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SÜLEYMAN HÜSNÜ PAŞA Skip to content (1838-1892)
Osmanlı kumandanı.
20 Ramazan 1254 (7 Aralık 1838) tarihinde İstanbul Süleymaniye’de Molla Gürânî mahallesinde dünyaya geldi. Bizzat verdiği bilgilere göre babası Mehmed Hâlid Efendi şekerci esnafından, dedesi bir yeniçeri ağasının torunu olup baba tarafından Bursa’da Emîr Sultan’a, anne tarafından Tosya’da medfun Şeyh Pınar’a dayanmaktadır (Süleymanpaşazâde Mehmed Sâmi, I, 1). İlk öğrenimini Cağaloğlu’nda 1850’de açılan Dârülmaârif’te tamamladı. 1853’te Maçka Askerî İdâdîsi’ne kaydoldu. 1856’da Harbiye Mektebi’ne geçti ve 1860’ta mülâzım-ı sânî rütbesiyle piyade sınıfından mezun olarak orduya katıldı. İlk görevi Bosna Yenipazarı’nda (Sancak Novi Pazar) İkinci Ordu’dadır. Daha sonra Derviş Paşa’nın maiyetinde Kozan’da vazife gördü. 1862’de mülâzım-ı evvel oldu. Aynı yılın ağustosunda yüzbaşılığa yükseldi. 1865 Eylülünde kolağası oldu. İstanbul’da hizmet gördüğü 1865-1866 yıllarında kendini yetiştirmeye çalıştı. Arapça ve İslâmî bilgiler tahsil ettiği Eyüp Mahkemesi reisi Ahmed Nüzhet Efendi’den icâzetnâme aldı. Akkirmânî Mehmed Efendi’nin Arapça Efʿâlü’l-ʿibâd ve’l-irâdetü’l-cüzʾiyye adlı risâlesinden seçmeler yaparak Türkçe’ye çevirdi (Özbilgen, s. 32).
1865’te kurulan Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’ne 35. hücre reisi olarak katıldı. 1867 başlarında binbaşı oldu ve Karahisarısâhib Redif Taburu’na tayin edildi. Girit’teki isyan sebebiyle adaya gönderildi ve burada 1869’a kadar kaldı. Tenkil harekâtına bizzat iştirak ederek başarılar kaydetti. Dönüşünde Harbiye Mektebi’nde kitâbet muallimliğine getirildi ve rüşdiye ile idâdîlerde okutulmak üzere İlmihâl-i Kebîr’i hazırlayarak yayımladı. Bu arada rütbesi kaymakamlığa yükseltildi (14 Temmuz 1870). Çıkan isyanları bastırmak için Ferik Redif Paşa’nın maiyetinde Yemen’e gönderildi. Bu esnada miralay oldu (1 Mayıs 1871). Haziranda hastalanması yüzünden İstanbul’a geldi. İyileşince Harbiye Mektebi’ndeki kitâbet ve buna ilâveten genel tarih muallimliği vazifesine döndü. 21 Temmuz 1872’de mirlivâ rütbesini alarak paşa ve ardından askerî mektepler ders nâzırı oldu (1873). Mektep nâzırlığı birçok yeni düzenlemeyi beraberinde getirdi. 1857’de açılıp 200.000 frank gibi ağır masraflarla az sayıda talebeyi eğitmeye çalışan Paris’teki Mekteb-i Osmânî’nin 1864’te kapatılması üzerine oluşan tasarrufla İstanbul’da on, Erzurum, Bağdat ve Şam’da birer askerî rüşdiye açılmasını sağladı; askerî müfredata kültürle ilgili derslerin konulması ve Fransızca öğrenilmesi gibi düzenlemelerde bulundu. 1873’te açılan Dârüşşafaka’daki eğitimi ıslah etti, 1875’te öğretmen okulları açılmasında etken oldu.
Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilmesi hadisesinde yer alması hayatının gidişatını değiştirdi ve kendisi için olumsuz sonuçlar verdi. 1875-1876 yıllarında devam eden iç isyanlar (Karadağ, Sırp, Bulgar), bunlara yapılan dış baskı ve müdahaleler (Aralık 1876, Tersane Konferansı), bu arada yaşanan malî iflâs ve bunun resmen ilânı (6 Ekim 1875, tenzil-i fâiz kararı), kendisini bir taht değişikliğine gidilmesinin zaruretine ve dönemin Ziyâ Paşa ile Nâmık Kemal gibi pek çok aydınında saplantı haline gelmiş olan anayasal monarşiye dayanan liberal bir idarenin kurulmasına inandırmış görünmektedir. Nitekim Abdülaziz’in hal‘ine istibdat usulünün ilgası şartıyla razı olmakta, hatta Şehzade Murad’ın daha tahta çıkarılmadan önce meşrutiyet idaresini taahhüt etmesini gerekli görmekteydi (Hiss-i İnkılâb, s. 14, 23). Bu anlamda, genelde şahsî hesapları ön plana çıkarmış olarak bu işe kalkışan hadisenin diğer sivil ve asker ricâli içinde farklı bir yer işgal eder.
Sarayı kontrol altına alıp Abdülaziz’i tahttan feragat etmeye davet eden ve Şehzade Murad’ı bizzat dairesinden alarak seraskerliğe götüren Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa (30 Mayıs 1876) bu değişikliği “vak‘a-i hayriyye” diye anmaktadır (a.g.e., s. 59). V. Murad’ın cülûsundan bir müddet sonra ferik rütbesine yükseltildi (Özbilgen, s. 61). Sultan Murad’ın aklî zafiyetinin ortaya çıkması, Sadrazam Mütercim Rüşdü, Serasker Hüseyin Avni ve Şûrâ-yı Devlet reisi Midhat paşaların başını çektiği darbe heyetinin anayasal idareye geçilmesindeki samimiyetlerinin de denenme noktasını teşkil etti. Bu konuda ilk andaki tutumunu devam ettiren yalnızca Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa oldu.
V. Murad’ın kısa süren saltanatı beklentilerin aksine gelişmeler kaydetti ve sona erdi. Kānûn-ı Esâsî ilânıyla ilgili pazarlıklara tahta çıkarılan II. Abdülhamid ile devam edildi. Bu arada temmuzda başlayan Sırp ve Karadağ savaşları Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın Niş’e gönderilerek İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırılmasına vesile oldu. Anayasa ilânına söz veren II. Abdülhamid’in tahta çıkarılması bu sırada gerçekleştirildi (31 Ağustos 1876). Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa mütareke ilânı sebebiyle 20 Kasım’da İstanbul’a döndü. Anayasanın hazırlanması aşamasında Midhat Paşa ile birlikte hareket ederek yeni hükümdarın bütün yetkilerinin meclise devredilmesi esası üzerinde ısrarcı oldu (a.g.e., s. 66). 16 Aralık 1876’da Abdülhamid’le yaptığı görüşmede hükümdara yurt dışına sürme yetkisi verilmemesini ve anayasanın geciktirilmeden ilân edilmesini açıkça ifade etti. Aynı gece padişahın emriyle Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibi Said Bey ile Midhat Paşa’nın da iştirakiyle sarayda devam eden toplantıda “Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin tervîc-i ilânı” hakkında bir lâyiha kaleme alınarak takdim edildi; Rüşdü Paşa’nın istifası ve Midhat Paşa’nın sadâretiyle (19 Aralık) Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin nihayet 23 Aralık’ta ilân edilmesi sağlandı.
Anayasanın ilânının çabuklaştırılması konusundaki baskıcı tutumundan ötürü rahatsız olan II. Abdülhamid, Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’ya muğber oldu; ayrıca amcasının tahttan indirilmesinde askerin başında etkin bir rol oynaması da büyük bir güvensizlik ortamı yarattı. Bütün bunlar Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırılmasında etken oldu; böylece müşirlik rütbesiyle Bosna-Hersek ordu kumandanlığına tayin edildi (Aralık 1876). Bu görev geçici sayıldığından askerî mektepler nâzırlığı uhdesinde bırakıldı. Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa, bu rütbe ve tayinden hoşnut kalmamakla beraber padişahın güvenini kazanmak için çalıştı. Ufukta belirmekte olan Rus savaşının önlenmesi ve savaşa girilmemesi istikametinde görüş bildirdi; padişahın talebi doğrultusunda sadakatle hizmete devam edeceğine dair söz verip 13 Ocak 1877 tarihinde İstanbul’dan ayrıldı (a.g.e., s. 77-81). Bu görevi esnasında Karadağ ve Hersek âsilerine karşı zorlu geçen başarılı muharebelerde bulundu ve padişahın özel takdirine mazhar oldu (24 Haziran 1877).
24 Nisan 1877’de Ruslar’ın ilânıyla resmen başlayan savaş 10 Aralık’ta Plevne’nin düşmesiyle felâket boyutunu aldı ve Rus kuvvetleri İstanbul önlerine kadar ulaşma imkânı buldu. Rus ordularının Balkanlar’a doğru ilerlemesiyle Çetine üzerine yürüme hazırlığında olan Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın, İstanbul’a giden yolun takviyesi için (Bamberg, s. 529) bizzat padişahın onayı ile Rumeli’ye kaydırılarak Şıpka Geçidi’ni tutması uygun görüldü (Özbilgen, s. 103) ve kendisine Rus cephesine sevkedilmek üzere emrindeki kuvvetlerle Edirne’ye gelmesi hususunda tâlimat verildi (3 Temmuz 1877). Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa, Hersek’teki 25.000 kişilik kolordusunu bütün teçhizatıyla birlikte Bar (Antivari) Limanı’ndan gemilere yükleyerek on gün içinde Dedeağaç İskelesi’ne vardı (22 Temmuz) ve oradan trenlerle cepheye nakledip 26 Temmuz’da Rus kuvvetleri karşısında mevzi aldı. Bu harekât o zamanın şartları dahilinde büyük bir başarı sayılmıştır (Danişmend, IV, 303).
Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa 21 Temmuz’da Cenup Ordusu kumandanlığına tayin edildi ve Tuna’da düşman karşısında saldırı yerine savunma konumunda kalınmasını hayatî bir hata olarak gören padişah tarafından kendisine düşmanı Balkanlar’ın güneyinden sürüp çıkarma, Ruslar’ın elinde bulunan bütün geçitleri geri alma ve Tuna Şark Ordusu ile birleşme emri verildi (Bamberg, s. 552). 22 Temmuz’da Rus kumandanı General Gurko’nun eline geçen Eski ve Yeni Zağra’ya yaptığı saldırılar neticesinde buraları savunan Rus ve Bulgarlar’ı yenilgiye uğratarak emrin bir kısmını yerine getirmiş oldu. Ancak Osman Paşa ve Tuna ordusu kumandanı Mehmed Ali Paşa ile birlikte harekâtta bulunma, bunların yardımıyla Tırnova üzerine yürüme ve cepheyi genişletip düşman kuvvetlerini bölme planlarında Şıpka geçitlerini ele geçirmiş bulunan Ruslar’ı buralardan uzaklaştıramadığından başarı kaydedemedi (Özbilgen, s. 116-118). Bu sonucun alınmasındaki en büyük etkeni her iki paşanın kendilerinden bekleneni yerine getirememiş olmasında görmekteydi (Bamberg, s. 554-557).
28 Eylül’de Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın azliyle Tuna orduları umum kumandanı tayin edildi ve 3 Ekim’de vazifesi başına geçti (a.g.e., s. 557, 558; Danişmend, IV, 305; Özbilgen, s. 118). Kısa bir müddet sonra Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın Rumeli Harp Orduları genel kumandanlığına getirilmesi (8 Kasım 1877), kumanda mevkiini işgal edenlerin kendi aralarındaki anlaşmazlıklarını ve özellikle İstanbul’dan yapılan müdahalelerin vahametini, dolayısıyla savaşın sevkindeki düzensizliği gözler önüne sermekteydi. Düşmanın Balkanlar’ı aşmasının önlenmesi, bu sağlanamazsa ilerlemesine mani olunması kendisinden beklenmekteydi. Fakat Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa muhasara altındaki Osman Paşa ile haberleşememekte, İstanbul’daki Hey’et-i Müşâvere-i Harbiyye’nin aldığı kararlara müdahalesine ve değişikliklere tâbi tutmasına engel olamamaktaydı. İstanbul’da nefret ettiği Rauf Paşa’nın yeni ihdas edilen seraskerlik makamına getirilmesi kendisini istifa noktasına getirdi, ancak bunu hamiyetine sığdıramadı (Süleymanpaşazâde Mehmed Sâmi, I, 3; Özbilgen, s. 131) ve Maçka muharebesini kaybetmiş olmakla beraber (11 Aralık) muhasara altına alınan Plevne’nin yardımına koşmaya devam etti. Ordunun sıkışık durumu ve yaklaşan kışın zorlukları yüzünden İngiltere’nin aracılığıyla Osman Paşa’nın ordusuyla geri çekilmesi, statükonun korunması şartıyla şubat ayına kadar uzanan bir mütareke akdine girişilmesi ve bunun Rumeli ordusunun derlenip toparlanmasına, düşmanın Tuna’nın öte yakasına atılmasına vesile olabileceği gibi fikirler ileri sürmesi üzerine kısa zaman içinde azledildi ve yerine Şâkir Paşa getirildi (Bamberg, s. 559). Balkan geçitlerini ele geçirmiş olan Rus kuvvetlerinin Plevne engelini de aşması üzerine takip edilecek stratejinin tesbiti üzerinde İstanbul’daki merkezî kumanda ile anlaşmazlığı açık hale geldi. Edirne’ye doğru çekilip savunma hattı kurulması ve donanmanın daha etkin faaliyet göstermesinin temini planı tasvip görmedi (Özbilgen, s. 133). Bunun üzerine yanında dört tabur piyade ve topçu bataryası olduğu halde Varna’dan Sultâniye gemisiyle padişahla görüşmek için İstanbul’a geldi. Kendi tabiriyle bir emrivâki olan bu ziyareti (Süleymanpaşazâde Mehmed Sâmi, I, 96) başta Rauf Paşa olmak üzere düşmanlarının darbe girişiminde bulunacağı yakıştırmaları sebebiyle (Bamberg, s. 580) fayda vermedi, hatta II. Abdülhamid kendisinden aynı gece İstanbul’dan ayrılmasını istedi. Ailesiyle görüşebilmek için bir gece daha kalmasına izin verildikten sonra İstanbul’dan ayrılıp Edirne’ye vardığında (21 Aralık 1877) şehrin savunma tertibatı içinde olmadığını gördü ve Rus ileri harekâtı karşısında kuvvetlerin Edirne hattında savunmaya geçmesi gerektiği fikrinde daha da ısrarcı oldu. Bu tutumu Rauf Paşa’ya, saltanat değişikliğine karışmış olması sebebiyle orduyla İstanbul’a yakın bir yerde bulunmasını padişahın vehmini tahrik edecek şekilde istismar etmesine imkân vermekteydi (Danişmend, IV, 308). 4 Ocak 1878’de bizzat padişahı da yanına alan Rauf Paşa ile yapılan telgraf görüşmesinde Edirne’de savunma hattı oluşturulması fikrinden dönmedi ve bunun üzerine kumanda mevkiinden alınarak yerine Rauf Paşa tayin edildi. 9 Ocak’ta Şıpka Geçidi’ni savunmakta olan Veysel Paşa’nın teslimiyle Rus ileri harekâtının önünü kesecek başka bir kuvvet çıkarılması imkânı kalmamış bulunuyordu. Düşmanın araya girmesi sebebiyle Edirne ile irtibatı kesilen Süleyman Paşa, Gümülcine’ye doğru geri çekildi, varışından bir gün önce Edirne teslim oldu (20 Ocak) ve İstanbul yolu açıldı. Buradayken Gelibolu’da Bolayır mevki kumandanlığına tayin edildi. 30 Ocak’ta gittiği Gelibolu’da askerlerin İstanbul’a sevkiyle ilgili aldığı emirleri yerine getirmeye çalıştı. Ruslar’ın Enez’e çıkartma yapma ihtimallerine karşı savaş gemisi gönderilmesi talebinde bulundu ve şikâyetlerini yüksek hükümet makamlarına yazılı olarak ileterek iki gün içinde olumlu cevap verilmemesi halinde istifa etmiş sayılması talebinde bulundu (7 Şubat 1878). Bu arada hükümetle anlaşmazlık içine düştü, doğrudan milletvekilleriyle irtibat kurarak özellikle Serasker Rauf ve Bahriye Nâzırı Said Paşa aleyhinde suçlamalarda bulundu (Umdetü’l-hakāyık, VI, 125-126; Özbilgen, s. 149).
Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa, hükümet aleyhinde kışkırtıcı faaliyetlerde bulunma suçlamasıyla karşı karşıya kalarak meclisin dağıtıldığı gün tutuklanmasına karar verildi (15 Şubat 1878). İki gün sonra Çanakkale’ye nakledildi. Burada yirmi sekiz gün tutuklu kaldı ve 16 Mart’ta İstanbul’a getirilerek Taşkışla’ya götürüldü. Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın bundan sonraki mücadelesi, 6 Temmuz 1878’de başlayıp 2 Ocak 1879’daki karar oturumuyla yaklaşık beş buçuk ay kadar devam eden ve kırk sekiz oturum süren yargılanması sebebiyle yasal haklarını arama ve kendini savunmayla geçti. Askerlik görevi yönünden çeşitli başarısızlıklar töhmetiyle yargılanarak siyasî suçlamalardan sarfınazar edilmesi dikkat çekicidir. Sonunda ömür boyu sürgün cezasına çarptırıldı ve askerlikten tardedildi; ikamete mecbur olmak üzere 16 Haziran 1879’da vardığı Bağdat’a sürüldü (Özbilgen, s. 204-243).
İlk eşi 1876’da ölen Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa Bağdat’a annesi ve iki kızıyla birlikte gitti. Oğlu Mehmed Sâmi, Beşiktaş Askerî Rüşdiyesi’nde yatılı kaldı. Beş yıl kadar sonra burada ikinci eşi Sâriha ile evlendi ve bu evlilikten 1889’da kızı Mediha dünyaya geldi. İlk zamanlar maaş alamadı. 3000 altınlık birikimini yahudi banker elinde heder etmiş olan Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’ya 1882’de 75 lira gibi zamanı için yüksek bir emeklilik maaşı bağlandı. Vaktini lâyihalar ve çeşitli eserler yazmakla geçirdi. Affa uğrayıp iâde-i itibar edileceği ümidiyle ayakta kaldı ve 7 Ağustos 1892’de elli dört yaşındayken kısa bir hastalıktan sonra vefat etti. Bağdat’ta Mûsâ Kâzım Camii yanındaki Ebû Yûsuf Mescidi hazîresine defnedildi. Son yıllarda mezar taşının yerinde olmadığı tesbit edilmiştir.
Eserleri. İyi yetişmiş, bilgili, disiplinli ve sorumluluk sahibi bir şahsiyet olan Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa döneminin önde gelen asker ve fikir adamı olarak birçok esere imza atmıştır. Bunların önemlileri, Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilmesi hadisesindeki iştirakine de ışık tutan Hiss-i İnkılâb (1. bs., İstanbul 1326) ve Doksanüç Savaşı için önemli bir kaynak olup paşanın savaş esnasındaki yazışmalarını içeren ve belgesel bir nitelik taşıyan, ayrıca biyografisini de içeren Umdetü’l-hakāyık (bk. bibl.) adlı eserleridir. Kendisine yöneltilen suçlamaları ve yargılanmasını anlatan Süleyman Paşa Muhâkemesi’nin ilk baskısı, babasının evrakından derlenmiş olarak biyografisini de içermek üzere oğlu Mehmed Sâmi tarafından 1912’de yapılmıştır. Savaş ve muhakemesiyle ilgili belgeleri, bunları kendisine teslim ettiği Bağdat doğumlu bir Fransız yazarı olan Faust Lurion tarafından Fransızca olarak iki büyük kitap halinde neşredilmiştir. Bu eserler paşanın ölümünden sonra yayımlanmıştır. Sağlığında neşrettikleri arasında halk için hazırlanmış dinî risâleler olan İrâde-i Cüz’iyye Risâlesi (İstanbul 1283), muhtasar, kebîr ve sagīr olmak üzere ilmihâl risâleleri (1. bs., İstanbul 1286); Mebâni’l-inşâ (İstanbul 1288), İlm-i Sarf-ı Türkî (2. bs., İstanbul 1293) ve askerî okullar için ders kitabı olarak düzenlenen Târîh-i Âlem’dir (İstanbul 1293). Bu eser paşanın yargılanması ve askerlikten tardı sebebiyle uzun yıllar Harbiye Mektebi deposunda kalmış, ilmihaller ise birçok defa basılmıştır. Târîh-i Âlem’de Türkler’e geniş yer ayırmış olması ve bazı yabancı kelimeleri Türkçe olarak karşılamadaki hassasiyeti Türkçüler arasında saygın bir yer edinmesine vesile olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa, Hiss-i İnkılâb yahud Sultan Abdülaziz’in Hal‘i ile Sultan Murâd-ı Hâmis’in Cülûsu, İstanbul 1326; a.mlf., Umdetü’l-hakāyık, İstanbul 1928, I-VI; Süleyman Paşa Muhâkemesi (der. Süleyman Paşazâde Sâmi), İstanbul 1328, I-VI; F. Lurion, La guerre turco-russe de 1877-78: Campagne de Suleyman Pacha, Paris 1883; a.mlf., Guerre turco-russe 1877-1878: Suleyman Pacha et son procès, Paris 1884; F. Bamberg, Geschichte der orientalischen Angelegenheit im Zeitraume des Pariser und des Berliner Friedens, Berlin 1892, tür.yer.; İ. Halil Sedes, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus ve Romen Savaşı, İstanbul 1940, VII, tür.yer.; Danişmend, Kronoloji, IV, 303, 305, 308, 309; Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Büyük Türkçü Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa, Hayatı ve Eserleri, Ankara 1952; Kemal Zülfü Taneri, Türk Edip ve Tarihçilerinden Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın Hayatı ve Eserleri, Ankara 1963; Fethi Tevetoğlu, Süleyman Paşa, Ankara 1988; Erol Özbilgen, Osmanlıların Balkanlardan Çekilişi: Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa ve Dönemi, İstanbul 2006; O. Moreau, l’Empire ottoman à l’âge des réformes: Les hommes et les idées du “nouvel ordre” militaire, 1826-1914, Paris 2007, s. 168-177; İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Şıpka Kumandanı Süleyman Paşa’nın Menfâ Hayatına Dair Bazı Vesikalar”, TTK Belleten, XII/45 (1948), s. 207-221.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 89-92 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.