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ŞUMNU Skip to content Kuzey Bulgaristan’da tarihî bir şehir.
Şumnu platosundan dik yamaçlarla inilen ve bu platodan 200 m. daha aşağıda bulunan Bokluca (Projna) çayının iki yakasında deniz seviyesinden 230 m. yükseklikte kurulmuş, kuzey tarafından, bu yönden gelecek olanların göremeyeceği biçimde alçak tepelerle korunmuştur. Coğrafî konumu şehrin olduğu yeri kolay savunulabilir bir duruma getirmiştir. Şumnu (Šumen) Bulgaristan’ın en eski şehirlerinden biridir. Düzlüğün kenarında günümüzde şehre yukarıdan bakan bir yerde Romalılar’ın Trakyalı yerleşimcilerin işgal ettiği bir kale yaptıkları bilinmektedir. VI. yüzyılda Doğu Roma İmparatoru Iustinianos tarafından yenilenen kale I. Bulgar İmparatorluğu zamanında (681-970) genişletilmiştir. XI ve XII. yüzyıl Bizans otoriteleri şehri Simeonis diye adlandırmıştır. XII. yüzyılın ortalarında Şerîf el-İdrîsî burayı “Misionis”in bozulmuş biçimi olarak anar, eski ve meşhur bir şehir olduğunu söyler. II. Bulgar İmparatorluğu’nun (1186-1393) sıkıntılı yıllarında Şumnu küçüklüğüne rağmen ekonomik ve askerî merkez halinde öncelikli bir öneme sahiptir. Ortaçağ’daki surlarla çevrili Şumnu sadece 200 × 115 metrelik bir alanı işgal ediyordu. Bu alan çok dar yollar boyunca küçük taşlarla örülmüş evler ve kiliselerle çevrilmişti, muhtemelen nüfusu da 450-550 civarındaydı. 1960’lı ve 70’li yıllarda yapılan kazılar sonucu, Osmanlı dönemi öncesindeki şehrin, mahalleleriyle birlikte Ortaçağ’daki sıradan bir Bulgar şehri olarak 800-1200 nüfusa sahip bulunduğu tahmin edilebilir. Šumen adı da yapılan kazılar sırasında elde edilen ve 1270’li yıllarda Tatar işgali devrine rastlayan dua metnini içeren bir Bulgarca yazıtta geçer. Šumen’in bölgeyi tanımlayan ve “yaprak, yeşillik, ormanlık” anlamına gelen Bulgarca “šuma”dan türediği düşünülür, ayrıca eski adı olan Simeonis’ten geldiği de belirtilir.
Şehir Osmanlı idaresine 790-791’deki (1388-1389) kış seferi sırasında geçti. Vezîriâzam Çandarlı Ali Paşa çatışma olmadan müstahkem şehri ele geçirdi. Osmanlı tarihçisi Neşrî’nin anlattıklarıyla örtüşen o döneme ait bir rivayete göre ovada karargâh kuran Osmanlılar’a şehrin kalesinin anahtarları ahali tarafından teslim edilmiştir. Osmanlı yönetiminin ilk yılları hakkında surları tamir edilen kalenin içerisine bir muhafız birliği yerleştirilmesi dışında bilgi yoktur. 1444 yılının Eylül ve Ekim aylarında Macar Kralı Vladislav ve János Hunyadi kumandasındaki Haçlı ordusu Şumnu’yu ele geçirerek tamamen imha etti. Bu hadiseye tanık olan Alman Hans Mehrgast tarafından ve yazarı meçhul Gazavât-ı Sultan Murad Han adlı kronikte şehir içindeki Osmanlı muhafızlarının tamamen yok edilip garnizonun ateşe verildiği bildirilir. 1444 saldırısı boyunca Haçlılar şehrin kuzeyindeki açık kırsal kesimi de tahrip ettiler. Yıkılan ve boşaltılan açık düzlükler daha sonra 884 (1479), 890 (1485), 922 (1516), 1525, 1555 ve 988 (1580) tarihli Niğbolu sancağı tahrir kayıtlarından anlaşıldığına göre Anadolu’dan getirtilen Türkmen gruplarınca iskân edildi. İki yüzyıl boyunca Şumnu kazasının güney yarısındaki eski Bulgar hıristiyan köylülerinin bir bölümü müslüman oldu ve zamanla Türkçe’yi benimsedi (Gradište, Ivanovo/Huyvan, Manoilic, Smolovce, Troitsa, Tusevica ve Yankovo). Bu durum Şumnu’daki müslüman-Türk unsurunu güçlendirmiştir.
Tamamen tahrip edilen şehir bir daha inşa edilmedi. 1444 yılından sonra daha mütevazi bir yerleşim eski sitenin aşağısında Bokluca çayının dar vadilerinde yayılmaya başladı. 884 (1479) tarihli tahrir icmal kayıtları (Sofya Millî Ktp., O. A. K., nr. 45/29) şehrin nüfusu hakkında bilgi veren ilk kaynaktır. Buna göre şehirde yetmiş dört hıristiyan, on bir müslüman hânesi (% 18) mevcuttu. Toplam nüfus 400-450 civarına ulaşıyordu. 922 (1516) ve 931 (1525) tarihli mufassal tahrir defterleri Kuzey Bulgaristan’daki Türk yerleşiminin hangi boyutlarda olduğunu açıkça göstermektedir. 1516’da Şumnu’da hıristiyanların 107 hâneye ulaştığı bir dönemde müslümanların hâne sayısı doksan dörttü. Artık kendini toparlayan şehrin müslüman nüfus oranı % 47’ye varmıştı. 1525’te denge müslümanlar lehine % 53 olarak değişti. 962 (1555) yılına kadar aradan geçen otuz yıllık süre zarfında Şumnu tam anlamıyla büyüdü ve şehir özelliği kazandı. 252 müslüman ve 152 hıristiyan hânesiyle birlikte % 62’si müslüman yaklaşık 2000 kişilik bir nüfusa sahip oldu. Müslüman nüfusun çok az bir bölümü Hıristiyanlık’tan dönme idi. Nitekim mühtediler bütün müslümanların sayısının % 11’ini oluşturan yirmi dokuz hâne kadardı. Ağır ilerleyen İslâmlaşma süreci, nüfusun dinî kompozisyonunda ileriki dönemlerde önemli değişimlerle kendini gösterecektir. Yeni Şumnu şehrinin en eski bölümü batı ucunda Eskipazar mahallesi adıyla ortaya çıktı. Hemen doğusundaki yer ise daha sonra Eskicami mahallesi diye bilinen Mahalle-i Câmi-i Şerîf adını taşıyordu. Eskicami kesme taşlardan özenle yaptırılmış olup ahşap bir çatı ile kaplanmıştı. 905 (1500) yılından biraz önce Rumeli Beylerbeyi Yahyâ Paşa tarafından inşa edilen cami 1992 yılına kadar varlığını sürdürdü. Hemen yanında ise Yahyâ Paşa’nın Kadı Sinan Çelebi’den aldığı ve 1960’lı yıllarda yıkılan Eski Hamam bulunmaktaydı. 1555 tarihli tahrir kaydında Söğüt Pınar, Velî Kadı ve Yolcu isimli üç yeni mahalle görülmektedir. 987-988’de (1579-1580) Solak Sinan mahallesi ortaya çıktı.
XVII. yüzyılda Rumeli’deki pek çok şehir azalan veya duraksayan nüfus oranına sahipken Şumnu büyümesini sürdürdü. 1052 (1642) tarihli Mufassal Avârız Defteri müslümanların oranının iki mislinden fazla olduğunu ve eski mahallelerin yanında Kara Efendi, Süleyman Efendi, Şâban Bey ve Dündarzâde mahallelerinin kurulduğunu gösterir. Eskileriyle birlikte bütün mahallelerde 413 müslüman hânesi vardı. Şumnu varoşu 107 hâneye sahipti; bunun yanında Safevî İranı’ndan kaçan Ermeni ilticacıların kurduğu, yirmi beş hânesi olan bir Ermeni mahallesi ortaya çıkmıştı. 1642’de Şumnu’nun % 76’sı müslüman olan 2500-2700 kadar bir nüfusu mevcuttu. 1061’de (1651) Şumnu’ya gelen Evliya Çelebi burada on cami, birçok mescid, yedi mektep, bir han, bir hamam, 300 dükkân ve on mahallenin bulunduğunu yazar, 700 evden söz eder. Evliya Çelebi ayrıca ahalinin ticaretle uğraştığını bildirir. Ondan sekiz yıl sonra Bulgar Katolik Episkopos Philipp Stanislavov, Şumnu’da iki kiliseye sahip 1200 Ortodoks hıristiyan Bulgar’ın mevcudiyetini haber verir. Türkler’in sayısı 4500 olarak hesaplanır, bunların yedi camisi vardır. Romen Katolik cemaati 120 kişidir. 1052 (1642) tarihli Avârız Defteri’nde Romen Katolik grupları Ragusa (Dubrovnik) tüccar cumhuriyetinin vatandaşları diye zikredilmiştir.
XVIII. yüzyılda Kuzey Bulgaristan’daki pek çok şehrin nüfusunda durağanlık ve düşüş olurken Şumnu yine büyümeyi sürdürdü. 1164 (1751) tarihli Mufassal Avârız Defteri, 714 müslüman ve 172 gayri müslim hânesinin varlığından söz eder. Şehir böylece nüfusunun % 81’i müslüman olan 4000-4500 kişilik bir sayıya ulaşmıştır. Bulgar hâne reislerinin yarısı avârız ödemeyen gruba (askerî) dahildi. Yeni olarak Kilise, Kosta ve Stanco mahalleleri ortaya çıkmıştı. 1751 kaydı ayrıca dinî cemaatler arasındaki ayrışmanın ortadan kalktığına işaret etmektedir. Meselâ Kilise ve Kosta mahallelerinde müslümanlar da yaşamakta, yine tamamıyla müslüman mahalleleri olan Kadı Mescidi ve Hacı Pîrî’de hıristiyanlar oturmaktadır. XVIII. yüzyılla birlikte Şumnu büyük bir müslüman merkezi haline geldi. 1142’de (1729-30) Hacı Ahmed el-Acem aynı adla kurulan mahallenin çekirdeğini oluşturan Kilek Camii’ni yaptırdı; bunun yanında 1164’te (1751) büyük bir çifte hamam inşa edildi (bu hamam 1895 yılına kadar çalışmış, 1927’de yıkılmıştır; kitâbesi Şumen Arkeoloji Müzesi’ndedir). 1153’te (1740) bir saat kulesi yapıldı. 1157’de (1744) bir Şumnulu olan vezîriâzam kethüdâsı Şerif Halil Paşa barok tarzında ve Lâle Devri geleneğinde büyük kubbeli bir cami, bir medrese, bir mektep ve zengin bir kütüphane yaptırdı (bk. ŞERİF HALİL PAŞA KÜLLİYESİ). Burada bir hat mektebi de oluştu. Bunun ürünleri Kuzey Bulgaristan’da pek çok yapının kitâbesinde kendini gösterdi. Caminin oldukça uzun olan inşa kitâbesi Rumeli Kazaskeri Elhac Ni‘metullah’ın çalışmasıdır. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait binalar Reis Paşa Camii (1773-1774), Kurşunlu Çeşme (1774-1775) ve 1221 (1806-1807) tarihli tamir kitâbesi günümüze ulaşan bedestendir. Kurşunlu Cami geniş yeniçeri kışlasının karşısında yer alıyordu ve Silistre Valisi Yeğen Mehmed Paşa tarafından inşa ettirilmişti. Uzun kitâbesi Kânî’nin ilk dönem çalışmasıdır. Hattatı ise Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet’in babası olan Yesârî Mehmed Esad’dır. Ayrıca Reis Paşa Camii’nin kitâbesini de o yazmıştır.
1768’den itibaren başlayan ve XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğine kadar aralıklarla devam eden Rus-Türk savaşları süresince Şumnu, Osmanlı ordularının temel askerî üssü haline geldi. 1771’de ve ardından gelen yıllarda Vezîriâzam Muhsin Mehmed Paşa şehrin kuzeyine doğru olan alçak kısımda 6 km2 ’lik bir alanı çerçeveleyen toprak tabya yaptırıp şehri güçlendirdi. 1243 (1827-28) savaşından sonra taştan yapılmış kışlalar, askerî teçhizatla yiyecekler için depolar ve askerî hastahaneler inşa edildi. Bu 50.000 askeri alabilecek ordu karargâhı, civardaki yolları ve tepeleri kontrol altına alan müstakil tabyalar yapılarak daha da güçlendirildi. Öncelikle 1810 yılında Stranca (Yıldız) ve İbrâhim Nazir tabyaları inşa edildi; bunları 1827-1828’de Çayır, Moskov, Çengel tabyaları ve diğerleri izledi. Kırım savaşının ardından topçuluğun oldukça ilerlediği bir zamanda muhkem karargâh yine takviye edildi. Kasaplı, Zeybek ve Beştepe tabyaları ile aralarında küçük tabyalar yapıldı. Beştepe tabyasının çok büyük olduğu, diğerlerine kıyasla daha iyi muhafaza edildiği ve Bulgar ordusu tarafından da kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren ve özellikle XVIII-XIX. yüzyıllarda Şumnu sûfî İslâm’ın hareketli bir merkeziydi. Celvetiyye tarikatı XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında, Cerrâhiyye ise 1771-1772 yıllarında Muhsinzâde Mehmed Paşa tarafından yayıldı. Bektaşîler ise 1790’da Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa ile birlikte burada ortaya çıktı. 1820’li yıllarda Rifâiyye tarikatının kontrolü altına bırakılan bu tekkede 1790’da Şumnu’da ölen Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa’nın türbesi bulunmaktaydı. 1838’de Mirza Mehmed Said Paşa, eski Karabaş-Çukur Tekkesi’ni restore ederek burayı Nakşibendiyye tarikatı için bir merkez haline dönüştürdü.
1845’te Şumnu şehri hakkındaki bilgiler temettuât defterlerinden takip edilebilir. Buna göre Şumnu’da camiler etrafında kümelenmiş, toplam 1542 hâneli yirmi altı Türk mahallesi bulunmaktadır. 956 hâneli iki Bulgar hıristiyan mahallesi, 118 hânelik bir Ermeni mahallesi ve otuz hânelik bir yahudi cemaati vardır. Bu rakamlar 13-14.000 kişilik bir nüfusu göstermektedir. Batılı seyyahlar ya da Bulgar yazarları (Boscowich, Sestini, Aubaret, Baker, Angelova) şehrin kendilerinde uyandırdığı önemi ifade etmek için genelde 30.000 veya 40.000 gibi abartılı rakamlar verirler. 1751’den sonra Şumnu üç misli daha büyümesine rağmen müslümanların oranı % 81’den % 58’e geriledi. Bu da yiyecek ve giyecek ihtiyacı bulunan büyük bir ordu için askerî bir üs halinde olmasından kaynaklanır. Nitekim ordu için çalışmak üzere pek çok Bulgar esnafı, dokumacı, sicim/ip yapımcıları, terziler ve marangozlar burada toplandı. Osmanlı döneminin en son yıllarına ait salnâme Şumnu şehrini % 53’ü müslüman olan, 20.100 civarında bir nüfusa sahip bir şehir olarak tasvir eder. Şehirde kırkın üzerinde cami, iki Bulgar kilisesi, bir Ermeni ve Metodist kilisesi, bir sinagog, 1548 dükkân, 253 mağaza, yirmi sekiz han ve beş hamam bulunmaktadır. Diğer kaynaklar ise sekiz medrese ile Bektaşiyye, Celvetiyye, Cerrâhiyye, Kādiriyye, Nakşibendiyye ve Rifâiyye tarikatlarına mensup on bir tekkenin varlığından söz eder.
Şumnu 1878’de Osmanlı orduları tarafından boşaltıldı; fakat yine de önemli sayıda Türk nüfusu kaldı. Bu yıllarda Şumnu’da 8520 Türk nüfus bulunuyordu. Bu rakam tedrîcî şekilde 1934’te 6500’e kadar indi. Yahudi cemaati de aynı yıllar içerisinde ikiye bölündü. 1970 yıllarında şehirde yaşayan Türk aile sayısı 700 (yaklaşık olarak 3000-3500 kişi) olarak verilir. Şumnu’daki cami sayısı aynı zamanda bu şehirdeki İslâm dininin kaderini göstermektedir. 1889’da kullanılmakta olan veya boş bırakılan kırk yedi cami vardı. 1920’de yirmi beş, 1959’da on beş, 1972’de dokuz, bugün ise halk arasında Tombul Cami adıyla da bilinen Şerif Halil Paşa Camii ile Kilek ve Tatar camileri kalmıştır.
Osmanlı döneminden itibaren Şumnu, Niğbolu sancağının kadılık merkezi oldu. 1479-1485’te bu kaza yetmiş sekiz yerleşim birimine sahipti. Bunlardan otuzu Bulgarca, kırk sekizi Türkçe adlara sahipti. Türk köyleri oldukça küçük olup ortalama dokuz hâneydi. Bulgarca ad taşıyan hıristiyan köylerinde ise ortalama otuz bir hâne vardı, bunlar Osmanlı öncesinden kalıp varlığını sürdüren eski yerleşim birimleriydi. Kırk sekiz Türk köyü veya mezraasının toplam 491 hânesi mevcuttu, hemen hemen hepsinin isimlerinin arkasında “yörük” kelimesi bulunuyordu. Bu köylerden yirmisi yörük göçebe nüfusu ve yerleşimlerinden dolayı “karye” değil mezraa diye adlandırılmıştı. Müslüman yerleşim birimlerinden yedisi Bulgarca isimler taşımaktaydı ve terkedilmiş Ortaçağ Bulgar köylerinin yeni yerleşimlerine işaret etmekteydi. 1479’da yetmiş sekiz köyün hemen hepsi Dağ nahiyesinin yüksek yaylalarında uzanmaktaydı. Bu bölgenin güneyinde Trakya’ya geçen önemli dağ yolunu korumakla görevli, nüfusunun hepsi hıristiyan derbentçiler olan yeni ve büyük Çalıkkavak köyü kurulmuştur. 1516’da Şumnu yöresinde otuz sekizi Bulgarca isim taşıyan 176 köy bulunmaktaydı. Türk nüfusla birlikte müslüman köylerin sayısı yerleşme hareketinin açık bir göstergesi olarak kırk sekizden 141’e yükseldi. 1479 ve 1485 yıllarında bunların hemen hiçbiri mevcut değildi. 987’de (1579) Şumnu kazasının müslüman Türk nüfusu şehir hariç 168’i Türkçe isim taşıyan 198 köyde 4319 müslüman hâneye yükseldi. Aynı yıl Bulgar hıristiyanlar da 2823 hâneye ulaştı. Kazanın kırsal nüfusunun % 60’ı müslümandı. 1530-1535 yıllarında “yeni kent” anlamında Hezargrad/Razgrad şehri kurulunca Şumnu köylerinin bir kısmı Hezargrad kazasına ilhak edildi. Ardından Eskicuma (şimdi Tırgovishte/Targovište) kazası ortaya çıktı. Tanzimat reformları süresince Şumnu’nun eski nahiyeleri Gerlovo ve Alakilise yeni kaza olan Osmanpazarı’na (şimdi Omurtag) katıldı. Büyük Şumnu kazasından geriye kalan yerler ise nahiyelere bölündü (güneyde Dağ, ortada Alçak ve kuzeyde Deliorman). Alçak ve Deliorman bütünüyle Sünnî ve Alevîler’den oluşan müslüman Türk nüfusa sahipti. 1751 tarihli Mufassal Avârız Defteri aşağı topraklarda yaşayan hemen hiçbir hıristiyandan söz etmez. Sadece XIX. yüzyılın başlarında hıristiyan Bulgarlar bu bölgeye yerleşmeye başlar. Şumnu, Bulgaristan Devleti’nin idaresi altına girdikten sonra Türk nüfus varlığının bir kısmını koruduğu gibi 1934’te buradaki İslâm dinî eğitimi açısından çok önemil olan Medresetü’n-nüvvâb faaliyetini devam ettirdi (1922-1946). Bu okulun öğrencileri, yazdıkları Türkçe şiir ve romanları Türkçe bastıkları dergi ve gazetelerde yayımlayarak Türk kültürünü canlı tuttular (Medresetü’n-nüvvâb bir bakıma Şumnu’nun simgesi olmuştur).
II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan ve yeni rejimin kurulmasından sonraki yıllarda Şumnu bir sanayi merkezi olarak çok hızlı değişiklikler gösterdi. XX. yüzyılın ortalarında kısa bir süre için Kolarovgrad adı da verildi. 1970’te nüfusu 75.700 iken içinde müslüman cemaatin bulunduğu bu sayı 2001’de 89.054, 2009 yılı başlarına ait tahminlere göre 86.000 oldu. 1934’ten 2001 yılına kadar Türk nüfusunda gerileme meydana geldi. 2001’de sayıları 12.414 olarak tesbit edildi. Ayrıca 6000 dolayında yahudi, Ermeni, Katolik ve Protestan mezhebi mensupları mevcuttu. Şehir günümüzde, Karadeniz kıyılarını başşehire bağlayan önemli Varna-Sofya demiryolu üzerinde kara ve demiryolu kavşağı durumundadır. Tütün işleme, konserve, bira, mobilya sanayii gelişmiştir. 1984-1985 yıllarında komünist rejimin Türk ve İslâm karşıtı siyaseti XVI ve XVIII. yüzyıllardan kalma Eskicami, Çarşı Camii, Saat Camii ve diğerleri gibi bir dizi tarihî önemi ve sanat değeri olan caminin yıkımını beraberinde getirdi. 1989’dan sonra durum biraz daha düzeldi. 2004’te Tombul Cami restorasyona tâbi tutuldu, özellikle medrese itina ile onarıldı. Kilek Camii ise kullanılmakla birlikte yeniden tamir edildi ve temizlendi. 1286 (1869) tarihli Tatar Camii açık olup iyi muhafaza edilmiştir. Ayrıca 1849’da Habsburglar’a baş kaldıran ve buraya sürgün edilen Macar ihtilâlinin liderlerinden Layoş Koşut’un kaldığı eski Osmanlı evi müze haline getirildi. Şehir günümüzde de bir kilisesi ve cemaat evi bulunan Bulgaristan’ın en eski Metodist cemaatine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Ermeni cemaati 1834 yılında tekrar inşa edilen kendi kiliselerine ve bir okula sahiptir. Ortodoks Bulgarlar’ın iki büyük kilisesi vardır (Sv. Vaznesenie ve Tri Svetiteli). Dört kilise de Osmanlı zamanından kalmadır. Şumnu’daki tarihî işlemeli Osmanlı evleri, XIX. yüzyıl istihkâmları, kışlaları ve ambarlarıyla camileri şehrin uzun Osmanlı geçmişiyle olan güçlü bağlarını ortaya koymaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tahrir Defteri, Sofya Millî Ktp., nr. O.A.K. 45/29; BA, TD, nr. 382, 775; BA, KK, nr. 2913; Helmuth von Moltke, Der russisch-türkische Feldzug in der Europäischen türkei 1828-1829, Berlin 1835, s. 119-124: G. S. Dumaliev, Istorija na Šumenskata krepost, Prinos kam istorijata na grad Šumen, Sofia 1927; a.mlf., “Ikonomiceskoto razvitie ne grad Šumen prez epohata na Turskoto vladicestvo”, Izvestija Narodenija Muzej-Kolarovgrad, I, Šumen 1960, s. 83-99; Ž. Cankov, “Naselenieto na grad Šumen”, Sbornik v čest na A. Iširkov, Sofia 1933, s. 365-374; a.mlf., Geografski Rečnik na Balgarija, Sofia 1939, s. 519-522; R. Angelova, Šumenski Vazroždenski Kašti, Sofia 1965; G. Tošev, Šumen, Sofia 1971; V. Antonova, Šumenska Krepost, Sofia 1975; Hakkı Abdullah Meçik, Şumnu: Bulgaristan Türklerinin Kültür Hayatı, İzmir 1977; B. Haranova v.dğr., Ljulka na Drevna Kultura, Muzei i Pamentitsi na Kultura v Šumen i Šumensko, Sofia 1987; M. Harbova, Gradoustroistvo i arhitektura po Balgarskite zemi prez XV-XVII vek, Sofia 1991, s. 75-77, 177-179; T. Stanley, “Šumen kato tsentar na izrabotka na Korani prez XIX vek”, Istorija na Mjusjulmanskata Kultura po Balgarskite zemi (ed. R. Gradeva), Sofia 2001, s. 100-135; G. Georgieva – O. Sabev, “Mjusjulmanskite Misticni Bratstva v Šumen XVII-XIX vek”, a.e., s. 300-321; Machiel Kiel, “The Heart of Bulgaria, Population and Settlement History of the Districts of Provadia, Novi Pazar and Shoumen from he Late-Middle Ages till the end of the Ottoman Period”, Uluslararası Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk-Bulgar İlişkileri Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, Eskişehir 2005, s. 15-38; Vedat S. Ahmed, “Bulgaristan ile Türkiye Arasındaki Bilimsel ve Kültürel İlişkilerde Medresetü’n-Nüvvâb’ın Yeri”, a.e., s. 283-290; Osman Köksal, XIX. Yüzyılda Bir Osmanlı Ordugah Kasabası: Şumnu, Ankara 2006; M. J. G. Barbie du Bocage, “Description de la ville de Chumla et de ses environs avec un plan pour servire à l’intelligence de la rélation des sièges de cette ville par les russes en 1774 et 1810 et pendant la campagne actuelle”, Journal des voyages ou archives geôgraphique du XIX siècle, Paris 1828; H. W. Duda, “Balkantürkische Studien”, Sitzungsberichte Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaft, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, sy. 226, Wien 1949, s. 63-89; V. Ivanov, “Bani v starija Šumen”, Izvestija Narodenija Muzej-Kolarovgrad, I (1960), s. 59-74; Osman Keskioğlu, “Bulgaristandaki Bazı Türk Vakıfları ve Âbideleri”, VD, sy. 7 (1968), s. 129-137; Vera Antonova, “Grad Šumen do XV vek v.s.”, Vekove, sy. 6, Sofia 1975, s. 22-30; Svetlana Ivanova, “S̲h̲umnu”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 502-504.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 227-230 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.