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SÜLÜS Skip to content Aklâm-ı sittenin ana üslûplarından biri.
Sözlükte “üçte bir” anlamına gelen sülüs, hat sanatında genellikle ağzı 3 mm. genişliğindeki kamış kalemle yazılan çok işlenmiş en eski yazı çeşididir. Kûfî gibi sülüs yazı da İslâm yazılarının kaynağı (ümmü’l-hat) olarak kabul edilmiş, hat öğrenimine sülüs yazı ile başlamak gelenek halini almıştır. “Kalem-i sülüs” diye de adlandırılan sülüsün, tomar kaleminin üçte biri kalınlığında veya sülüs harflerinin üçte iki kısmında düzlük, üçte bir kısmında yuvarlaklık olması sebebiyle bu adı aldığı ileri sürülür. Başlangıçta yazıların, yazıldıkları kâğıt boyutlarına, kalem ağzı enine göre isimlendirilmiş olması birinci görüşü kuvvetlendirmektedir. Emevî halifelerinin mektup ve emirlerine tahsis edilen tomarın kalem ağzı genişliği 24 beygir kılı, yaklaşık 15 mm. olarak belirlendiğine göre tomara nisbetle sülüsün kalem ağzı üçte bir yani sekiz kıl, yaklaşık 5 milimetredir (Kalkaşendî, III, 58). Sülüs yazının ilk ortaya çıktığında üçte birinin yuvarlak, üçte iki parçasının düz olması sülüs adını almasında etkili olduğu düşüncesi de akla uygun gelmektedir. Fakat sanat yazısı olarak büyük gelişme gösteren sülüs yazısının zaman içinde noktası dışında düz çizgileri kalmamış, harfleri oluşturan çizgiler yuvarlaklaşmıştır. Harflerin akış ve eğiminde üçte bir ve üçte iki oranı korunmuş, bu sebeple sülüs harfleri üç hareket ve üçte bir meyil kuralı ile şekillenmiştir (Yazır, Eski Yazıları Okuma Anahtarı, s. 50, 51).
Emevîler’in son, Abbâsîler’in ilk devirlerinde genişleyen ve gelişen idarî teşkilâtın ihtiyaçlarına bağlı olarak günlük işlerde, resmî dairelerde, Kur’an ve kitap yazımında kullanılan, biri yuvarlak (müdevver), diğeri yaygın (mebsût, yâbis) olmak üzere iki üslûba dayanan yazıların yirmi dördünün isimlerini ve birbirleriyle olan yakınlıklarını, oranlarını İbnü’n-Nedîm kaydetmiştir. Kaynakların verdiği bilgiye göre “el-hattü’l-mevzûn” diye de bilinen bu yazıların birbirinden türediği ve ilk şeklinin kûfî veya müdevver yazı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür (İA, I, 498; Çetin, s. 20). Kûfînin kalemle yazılan şekli üç asır Kur’an kitâbetine ayrılmış, bu süre içinde ilk düzenli ve geometrik şeklini korumakla beraber farklı bölge ve kültür çevrelerinde yeni biçimler kazanmış, zamanla müdevver yazının etkisiyle harfleri yuvarlaklaşmıştır. XIX ve XX. yüzyıllarda Sînâ ve Suriye’de arkeolojik kazılar sonunda ortaya çıkarılan eski Arap kitâbeleri üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar İslâm’dan önce geometrik yazıdan başka yine aynı kökten çıkan, daha çok günlük işlerde ve mektuplarda görülen harfleri yuvarlak bir yazı formunun da varlığını göstermiştir. Bilim adamları bu belgelere dayanarak İslâm’ın doğuşu ile büyük önem kazanan bu yazının kûfînin kullanım sahası dışında, özellikle resmî kurumlarda ve kitap yazımında süratle yayılma, bir sanat yazısı olarak gelişme zemini bulduğu ve mevzun hatların kaynağı olduğu fikrini daha çok benimsemişlerdir. Emevî ve Abbâsîler devrinde hat sanatındaki bu gelişmeleri temsil eden sanatkârlar arasında öne çıkan İbrâhim es-Siczî (eş-Şecerî), tomar kalemine nisbetle sülüs ve sülüseyn adını verdiği iki kalem belirleyerek aslî ve mevzun hatların ana üslûplarından birini ortaya koymuştur. Talebesi Ahvel el-Muharrir celîl kalemine nisbetle sülüs yazının incesini (hafîfü’s-sülüs) çıkarmıştır. Daha sonra adı sıkça duyulan Zakîf de (Ahmed b. Muhammed) sülüs yazının gelişmesinde önemli rol oynayan hattatlar arasında yer almıştır.
Hattatların üç asırlık sanat, zevk ve tecrübeleri sonucu yazı sanatında İbn Mukle diye tanınan Ebû Ali Muhammed b. Ali (ö. 328/940) ve kardeşi Ebû Abdullah Hasan ile yeni bir dönem başlamış, mevzun hatlar arasında karakteri birbirine yakın olan yazılardan asıl olanları seçilerek sınıflandırılmış, harf bünyeleri belli nisbet ve kurallara bağlanmış, aklâm-ı sittenin oluşumuna zemin hazırlanmıştır. Ana üslûpların biçimlenmesi sırasında sülüs yazının da geometrik esasları belirlenmiştir. İbn Mukle kardeşlerden bir asır sonra yetişen İbnü’l-Bevvâb, İbn Mukle’nin tesbit ettiği yazı üslûpları üzerinde bir ayıklama daha gerçekleştirerek yazıları sekize indirmiş ve geometrik esaslara bağlamıştır. İki buçuk asır süren bu üslûbun ardından gelen Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî altı çeşit yazının (tevkī‘, rikā‘, muhakkak, reyhânî, sülüs, nesih) klasik usul ve kaidelerini, oranlarını ortaya koyarak hat tarihinin en köklü ıslahatını yapmıştır. Sülüs ve diğer tarzların Yâkūt ekolünde ulaştığı bu estetik değerler Osmanlı ekolünde en parlak dönemine girmiştir. Şeyh Hamdullah, II. Bayezid’in himayesi altında özellikle sülüs ve nesih yazıların harf biçim, oran ve artistik duruşlarında, satır ve sayfa düzeninde yenilikler yaparak Osmanlı hat ekolünün kuruluşunda öncülük etmiştir. Sülüs ve nesih Büyük Derviş Ali, Suyolcuzâde Mustafa, Hâfız Osman, Yedikuleli Seyyid Abdullah, Eğrikapılı Mehmed Râsim, Kazasker Mustafa İzzet, Abdullah Zühdü Efendi, Kayışzâde Hâfız Osman, Hasan Rızâ, Mehmed Şevki Efendi gibi birçok hattat elinde beş asır işlenerek en olgun dönemine ulaşmış, en güzel örneklerini vermiş, böylece tarihî gelişimini tamamlamıştır.
Sülüs yazının tarihî gelişimi, harf, hece, kelime ve cümlelerin yazılışında uyulacak usul, oran ve kuralları meşk, murakka‘ ve hat risâlelerinde örnekleriyle açıklanmıştır (bk. MEŞK). Meselâ sülüs elifi güzel bir örneği yazıldıktan sonra şöyle tanımlanır: Elif servi gibi doğru, dik, pürüzsüz, boyu kaleminin nokta ölçüsüyle yedi noktadır. Başından asılmış bir yılanın yukarıdan aşağı süzülerek inişi gibidir. Elif harfinin yazımına başlangıç olarak konan bir noktadan çekilerek elif çıkarılır. Zülfesi, sonra iki noktalık sadr ve yine iki noktalık gövde, sonra iki noktalık kuyruk kısmı ile elif biçimlenir. Sadrında öne, gövdesinde sola bakan belli belirsiz bir kamburluk göze çarpar. Elif diğer harflerin de aslıdır. Sülüs yazıda elif, fâ, kef, lâm gibi harfler zülfelidir. Ayın, fâ, kāf, mîm, he, vâv gibi harflerin gözleri açıktır. Sülüs hattının yazım kurallarına ölçü olan noktası paralelkenar dikdörtgenimsidir. Harekeli veya harekesiz yazılan sülüs ve celîsinin harekesi yazıldığı kalem ağzı genişliğinin üçte biri kadardır. Sülüs ve celîsinde okutma işaretlerinden başka kompozisyonda birliği sağlamak için tirfil, tırnak gibi süs; mîm, sîn, he, hâ gibi mühmel işaretleri kullanılmıştır.
Sülüs yazının kalem ağzı genişliği 2,5-4 milimetredir. Bu ölçü üç katına çıktığında yazı irileşir ve “celî sülüs” adını alır. Tabii ölçüsü ile celîsi arasında kalan şekline “tokça sülüs”, 3-4 milimetreden daha küçük kalemle yazıldığında “hafî sülüs” diye isimlendirilmiştir. Celî sülüs Türk ve İranlı hattatlar elinde daha yavaş bir gelişme göstermiştir. İran’da Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî’nin sülüs kaideleri celîye uygulanmış, fakat dikkate değer bir ilerleme sağlanamamıştır. Özellikle Timurlular zamanında Gıyâseddin Baysungur, Ali Rızâ-yi Abbâsî gibi hattatlar vasıtasıyla celî sülüste önemli gelişme kaydedilmiştir. Celî Büyük Selçuklu ve Anadolu Selçukluları zamanında Selçuklu celî sülüsü adıyla yeni bir karakter kazanmış, Osmanlı celî ekolüne zemin hazırlamıştır. Osmanlı celî sülüs ekolünün Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında Yahyâ-yı Rûmî ve Ali b. Yahyâ Sûfî ile temeli atılmış, Ahmed Şemseddin Karahisârî ve talebesi Hasan Çelebi ile gelişerek Mustafa Râkım’la celî yazı en güzel nisbet ve âhenge ulaşmıştır (bk. CELÎ). Celî veya sülüs harflerinin birbirine bağlanarak yazılan şekline “müselsel”, karşılıklı yazılan biçimine “müsennâ” veya “aynalı yazı” denilmiş, özellikle Osmanlı ekolünde bu alanda yüksek sanat değeri taşıyan çok başarılı eserler verilmiştir.
İslâm yazılarının kaynağı kabul edilen sülüsten tevkī‘ ve nesih yazı, tevkī‘den de rikā‘ yazının ortaya çıkarılmış olduğu ileri sürülmüştür (Müstakimzâde, s. 612). Hat risâlelerinde, “Nesih sülüse tâbidir. Kalem ağzı genişliği sülüsün üçte biri kadardır. Sülüsün üçte ikisini neshetmiş, üçte biriyle sülüse uymuştur” şeklinde bilgiler yer almaktadır. Aklâm-ı sitte içinde temel özellikleri sebebiyle sülüs ve nesih bir grup oluşturmuş, genellikle sanat değeri yüksek kıta, murakka‘, levha ve mushaf yazımında beraber kullanılmıştır. Gerek sülüs gerekse celîsi emek ve pek çok tasarımla yazıldığı için günlük hayatta, resmî işlerde kullanılmamış, genellikle önemi vurgulanmak istenen sözlerin yazımında, beyit ve kitap başlıklarında, güzel yazı albümlerinde, Kur’an kitâbetinde, sülüs celîsi levhalarda, Selçuklular ve Osmanlılar döneminde XVIII. yüzyıla kadar her türlü kitâbelerde çok yaygın biçimde kullanılmış, daha sonra yerini celî ta‘lik yazıya bırakmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist, s. 10-12; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, III, 11-13, 58; Abdurrahman b. Yûsuf İbnü’s-Sâyiğ, Tuḥfetü üli’l-elbâb fî ṣınâʿati’l-ḫaṭ ve’l-kitâb (nşr. Hilâl Nâcî), Tunus 1967, s. 96; Taşköprizâde, Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm, I, 126; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 710-711; Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe, s. 611, 612, 613, 618; Mustafa Hilmi, Mîzânü’l-hat, İstanbul 1986, s. 14-15, 53; C. Zeydân, Medeniyyet-i İslâmiyye Târihi (trc. Zekî Mugāmiz), İstanbul 1329, III, 100-102; Mahmud Bedreddin Yazır, Medeniyet Âleminde Yazı ve İslâm Medeniyetinde Kalem Güzeli (haz. Uğur Derman), Ankara 1972, I, 90, 92; a.mlf., Eski Yazıları Okuma Anahtarı, İstanbul 1974, s. 50-52; Mehmed b. Tâceddin, Hat Risâlesi, İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. K. 450, vr. 6b , 7a ; Nihad M. Çetin, “İslâm Hat Sanatının Doğuşu ve Gelişmesi”, İslâm Kültür Mirâsında Hat San’atı (haz. Uğur Derman), İstanbul 1992, s. 20-24; B. Moritz, “Arabistan [Yazı, Arap yazısı]”, İA, I, 498.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 128-130 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.