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SÜLEYMAN b. ABDÜLMELİK Skip to content Ebû Eyyûb Süleymân b. Abdilmelik b. Mervân b. el-Hakem el-Ümevî (ö. 99/717)
Emevî halifesi (715-717).
55-60 (675-680) yılları arasında Medine’de doğdu. Babası Abdülmelik b. Mervân, annesi Gatafân kabilesinden Vellâde bint Abbas b. Caz’dır. Çocukluğunun ilk yıllarını bâdiyede dayılarının yanında geçirdi (Belâzürî, Ensâb , VIII, 99). Daha sonra Dımaşk’ta kardeşleri Velîd ve Mesleme ile birlikte özel hocaların gözetiminde yetişti. Oğullarının eğitim durumunu bizzat takip ederek bazan onları imtihan eden Abdülmelik hocalardan onlara Kur’an okumayı, bir idareci için önemli olan güzel konuşmayı ve şiiri öğretmelerini, ayrıca güzel ahlâk konusunda bilgilendirmelerini isterdi.
81 (701) yılında hac emirliği görevini yürüten Süleyman 85’te (704) babası Abdülmelik tarafından ağabeyi Velîd’in ardından ikinci veliaht tayin edildi. Velîd’in halifeliğinde Cündifilistin valisi oldu. Bu sırada Kudüs’e yaklaşık 45 km. uzaklıkta Remle şehrini kurdurdu ve orayı yönetim merkezi yaptı. Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî tarafından Horasan valiliğinden azledildikten sonra tutuklanan Yezîd b. Mühelleb 90 (709) yılında hapisten kaçıp Remle’ye geldi ve Süleyman’a sığındı. Haccâc’ın göstereceği şiddetli tepkiye rağmen Yezîd’in teklifini kabul eden Süleyman halifeye mektup yazarak Yezîd’in affedilmesini istedi. Velîd, Yezîd’in kendisine gönderilmesinde ısrar edince onun affedilmesini sağlayabilmek için oğlunu da birlikte gönderdi, ayrıca Yezîd’in hazineye ödemesi gereken parayı ödemeyi üzerine aldı. Neticede Süleyman’ın mektubu ve yeğeninin ısrarları ile Velîd, Yezîd b. Mühelleb’i affetti. Serbest bırakılınca Remle’ye dönen Yezîd, Süleyman’ı Haccâc’a karşı tahrik etmeye devam etti.
I. Velîd, halifeliğinin son yıllarında oğlu Abdülaziz’i veliaht yapmak için Süleyman’dan veliahtlık hakkından feragat etmesini istedi. Süleyman buna yanaşmayınca vali ve kumandanlarının yardımına başvurdu. Bu konuda Haccâc ve Horasan Valisi Kuteybe b. Müslim onun yanında yer alırken Ömer b. Abdülazîz, Süleyman’ı destekledi ve bu teklife karşı kesin bir tavır aldı. Neticede durum iki kardeş arasında derin bir husumete yol açtı. Hatta Velîd’in, yanına çağırdığı Süleyman emrine uymayınca onu yola getirmek maksadıyla sefer hazırlığına başladığı, ancak bu sırada hastalanıp vefat ettiği bildirilmektedir (Taberî, VI, 499). Bu teşebbüs, Süleyman’ın Haccâc’a ve onun adamı Kuteybe’ye duyduğu öfkeyi körükledi, halifelik kendisine geçtiğinde bunun hesabını sormaya karar verdi. Karşı taraf da bunu biliyordu. Nitekim Haccâc’ın onun intikamının korkusuyla Velîd’den önce ölüp Süleyman’ın halifeliği dönemine kalmamak için dua ettiği söylenir.
I. Velîd vefat edince o sırada Remle’de bulunan Süleyman, Kudüs’te halife olarak biatları kabul etti (Cemâziyelâhir 96 / Şubat-Mart 715). Yezîd b. Mühelleb’i yanına alıp Dımaşk’a gitti. Süleyman’ın ilk icraatları Haccâc tarafından hapse atılmış olan binlerce mahkûm için umumi af ilânı, sürgünlerin yerlerine dönmesine izin verme, esirleri serbest bırakma ve geciktirilen namazların vaktinde kılınmasını sağlama oldu. Süleyman’a bu uygulamaları dolayısıyla “miftâhu’l-hayr” denildiği zikredilir. Ancak kendisine bu unvanın verilmesi Ömer b. Abdülazîz gibi dindar bir şahsı veliaht tayin etmesine de bağlanır. Süleyman, bu uygulamalarının ardından çoğu Haccâc’ın ekibinden olan vali ve kumandanları görevlerinden alarak yerlerine yeni valiler tayin etti. Ayrıca görevden alınanlardan kendisinin tahta vâris olmasını engelleme hususundaki teşebbüsünde ağabeyi Velîd’i destekleyenleri cezalandırmaya başladı. Onların devlete yapmış oldukları hizmeti dikkate almayan Süleyman cezalandırma işini yerlerine tayin ettiği valiler vasıtasıyla yürüttü. Irak valiliğine Haccâc’ın can düşmanı Yezîd b. Mühelleb’i getirerek Haccâc’a olan öfkesini onun yakınlarını Yezîd’in eliyle cezalandırmak suretiyle gidermeye çalıştı. Sıranın kendisine geleceğini bilen Kuteybe b. Müslim halifeye mektup yazarak görevde bırakıldığı takdirde hizmetine devam edeceğini bildirdi. Bu arada başına gelecekleri önlemek için mektuplarının cevabını beklemeden bir isyan başlattı. Fakat Arap kabilelerinden beklediği desteği bulamadı ve kızdırdığı Temimliler’in öncülük ettiği birlikler tarafından ortadan kaldırıldı (Zilhicce 96 / Ağustos 715). Öte yandan Haccâc’ın akrabası olmanın dışında bir suçundan bahsedilmeyen Sind fâtihi Muhammed b. Kāsım es-Sekafî, yerine tayin edilen Yezîd b. Ebû Kebşe es-Seksekî tarafından zincire vurulup Irak’a gönderildi, Vâsıt’ta zindana atılarak işkence altında öldürüldü. Süleyman, Velîd’in son günlerinde Endülüs’ten Dımaşk’a çağrılan Mûsâ b. Nusayr’a haber göndererek ondan yürüyüşünü yavaşlatıp Dımaşk’a halifenin ölümünden sonra girmesini ve getirmekte olduğu ganimet ve esirleri kendisine takdim etmesini istemişti. Ancak Mûsâ onun emrine uymayıp Velîd ölmeden Dımaşk’a ulaştı. Süleyman’ın bu yüzden Mûsâ’ya yaptıkları kaynaklarda farklı şekillerde anlatılmaktadır. Mûsâ’yı görevlerinden azledip tutuklattığı, ayrıca büyük miktarda para ödemekle yükümlü tuttuğu, Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in araya girmesi ve Yezîd b. Mühelleb’in ödeyeceği paraya kefil olmasıyla onu affederek daha sonra İstanbul seferi hususunda onunla istişare ettiği ve 98 (716-17) yılında beraberinde hacca götürdüğü zikredilir.
Fetihlere büyük önem veren Süleyman döneminin en önemli askerî olaylarının başında kardeşi Mesleme b. Abdülmelik tarafından gerçekleştirilen İstanbul kuşatması gelir. Aynı maksatla başlattığı askerî hazırlıkları son safhaya getiren kardeşi Velîd’e nasip olmayan fâtihlik şerefini kazanmak için Süleyman sefer hazırlıklarını hızlandırdı. Hazırlıklar tamamlanınca Bizans sınırına yakınlığı dolayısıyla askerî üs haline getirdiği Halep civarındaki Dâbık’a geldi. Ardından yaklaşık 100.000 kişilik ordunun başına Bizans cephesinin ünlü kumandanlarından olan kardeşi Mesleme’yi getirdi ve 97 yılı başlarında (Eylül 715) onu Dâbık’tan yola çıkardı. İstanbul’u fethetme kararlılığını göstermek için İslâm ordusu İstanbul’a girinceye kadar Dâbık’tan ayrılmayacağına yemin etti. Ayrıca Mesleme’ye fethi gerçekleştirmeden veya kendisinden yeni bir emir almadan geri dönmemesini tembih etti. Ancak Süleyman, başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan ve yerine geçen Ömer b. Abdülazîz tarafından kaldırılan İstanbul kuşatmasının devam ettiği günlerde Dâbık’ta vefat etti.
Öte yandan Irak valiliğine tayin edilen Yezîd b. Mühelleb, vergi toplaması yüzünden halkın kızgınlığını üzerine çekmemek için malî işlerle bir başkasının görevlendirilmesini istemişti. Halife tarafından bu işlerle görevlendirilen Sâlih b. Abdurrahman el-Kâtib, kendisinin yaptığı müsrifçe harcamaların hazine hesabından ödenmesine karşı çıkınca önceden valilik yaptığı Horasan’a gitmek için Horasan’ın da kendi idaresine verilmesini istedi. Maksadına ulaştıktan sonra Irak şehirlerine valilik için vekiller tayin edip Horasan’a gitti ve orada seferler düzenleyerek Cürcân ve Taberistan’ın fethini gerçekleştirdi (98/716-17).
Oğlu Eyyûb’u veliaht tayin eden Süleyman, Eyyûb kendisinden önce ölünce İstanbul’a gönderdiği ordunun kumandanı olan ikinci oğlu Dâvûd’u veliaht tayin etmeyi düşündüğü günlerde ağır bir hastalığa yakalandı. Bu sırada meseleyi danışmanı Recâ b. Hayve’ye açtı. Sonunda onun tavsiyesine uyarak oğulları ve kardeşleri bulunduğu halde halifeliği sırasında her konuda görüşüne başvurduğu en yakın danışmanı, amcazadesi ve aynı zamanda eniştesi olan Ömer b. Abdülazîz’i veliaht tayin etmeye karar verdi. Ondan sonra da kardeşi Yezîd’i ikinci veliaht olarak gösterdi. Bu konudaki vasiyetini yazdırıp ölümünün ardından Dâbık Mescidi’nde toplanacak hânedan mensuplarından vasiyetnâmede zikredilen şahsa biat sözü aldıktan sonra açıklaması şartıyla Recâ’ya teslim etti. Kısa süre sonra da vefat etti (10 veya 12 Safer 99 / 22 veya 24 Eylül 717). Öldüğü sırada otuz dokuz-kırk beş yaşları arasında olduğu rivayet edilmektedir. Halifeliği yaklaşık iki yıl sekiz ay sürmüştür.
Süleyman b. Abdülmelik, devlete büyük hizmeti geçen valileri ve kumandanları şahsî sebepler yüzünden cezalandırması ve bunu valilerinin eliyle yaparak kabile mücadelelerini arttırması sebebiyle eleştirilmektedir. Kısa süren dönemi devletin duraklama döneminin başlangıcı sayılmaktadır. Öte yandan onun zamanında dikkat çeken önemli bir gelişme din âlimlerinin halife üzerindeki nüfuzlarının artmasıdır. Abdülmelik döneminde Recâ b. Hayve ve Kabîsa b. Züeyb ile başlayan din âlimlerinin nüfuzu, yerine veliaht tayin ettiği Ömer b. Abdülazîz ve bu tayinde etkili olan Recâ b. Hayve ile yüksek bir noktaya ulaşmıştır.
Mağrur bir halife olduğu söylenen Süleyman nakışlı ve süslü elbiseler giymeyi severdi. Hatta nakışlı bir kefen içinde defnedilmeyi vasiyet ettiği, nakışlı elbise giymeyen görevlileri huzuruna kabul etmediği zikredilir. Kaynaklarda yeme içmeye düşkünlüğü ve darbımesel haline gelen oburluğu hakkında birçok rivayet nakledilmektedir. Remle şehrini kurdurması, şehre kanalla 12 km. uzaklıktaki Ebûfutrus nehrinden su getirtmesi, çok sayıda kuyu açtırması, 96 (715) yılında Nil’e el-Mikyâsü’l-kebîr’i yaptırması ve Dâbık’ta kaldığı sırada, nakışları ve süslemeleri bakımından Dımaşk Emeviyye Camii’ne benzetilen, inşaatı I. Velîd devrinde başlatılan Halep Ulucamii’ni tamamlattırması onun imar işlerine verdiği önemi göstermektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 80-81 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.