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SÜLEYMAN NAZİF Skip to content (1869-1927)
II. Meşrutiyet dönemi şairi, yazar ve gazeteci.
Diyarbekir’de doğdu; birçok âlim, şair ve devlet adamı yetiştiren köklü bir aileye mensuptur. Divan şiiri tarzında manzumeleri, Mîzânü’l-edeb adlı belâgat kitabı ile Mir’âtü’l-iber adlı on ciltlik tarihi bulunan Diyarbekirli Mehmed Said Paşa’nın oğlu ve Servet-i Fünûn devri şairlerinden Faik Âli Ozansoy’un ağabeyidir. Devrinde kitâbet ve inşâsıyla tanınan büyük babasının adı da Süleyman Nazif’tir. Büyük dedesi ise yine döneminin ediplerinden İbrâhim Cehdî’dir. Annesi Ayşe Hanım’ın ataları Akkoyunlu Devleti’ne mensup Hindî adlı bir Türk aşiretinin reisleridir.
Düzenli bir tahsil hayatı olmayan Süleyman Nazif ilk öğrenimine babasının görevli olarak bulunduğu Harput’ta başladı; bir süre Diyarbekir Rüşdiyesi’ne devam etti. Mardin’de kaldıkları sırada başta babası olmak üzere Abdülkerim Sâbit ve Adliye müfettişi Ferid Bey’den tarih, mantık, gramer ve edebiyat, bir Ermeni papazdan Fransızca ve Muş müftüsünden Arapça dersleri aldı. Daha küçük yaşta iken Nâmık Kemal ile Abdülhak Hâmid’in (Tarhan) eserlerini okuduğu gibi Mardin’de evlerindeki sohbetler sayesinde kültürünü genişletme imkânı buldu. Babasının Mardin’de vefatı üzerine Diyarbekir’e döndü (1891). Burada Vali Sırrı Paşa’nın aracılığıyla Muş Reji Müdürlüğü’nde, Mardin ve Diyarbekir İdare Meclisi’nde çalıştı.
Diyarbekir’de Vilâyet Matbaası müdürlüğü yaparken vilâyet gazetesinde başyazılar yazmaya başladı. O sırada Diyarbekir ve çevresinde meydana gelen Ermeni ayaklanması dolayısıyla yazdığı telgrafta kullandığı ifade tarzı ve üslûbu ile olayları yerinde incelemeye gelen Kölemen Abdullah Paşa’nın dikkatini çekti ve onun kâtibi olarak Musul’a gitti (1895). Ertesi yıl görevinden istifa edip İstanbul’a geldi. Şubat 1897’de Jön Türkler’e katılmak hevesiyle gittiği Paris’te onların lideri Ahmed Rızâ’nın çıkarmakta olduğu Meşveret gazetesinde istibdat rejimi ve II. Abdülhamid aleyhinde oldukça ağır ifadeler taşıyan yazılar yayımladı. Bir yandan Ahmed Rızâ ile aralarındaki anlaşmazlığın büyümesi, diğer yandan saray tarafından verilen bazı teminatlar karşılığında Jön Türk mücadelesinin durdurulması üzerine Ekim 1897’de İstanbul’a döndü. Padişah kendisini vilâyet mektupçuluğu ile Bursa’da ikamete memur etti. Burada yaklaşık on iki yıl kaldı ve bu süre içinde büyük dedesinin adı olan İbrâhim Cehdî takma adıyla Servet-i Fünûn ’da çoğu sone tarzında manzumelerle Edebiyât-ı Cedîde mensubu şair ve yazarların sanat anlayışı doğrultusunda yazılar kaleme aldı.
1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra Konya’ya nakledilmek istenince istifa ederek İstanbul’a döndü ve fiilen gazeteciliğe başladı. 1909 yılından itibaren Ebüzziyâ Tevfik’in çıkardığı Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’da İttihat ve Terakkî iktidarını ağır bir dille eleştiren yazıları yüzünden İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırılarak Basra (1909), Kastamonu (1910), Trabzon (1911), Musul (1913) ve Bağdat (1914) valilikleriyle görevlendirildi. 1912’de Hak gazetesinde siyasî yazılar yayımladı. Altı ay kadar kaldığı Bağdat valiliğinden İstanbul’a döndü ve kendisini tamamen gazeteciliğe verdi. 1918’de Cenab Şahabeddin’le birlikte Hâdisât gazetesini çıkarmaya başladı. Anadolu’da Millî Mücadele hareketinin başlamasında büyük rolü bulunan Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’nin kurulmasına ön ayak oldu (Aralık 1918). 9 Şubat 1919’da İtilâf orduları başkumandanı Franchet d’Esperey’nin İstanbul caddelerinde at üstünde muzaffer bir eda ile dolaşması ve azınlıkların küstahlıkları üzerine sansür engelini aşarak “Kara Bir Gün” adlı meşhur makalesini yayımladı. 23 Ocak 1920 günü Pierre Loti için düzenlenen anma toplantısında yaptığı konuşma dolayısıyla şehri işgal eden İngilizler tarafından yakalanarak Millî Mücadele’yi destekleyen bir kısım arkadaşıyla birlikte Malta’ya sürüldü ve orada yirmi ay kadar kaldı. O zamana kadar Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası , Hazîne-i Fünûn , İctihad , İleri , Ma‘lûmât ve Mecmûa-i Ebüzziyâ gibi gazete ve dergilerde yazılar kaleme alan Süleyman Nazif, Ekim 1921’de İstanbul’a döndükten sonra Peyâm-ı Sabah , Resimli Gazete ve Yarın gibi gazetelerde yazdığı siyasî ve edebî yazılarla güç şartlar altında hayatını sürdürmeye çalıştı. Son yılları maddî sıkıntılarla geçti ve 4 Ocak 1927’de öldü, kabri Edirnekapı Mezarlığı’ndadır.
Servet-i Fünûn dönemi şairleri arasında yer alan, Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî, Örfî ve Sully Prudhomme gibi şairleri beğenen Süleyman Nazif’in ferdî ıstırap, aşk ve tabiat konulu manzumelerinde hüzünlü, içine kapanık ve ümitsiz bir hava hâkimdir. Sosyal içerikli ve millî özellikler taşıyan şiirlerinde ise Servet-i Fünûncular’dan büyük ölçüde ayrılmaktadır. Bu şiirlerinde Tanzimat dönemi şair ve yazarları gibi Türk toplumunun çeşitli problemlerine dikkat çekmiş, 1908’den sonra yazdığı eserlerinde millî ve vatanî konulara geniş biçimde yer vermiştir. Süleyman Nazif, karakter bakımından benzerlikler taşıdığı Nâmık Kemal’in edebiyatta bir takipçisi gibidir. Yüksek bir heyecan ve hitabet özelliği taşıyan nesirleri ise Victor Hugo’nun ve yine Nâmık Kemal’in büyük ölçüde tesiri altındadır.
Edebî ve siyasî mahiyette birçok makale kaleme alan Süleyman Nazif, farklı üslûbuyla son devir Osmanlı Türkçesi’nin en başarılı örneklerini ortaya koymuştur. Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, “Nazif münşî doğmuştu” derken Ahmed Hâşim onu “kelimelerin serdarı” diye nitelemiştir. Mehmet Kaplan, zamanla yeknesak bir hal alan Türk nesri üzerinde şuurlu bir şekilde ilk defa onun düşündüğünü ve bu nesri değiştirmek için bazı imkânlar sağladığını belirtmiştir. Polemikçi bir yanı da bulunan Süleyman Nazif, İskilipli Âtıf Hoca ile oruç konusunda bir tartışmaya girişmiş, söylediklerine pek itibar edilmeyince “İmana Tasallut” adlı makalesiyle onu eleştirmiştir (Son Telgraf , 5 Teşrînisâni 1340/1924). Burada Âtıf Hoca’nın Frenk Mukallitliği ve Şapka adlı eserindeki (İstanbul 1924) görüşlere karşı çıkmış, Âtıf Hoca’nın şapka inkılâbından sonra idam edilmesi üzerine töhmet altında kalmıştır.
Süleyman Nazif, Hz. İsa’ya Açık Mektup ’ta Haçlı zihniyetinin işlediği bütün suç ve cinayetleri Hz. Îsâ’ya şikâyet tarzında dile getirirken Kâfir Hakikat adlı eserinde Fas’taki Haçlı zulmüne duyulan büyük öfke ve isyanı yansıtmaktadır. Sadece Türkiye’de yaşayan hıristiyanlardan değil müslümanlardan da büyük tepki gören Hz. İsa’ya Açık Mektup çeşitli tartışma ve davalara konu olmuş, eser aynı yıl içinde üç defa basılmıştır. Ayrıca Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası ’nın 1918 yılındaki sayılarında (nr. 50-63, 72) Fars şiirinin Türk şiirine tesiri ve bunun sebepleri hakkında uzun karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmeleri bulunmaktadır.
Süleyman Nazif’in çoğu İstanbul’da basılmış olan eserleri şunlardır: Gizli Figanlar (şiir, Kahire 1906), Firâk-ı Irâk (manzum-mensur karışık, 1918), Malta Geceleri (şiir, 1924), Bahriyelilere Mektup (Cenevre 1897; Kahire 1908), Ma‘lûmu İ‘lâm (Paris 1897; Kahire 1908), Elcezire Mektupları (Cenevre 1897; Kahire 1906), Boş Herif (1910), İki İttifakın Tarihçesi (1914), Batarya ile Ateş (1917; yeni harflerle 1969, 1978), Mektuplar (1916), Âsitâne-i Târîhte: Galiçya (İstanbul 1919; yeni harflerle 1971), Mehmed Âkif (İstanbul 1919, 1924; yeni harflerle 1971), Hitâbe (1920), Tarihin Yılan Hikâyesi (1922), Lutfi Fikri Bey’e Cevap (1922), Nâmık Kemal (1922), Çal Çoban Çal (1923), Nâsırüddin Şah ve Bâbîler (1923), Hazret-i İsa’ya Açık Mektup (1924), Çalınmış Ülke (1924), Âbide-i Şühedâ (1925), İki Dost (1925), Fuzûlî (1926), İmana Tasallut-Şapka Meselesi (1926), Kâfir Hakikat (1926), Yıkılan Müessese (1927). Ayrıca Victor Hugo’nun Bir Mektubu (Bursa 1908), Lübnan Kasrının Sahibesi (İstanbul 1926, P. Benoit’dan) adlı tercümeleriyle Külliyyât-ı Ziyâ Paşa (1924) derlemesi bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ruşen Eşref [Ünaydın], Diyorlar ki , İstanbul 1334, s. 111-133.
İbrahim Alâettin [Gövsa], Süleyman Nazif , İstanbul 1933.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1118-1136.
Şükrü Kurgan, Süleyman Nazif: Hayatı, Sanatı, Eserleri , İstanbul 1955.
Hilmi Yücebaş, Süleyman Nazif’ten Hatıralar , İstanbul 1957.
Sami N. Özerdim, Süleyman Nazif , Ankara 1958.
Mehmet Kaplan, Şiir Tahlilleri I: Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Kadar , İstanbul 1969, s. 120-123.
Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Gençlik ve Edebiyat Hatıraları , Ankara 1969, s. 213-235.
Kenan Akyüz, Batı Tesirinde Türk Şiiri Antolojisi , Ankara 1970, s. 387-394.
Şevket Beysanoğlu, Doğumunun 100. Yılında Süleyman Nazif (Hayatı, San’atı, Eserlerinden Seçmeler) , Ankara 1970.
a.mlf., Diyarbakırlı Fikir ve Sanat Adamları , Ankara 1997, II, 189-227.
İsmet Binark – Necmettin Sefercioğlu, Doğumunun Yüzüncü Yıldönümü Münasebetiyle Süleyman Nazif Bibliyografyası , Ankara 1970.
M. Türker Acaroğlu, Açıklamalı Süleyman Nazif Kaynakçası , Ankara 1987.
Şuayb Karakaş, Süleyman Nazif , Ankara 1988.
İnci Enginün, Yeni Türk Edebiyatı: Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e (1839-1923) , İstanbul 2006, s. 115-120.
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, 1924-Bir Fotoğrafın Uzun Hikâyesi , İstanbul 2006, tür.yer.
Alim Yıldız, “Süleyman Nazif’e Göre İran Edebiyatının Edebiyatımıza Tesiri”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , VIII/1, Sivas 2004, s. 159-201.
Muhammet Gür, “Süleyman Nazif”, TDEA , VIII, 66-69.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 92-94 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.