araya getirdilerse de Suleyhî atik davranarak onları yendi ve Hirâbe’yi zaptetti. O sırada Necâh ile ilişkileri bozulan Suleyhî, Zerâib’de yapılan savaşta onu ve müttefiklerini mağlûp etti (450/1058). Ardından kendisi için tehdit gördüğü Necâh’ı dostluk kurup hediye ettiği bir câriye vasıtasıyla zehirleterek Zebîd’i ele geçirdi (452/1060). Bu başarılarından sonra Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh’tan Yemen’de açıktan davette bulunmak için izin aldı ve yönetimini ona onaylattı. Ardından Hadramut, Güney Yemen ve Aden bölgelerindeki küçük emirlikleri kendine bağlayan Suleyhî, Abbâsî halifesine tâbi Mekke şerifi Ebû Abdullah Şükr b. Ebü’l-Fütûh el-Hüseynî’ye karşı Müstansır-Billâh’ın da isteğiyle bir sefer düzenlemek için harekete geçti. Zilhicce 454 (Aralık 1062) hac mevsiminde büyük bir kuvvetle Mekke’ye geldiğinde Şerif Şükr b. Ebü’l-Fütûh’un öldüğünü ve yerine Muhammed b. Ca‘fer b. Ebû Hâşim el-Hüseynî’nin geçmiş olduğunu gördü. Mekke’de işleri düzene koyan ve hutbeyi tekrar Fâtımî halifesi adına okutan Suleyhî halka çok iyi davrandı ve idareyi yine Muhammed b. Ca‘fer’e bırakarak ertesi yıl Yemen’e döndü ve ülkenin tamamına hâkim oldu.
Necâh’ın Ali es-Suleyhî tarafından öldürülmesinin ardından iki oğlu Kızıldeniz’deki Dehlek adasına kaçtı ve Suleyhî’ye karşı mücadelelerini oradan sürdürmeye başladı. 459 (1067) yılında yerine oğlu el-Melikü’l-Mükerrem Ahmed’i vekil bırakarak hânedan mensuplarını ve bölgenin eski hâkimlerini yanına alıp hacca giden Suleyhî, Mehcem şehri yakınlarında Necdülcâh Necâh’ın büyük oğlu Saîd el-Ahvel’in saldırısına uğradı, kardeşi ve hânedanın diğer mensuplarıyla birlikte öldürüldü, hanımı da esir alındı (tarih konusundaki tartışmalar için bk. Umâre el-Yemenî, s. 55). Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed es-Suleyhî döneminde Yemen’in birliği sağlanmış, Fâtımîler’e sembolik bir itaat göstermenin ve hediye göndermenin dışında bağımsız hareket edilmiştir. Suleyhî, Yemen’de halkın çoğunluğunu teşkil eden Sünnîler’e karşı çok müsamahalı bir politika izlemiş ve Şiî olmayanlara mezheplerini istedikleri gibi yaşama hakkı vermiştir. Hac yollarını ıslah ederek güvenlik altına almış, ülkede istikrarın sağlanması sebebiyle iktisadî hayat ve ticaret canlanarak fiyatlar ucuzlamıştır.
Ali es-Suleyhî’nin ölümünün ardından yerine oğlu el-Melikü’l-Mükerrem Ahmed es-Suleyhî geçti. Fakat hâkim olduğu hemen her yerde isyanlar çıktı; kendisi de San‘a’da muhasara edildi. Öncelikle Yemen’de çıkan isyanları bastıran Mükerrem annesini ellerinde esir tutan Necâhîler üzerine yöneldi ve 460 (1068) yılında Zebîd yakınında yapılan savaşı kazanarak şehre girdi ve annesini kurtardı. Ardından bu mücadelesi sırasında tekrar isyan eden kabileleri itaat altına aldı. Ancak San‘a’ya döndüğünde Necâh’ın oğlu Saîd el-Ahvel’in Zebîd’i yeniden ele geçirdiğini öğrendi ve onu mevzilendiği Cebelüşşair’de yenerek öldürttü. Bir müddet sonra felç geçiren el-Melikü’l-Mükerrem Ahmed devlet işlerini çok zeki bir kadın olan karısı Seyyide Hürre Ervâ bint Ahmed’e bıraktı. Seyyide Hürre devlet merkezini San‘a’dan Zûcible’ye taşıttı. el-Melikü’l-Mükerrem 477 (1084) yılında ölmeden önce yerine önemli devlet adamlarından Ebû Himyer Sebe b. Ahmed b. Muzaffer es-Suleyhî’nin geçmesini vasiyet etti. Ancak Seyyide Hürre, Fâtımî halifesinin de onayını alarak çocuk yaştaki oğlu Ali’yi tahta çıkardı ve yönetimi daha etkin biçimde eline aldı. Bu dönemde Zebîd, Necâhîler tarafından ele geçirildi (482/1089).
Seyyide Hürre devleti danışmanları ve valileri vasıtasıyla yönetiyor, bunların başında da Sebe b. Ahmed es-Suleyhî geliyordu. Ancak genç hükümdarın ölümünün ardından Sebe b. Ahmed tekrar tahtta hak iddia etti ve durumunu güçlendirmek için yaptığı evlenme teklifini reddeden Ervâ’ya karşı düşmanca bir tutum takındı. Bunun üzerine halifenin emriyle taraflar -kâğıt üzerinde kalan- bir evlilik akdi imzaladılar. Sebe 491 (1098) yılında öldü ve San‘a da Suleyhîler’in elinden çıktı. Ervâ, Sebe’nin ölümünden sonra devletin en güçlü kişisi haline gelen Ta‘ker Valisi Mufaddal b. Ebü’l-Berekât’la istişareye başladı; devletin hazinesini de ona emanet etti. Necâhîler’e karşı başarılı mücadele veren Mufaddal 504’te (1110) öldü. Ervâ önceleri devlet işlerinde Mufaddal’ın amcasının oğlu Taiz Valisi Es‘ad b. Ebü’l-Fütûh el-Himyerî’yi danışman seçtiyse de bir müddet sonra Kahire’ye mektup yazarak devlet işlerinde danışacağı birini istedi. Fâtımî Veziri Efdal b. Bedr el-Cemâlî 513 (1119) yılında İbn Necîbüddevle’yi gönderdi. Merkez olarak Cened’e yerleşen İbn Necîbüddevle, Güney Yemen’de sükûneti sağladı. 519’da (1125) Ervâ’nın yaşlandığını ve artık devleti yönetmeye ehil olmadığını ileri sürdü. Ervâ’nın taraftarları onu Cened’de kuşattılar. Yakalanan İbn Necîbüddevle, Ervâ tarafından Mısır’a gönderildiği sırada yolda öldü (529/1135). Küçük Belkıs lakabıyla da tanınan ve vasiyeti İsmâilî akîdesiyle ilgili çok önemli bir tarihî belge niteliği taşıyan Seyyide Hürre Ervâ 532 (1138) yılında doksan yaşlarında öldüğünde Suleyhîler’e ait şehir ve kalelerin birçoğu Zürey‘îler’in eline geçmişti. Ancak Suleyhîler’e mensup bazı emîrler VI. (XII.) yüzyıl sonlarına kadar bazı kaleleri ellerinde tutmaya devam ettiler. Çeşitli imar faaliyetlerinde bulunan Suleyhîler, Yemen’in tarihinde önemli rol oynayan hânedanlardan biridir. Suleyhîler döneminde yaşayan İbn Mâlik el-Hammâdî Keşfü esrâri’l-Bâṭıniyye adıyla bir eser yazmıştır.
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