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SÜNBÜLİYYE Skip to content Halvetiyye-Cemâliyye tarikatının Sünbül Sinan’a (ö. 936/1529) nisbet edilen kolu.
Sünbül Sinan’ın, Sadrazam Koca Mustafa Paşa tarafından 1486’da cami ve tekkeye dönüştürülerek Cemâl-i Halvetî’ye tahsis edilen Koca Mustafa Paşa Külliyesi’nde şeyhi Cemâl-i Halvetî’nin yerine geçerek irşad faaliyetine başlamasıyla Sünbüliyye kuruluş sürecine girmiştir. Koca Mustafa Paşa Külliyesi, İstanbul’da ilk Halvetî tekkesi olması bakımından Halvetiyye’nin İstanbul’daki diğer bütün kollarınca tarikatın âsitânesi kabul edilmiştir. Osmanlılar’ın son dönemlerinde yazılan tekke listelerinde Sünbülî Âsitânesi’nden başlanarak sıralamaya gidildiği görülmektedir. Sünbül Sinan’ın tarikat silsilesi Sünbül Efendi’nin şeyhi ve Halvetiyye’nin dört ana kolundan Cemâliyye’nin pîri Cemâl-i Halvetî ve Muhammed Bahâeddin Erzincânî vasıtasıyla Halvetiyye’nin ikinci pîri Yahyâ-yı Şirvânî’ye ulaşır. Sünbüliyye, İstanbul’da çoğunluğu bugünkü Fatih ilçesi sınırları içerisinde olmak üzere zamanla yirmi altı dergâhta temsil edilmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bunların üçü arsa haline dönüşmüş, tekkelerin kapatıldığı dönemde dergâh sayısı on yediye inmiştir. Bu tekkelerden onu XVI, ikisi XVII, ikisi XVIII, üçü XIX. yüzyılda faaliyete geçmiş, diğerleri ise başka tarikatlardan Sünbüliyye’ye intikal etmiştir. Alâeddin (Aksaray), Hacı Evhad (Yedikule), Ferruh Kethüdâ (Balat), Şah Sultan (Davutpaşa), Hacıkadın (Samatya), Mehmed Ağa (Çarşamba), Kara Mehmed (Aksaray), Saffetî (Silivrikapı), Koruk (Fındıkzade), İmrahor, Ramazan Efendi (Kocamustafapaşa), Yavsî Baba, Karabaş (Tophane), Keşfî Câfer Efendi (Fındıklı), Cihangir, Yorganî (Sirkeci), Sinan Erdebilî (Sultanahmet), Merkez Efendi, Tercüman Yûnus (Draman), Mimar Acem (Mevlânâkapı), Eyüp Şah Sultan, Balçık (Eyüp) tekkeleri Sünbülî âyinlerinin yapıldığı dergâhlardandır.
Medrese kökenli bir müfessir ve vâiz olan Sünbül Sinan’ın bu özelliği kendisinden sonraki postnişinlere de tesir etmiş, birçok Sünbülî şeyhi selâtin camilerinde kürsü şeyhliği ve vâizlik yapmıştır. Sünbül Sinan’ın yetiştirdiği halifelerden Cem Şah Efendi Karaman’da faaliyet göstermiş ve kerametleriyle şöhret bulmuştur. Aslen Karaman Ereğlisi’nden olan Cemal Efendi ise Akşehir’de bir dergâh açmıştır. Tokatlı Şeyh Maksud Dede önce Tekirdağ Hayrabolu’da, ardından Siroz’da (Serez) tarikatı yaymıştır. Kefeli Alâeddin Ali, İstanbul Etmeydanı’nda kendi adına kurduğu dergâhta postnişinlik yapmış, daha sonra Kırım’ın Kefe bölgesinde bulunan Kasımpaşa Zâviyesi’nde tarikatı yaymıştır. Şeyh Çavdarlı Ahmed Dede, Kütahya yakınlarındaki Çavdarlı köyünde zâviyesini kurmuş, Anadolu’da tarikatın yayılmasında etkili olmuştur.
Sünbül Sinan’ın vefatının ardından Koca Mustafa Paşa Âsitânesi’nde Merkez Efendi (ö. 959/1552) postnişin olmuştur. Uzun yıllar müderrislik ve vâizlik yapan Merkez Efendi, başlangıçta kıyâmî usulle devran zikri yapan Halvetîler’e karşı olmasına rağmen Sünbül Sinan’dan etkilenerek kendisine intisap etmiş, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in annesi Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan’ın isteğiyle Sünbül Sinan tarafından Manisa’ya şeyh ve dârüşşifâya tabip olarak gönderilmiştir. Merkez Efendi, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın kız kardeşi Şah Sultan ile evlenmiş, bu evlilik ve Şah Sultan’ın Merkez Efendi’ye bağlılığı tarikatın daha da yaygınlaşmasına, kurulan yeni tekkelerle gelişmesine katkı sağlamıştır.
Sünbüliyye, 500’ü aşkın halife yetiştiren Merkez Efendi’nin meşihatı döneminde İstanbul ve Anadolu’da yayılmış, halifelerin genelde medrese kökenli vâiz ve imam olması tarikatın kökleşmesini sağlamıştır. Halifelerden Muhyiddin Efendi, İstinye’deki evinin yanında ve Şehremini’deki Odabaşı Camii’nde vaaz etmiş, tefsir dersleri vermiş, dergâhını burada kurmuştur. Merkez Efendi’nin bir diğer halifesi Tercüman Yûnus Zâviyesi şeyhi Karamanlı Ahmed Çelebi’dir. Merkez Efendi’nin Tire’ye gönderdiği Şemseddin Ahmed Efendi, Tire Molla Çelebi Zâviyesi’nde faaliyetlerini sürdürmüştür. Merkez Efendi’nin halifelerinden âlim ve şair Bihiştî Ramazan Efendi Çorlu’da, Şeyh Abdülvehhâb Tire’de tekke açmış, Şeyh Mustafa Esved, Üsküdar Mihrimah Sultan Camii vâizliği yapmıştır. Sünbül Efendi gibi Sultan Ahmed ve Ayasofya Camii vâizlikleri yanında civardaki vilâyetleri de dolaşan Merkez Efendi vefat edince yerine kısa bir süre oğlu Merkezzâde Ahmed Efendi geçmiş, ancak görevinden feragat ederek makamını Germiyanlı Yâkub Efendi’ye bırakmıştır.
Sünbülî Âsitânesi’nin dördüncü postnişini Germiyanlı Yâkub Efendi (ö. 979/1571) Rumeli’ye giderek Yanya’da bir dergâh açmış, bu sırada Yanya beyi olan Âsafnâme müellifi Lutfi Paşa kendisine intisap etmiş, Lutfi Paşa eşi Şah Sultan ile birlikte İstanbul’a dönünce biri Davutpaşa’da, diğeri Eyüp’te iki Sünbülî dergâhı kurmuştur. Yâkub Efendi önce Davutpaşa Dergâhı meşihatında bulunmuş, Merkez Efendi’den sonra âsitâne şeyhi olunca her iki dergâhı idare etmiştir. Semiz Ali Paşa’nın kethüdâsı Ferruh Ağa, Yâkub Efendi’nin oğlu ve Tezkire-i Halvetiyye müellifi Yûsuf Sinâneddin için Balat Tekkesi’ni yaptırmıştır. Yûsuf Sinâneddin 979 (1572) yılında babasının vefatının ardından âsitâneye geçmiştir. Mûsikiye âşina olduğu kadar müfessirliği ve vaazlarıyla tanınan Yûsuf Sinâneddin Efendi’nin Tenbîhü’l-gabî fî rü’yeti’n-nebî, Tadlîlü’t-te’vîl, Risâletü’l-hakīka li-tâlibi’l-îkān, Menâsik-i Hac gibi eserleri mevcuttu.
Sünbülî Âsitânesi’nin önemli postnişinlerinden biri de Alacahisarlı (Kruşevac) Necmeddin Hasan Efendi’dir (ö. 1019/1610). Yûsuf Sinâneddin Efendi, 1577’de şeyhülharem göreviyle İstanbul’dan ayrılırken bu sırada Mısır’da bulunan Necmeddin Hasan Efendi’yi yerine getirmiştir. Belâgat ve tefsir ilminde yetişmiş olan Necmeddin Hasan Efendi, I. Ahmed ile seferlere katılmış, Irak ve Yemen taraflarını ziyaret etmiş ve Yemen’de vefat etmiştir. Yerine geçen oğlu Hasan Adlî Efendi (ö. 1026/1617) İstanbul’da tahsilini tamamlamış, ardından Siroz’da dergâh kurmuş, babasının vefatı üzerine padişah fermanı ile Sünbülî Âsitânesi’ne postnişin olmuştur. Hasan Adlî Efendi’nin bir divançesi (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. 416), Dürr-i Nazîm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 3874) ve Silsilenâme (Âtıf Efendi Ktp., Âtıf Efendi, nr. 1398) adlı iki risâlesi vardır.
Âsitânenin sekizinci postnişini Seyyid Mehmed Eyyûbî (ö. 1038/1628-29) Necmeddin Hasan Efendi’den icâzet aldıktan sonra bir süre Rumeli’de bulunmuş, Ferruh Kethüdâ Tekkesi’nde postnişinlik yapmış, buradan âsitâneye geçmiştir. On iki yıl şeyhlik yaptıktan sonra 1038’de hacca gitmiş ve Medine’de vefat etmiştir. Bu tarihten XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Sünbülî Âsitânesi meşihatı Hasan Adlî Efendi’nin soyundan gelen şeyhlerde kalmıştır. Mehmed Eyyûbî’nin ardından âsitâneye Hasan Adlî Efendi’nin oğullarından Kerâmeddin Efendi (ö. 1051/1641), daha sonra Mehmed Alâeddin Efendi (ö. 1091/1680) postnişin olmuştur. İstanbul’un ileri gelen âlimlerinden olan Alâeddin Efendi kırk yıla yakın Sünbülî Âsitânesi’nde görev yapmış, vefatında cenaze namazını Şeyhülislâm Çatalcalı Ali Efendi kıldırmıştır. Meşhur hattat Hâfız Osman, Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’yi yetiştiren La‘lî Mehmed Fenâî Efendi onun müridleri arasında zikredilebilir.
İlmiye kökenli Sünbülî şeyhlerinden biri de Seyyid Hasan Nûri Efendi’dir (ö. 1100/1688). Hasan Efendi, müderrislik vazifesini bırakarak Ferruh Kethüdâ Tekkesi’nde babası Devezâde Mehmed Efendi’nin makamına geçmiş, öldüğünde yerine oğlu Mehmed Vahyî Efendi (ö. 1130/1718) şeyh olmuştur. Mehmed Vahyî Efendi, Tophane’deki Kılıç Ali Paşa, Eyüp ve Sultan Selim camilerinde vâizlik görevinde bulunmuş, “Vahyî” mahlasıyla yazdığı ilâhilerini divanında toplamıştır. 1661-1665 yıllarını içeren günlüklerinden oluşan Sohbetnâme’si Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Hazine, nr. 1426). Âsitânede en uzun süre görev yapan on birinci postnişin Mehmed Nûreddin Efendi’nin (ö. 1160/1747) Sünbüliyye tarihinde önemli bir yeri vardır. Alâeddin Efendi’nin oğlu olan Nûreddin Efendi altmış dokuz yıl yedi ay bu görevde kalmış, cenaze namazını Fâtih Camii’nde Şeyhülislâm Zeynelâbidin Efendi kıldırmıştır. Bir müddet sonra mezarının üzerine bir türbe yaptırılmıştır.
Hasan Adlî Efendi’nin soyundan gelen son âsitâne şeyhi Alâeddin Efendi (ö. 1171/1757) çocuksuz olarak vefat ettiğinden yerine Ferruh Kethüdâ Tekkesi şeyhi Mehmed Hâşim Efendi (ö. 1199/1785) postnişin olmuş, böylece âsitâne meşihatı Devezâde Mehmed Efendi soyuna mensup şeyhlere geçmiştir. Âsitânede yirmi dokuz yıl şeyhlik yapan Hâşim Efendi’den sonra şeyhlik makamı kendisiyle aynı adı taşıyan oğluna ve torununa intikal ederek XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine kadar bu ailenin uhdesinde kalmıştır. Aynı yıl vefat eden (1231/1816) baba ve oğul Hâşim efendilerin ardından Yıldız Dede diye tanınan Yıldızzâde Mehmed Emin Efendi (ö. 1821) âsitânede altı yıl şeyhlik yapmıştır. Yıldızzâde’den sonra âsitâne postuna Devezâde Mehmed Efendi ailesine mensup, Ferruh Kethüdâ Tekkesi şeyhi Mehmed Râzî Efendi (ö. 1851) oturmuş, âsitâne meşihatı tekkelerin kapatıldığı tarihe kadar onun soyundan gelen şeyhler tarafından sürdürülmüştür. Oğlu Seyyid Mehmed Rızâeddin Efendi’nin (ö. 1891) devran zikrine II. Abdülhamid’in katıldığı nakledilmektedir. Rızâeddin Efendi’den sonra yerine oğlu Mehmed Kutbeddin (Kutbî Dede) Efendi (ö. 1914) geçmiş, devran zikrini idare etmesi ve mûsikişinaslığıyla tanınan Kutbî Dede Efendi’nin ardından Meclis-i Meşâyih’in yaptığı imtihan sonucu yerine postnişin tayin edilen oğlu Mehmed Râzî Efendi (Yücesünbül, ö. 1978) âsitânenin son şeyhi olmuştur.
XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda Ferruh Kethüdâ, Mimar Acem gibi Sünbülî tekkelerinde nüfuzlu şeyh aileleri teşekkül etmiştir. Yahyâ Sünbülî Efendi, Mehmed Eyyûbî Efendi, Mehmed Alâeddin Efendi aileleri bunlardan bazılarıdır. Hasan Adlî Efendi’nin halifelerinden Ahmed Adîmî’den icâzet alan İsmâil Efendi (ö. 1097/1685) Sünbülîliği XVII. yüzyılda temsil eden bir başka şeyh ailesinin kurucusudur. Kendisinden sonra tarikatı, Şah Sultan Tekkesi’nde altıncı postnişin olarak görev yapan oğlu Mehmed Nizâmî Efendi ile (ö. 1135/1723) yine aynı tekkede sekizinci postnişin olan torunu Abdürrahim Efendi (ö. 1159/1746) temsil etmiştir. Sultanahmet Erdebîlî Tekkesi’ndeki meşihat görevi, kuruluşundan (924/1518) XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar ilk bâni Sinân-ı Erdebîlî’nin neslinden gelen şeyhler tarafından yürütülmüştür.
İstanbul’da Sünbülî tarikatına mensup en büyük aileyi Mehmed Nebî Efendi (ö. 1189/1775) neslinden gelenler oluşturmaktadır. Sünbül Efendi Tekkesi’nin on birinci postnişini Mehmed Nûreddin Efendi’nin halifesi olan Mehmed Nebî Efendi 1764’te Fındıklı’da Keşfî Câfer Efendi meşihatına tayin edilmiş ve kendisinden sonra bu tekkede İsmâil Hakkı Efendi, Yûnus Hilmi Efendi, Hâfız Ahmed Şevki Efendi ve oğlu Mehmed Kudretullah Efendi postnişinlik yapmıştır. Bunlar arasında en meşhuru olan Yûnus Hilmi Efendi’nin yetiştirdiği halifeler, başta İstanbul’un en önemli tarikat merkezlerinden sayılan Merkez Efendi Tekkesi olmak üzere Mimar Acem, Yavsî Baba ve Tarsûsî Tekkesi meşihatı görevlerini ifa etmiştir. Keşfî Câfer Efendi Tekkesi’ndeki postnişinliği döneminde (1819-1863) II. Mahmud’un takdirini kazanmış, padişah da birkaç defa tekkeyi ziyaret etmiştir. Yûnus Hilmi Efendi’nin ilk halifesi Ali Koç Efendi, Tarsûsî Rifâî Tekkesi’nin Sünbüliyye’ye bağlanmasını sağlamıştır. Yûnus Hilmi Efendi’nin ikinci halifesi Yorganî lakaplı Mustafa Sûfî Efendi (ö. 1867), Mimar Acem Tekkesi’ndeki Ahmed Vahdî ailesine mensup son şeyh Abdülhay Efendi’nin Sirkeci Tekkesi postnişinliğine tayin edilmesi üzerine buranın meşihatını üstlenmiş, kendisinden sonra yerine oğlu Mehmed Ârif Efendi (ö. 1908) geçmiştir. Üçüncü halifesi Mehmed Şükrullah Efendi (ö. 1868) Yavsî Baba Tekkesi ile Ferruh Kethüdâ Tekkesi’nin ortak meşihatını yürütmüş, vefatı üzerine oğlu Mehmed Nûreddin Çelebi (ö. 1879) aynı şekilde her iki merkezin postnişinliğini yerine getirmiştir. Yûnus Hilmi Efendi’nin dördüncü halifesi Nûreddin Efendi (ö. 1881) Merkez Efendi Tekkesi’nde görev yapmıştır.
Sünbüliyye, Anadolu’da XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda Kütahya, Amasya, Manisa, Kastamonu gibi şehirlerde faaliyet göstermiştir. Âsitâne postnişini Necmeddin Hasan Efendi’den hilâfet alan Amasyalı Hasan Dede (ö. 1020/1611) Amasya’da Beyazıt Camii’nde cuma vâizliği yapmış, tefsir ve hadis okutmuş, Arapça ve Farsça dersleri vermiştir. Kendisinden sonra Amasya’da tarikatı Kadızâde Mehmed Çelebi devam ettirmiştir. Merkez Efendi’nin ardından Manisa’da faaliyet gösteren Kenzî Hasan Efendi (ö. 1126/1714), âsitâne postnişini Mehmed Alâeddin Efendi’den hilâfet aldıktan sonra Manisa’ya gönderilmiş, burada kurduğu tekkede tarikat faaliyetlerini yürütürken Manisa Ulucamii’nde vaaz etmiştir. Şair ve bestekâr olan Kenzî Hasan Efendi’nin Edvâr Risâlesi ile bir divançesi bulunmaktadır. Mûsiki ile meşgul olan Sünbülî şeyhleri arasında güzel sesiyle tanınan Yûsuf Sinâneddin Efendi ile birçok bestesi bulunan Şeyh Mehmed Kutbüddin Efendi’yi saymak gerekir. Sünbülî şeyhlerinden biri de Rahîkîzâde lakabıyla tanınan İstanbullu Uyûnî Mehmed Efendi’dir (ö. 1166/1753). Sütlüce şeyhi olarak da anılan Uyûnî Mehmed Efendi’nin Osmanlı Müellifleri’nde divan, Silsilenâme-i Meşâyih-i İzâm ve Ta‘rîfnâme-i Dergâhân adlı üç eserinin bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir. Hüseyin Vassâf, Ferruh Kethüdâ Dergâhı şeyhi Kemaleddin Efendi’nin Virdü’l-aʿẓami’l-Kemâliyye isimli Arapça bir eseri olduğunu, müridi Muhyiddin Efendi’nin onun hakkında bir risâle yazdığını kaydetmektedir. Otuz altı yıl irşad makamında bulunan Kemal Efendi’nin son dönem meşâyihi arasında önemli halifeleri vardır.
Sünbüliyye Balkanlar’a Sünbül Sinan’ın halifelerinden Yâkub Germiyânî (ö. 979/1571) ve Hasan Adlî (ö. 1026/1617) tarafından taşınmıştır. Nathalie Clayer, Serez’de bir Sünbülî tekkesi olduğunu, tarikatın Şeyh Muslihuddin Efendi tarafından Mitroviça’ya getirildiğini, Tımışvar, Belgrad ve Visoko gibi kasabalarda yaygınlaştığını, Hasan Adlî tarafından Mora’ya ulaştırıldığını kaydeder. Tarikatı Bosna’da Sünbül Sinan’ın halifesi Aynî Dede’nin yaygınlaştırdığı zikredilir. Ancak Aynî Dede, Sünbülî değil Sinânî şeyhidir. Buradan Sünbüliyye’nin Balkanlar’da Halvetî ismiyle tanındığı anlaşılmaktadır. Merkez Efendi’nin Yanya’ya gönderdiği Yâkub Germiyânî halk arasında saygın bir yer edinmiş, Merkez Efendi’nin ardından İstanbul’a dönerek âsitâne postuna oturmuştur. Aslen Alacahisarlı olan Necmeddin Hasan Efendi, Yâkub Germiyânî’den hilâfet aldıktan sonra bir süre Bulgaristan’ın Sofya sancağına bağlı Samakov’da, bir süre de Mısır’da faaliyette bulunmuştur. Oğlu Hasan Adlî Efendi de bir müddet Yanya’da irşad vazifesi yapmış ve Siroz’da bir zâviye açmıştır. Dimetoka, Yanbolu, Filibe, Niğbolu, Lofça, Yenice-i Karasu, Drama, Siroz, Nevrekop, Ustrumca, İnebahtı, Avlonya ve Selânik civarında Sünbülî Âsitânesi’ne ait vakıf arazileri olduğu kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir. Balkanlar’da bazı Sünbülî dergâhlarının zamanla Sinânî ve Cerrâhî gibi diğer Halvetî kolları ile kaynaştığı görülmektedir. Bazı kaynaklarda Sünbülîliğin Suriye dolaylarında Assâliyye ve Bahşiyye adlı iki kol halinde yaygınlaştığı zikredilmekteyse de bunlar Sünbüliyye gibi Cemâliyye’nin birer koludur.
Yeni yapılan araştırmalardan tarikatın Sîdî (Seyyid) Mahmûd el-Bağdâdî tarafından Nijer’in Âir bölgesine taşındığı anlaşılmaktadır. Sünbül Sinan’dan hilâfet aldığı, Sünbüliyye’nin Mahmûdiyye kolunun kurucusu olduğu belirtilen Sîdî Mahmûd’un hayatına dair yeterli bilgi yoktur ve Sünbüliyye kaynaklarında adı geçmemektedir. Sîdî Mahmûd ve Mahmûdiyye hakkındaki bilgiler, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed Sâdık el-Lemtûnî’nin Ḳıdvetü’l-muʿteḳıd adlı eserine dayanmaktadır. Mahmûdiyye kolu daha çok Tuaregler (Tevârik) ve Fûlânîler arasında yayılmıştır. Mahmûdîler zikir, semâ ve devran gibi tarikat özelliklerini sürdürmeleri yanında ticaret, ziraat ve eğitim gibi alanlarda kendilerine has usuller geliştirmiş ve kuruluşlar oluşturmuştur. Sîdî Mahmûd’dan sonra bu kolu Nijer’de halifesi Teghzerinli Muhammed temsil etmiştir. Bunun ardından silsile Cikatlı Abdülkādir Cîlânî, Hârûn b. Hacı Ahmed, Üveys b. Abdülkādir, Ḳıdvetü’l-muʿteḳıd müellifi Ahmed Sâdık b. Üveys Muhammed b. Sıddîk vasıtasıyla bölgede Sokoto halifeliğini kuran Osman b. Fûdî’ye ulaşır. Mahmûdiyye’nin yanı sıra Halvetiyye-Şâbâniyye’nin Bekriyye koluna da intisap eden Osman b. Fûdî’de Bekriyye etkisi daha fazla görünmekle birlikte Tuaregler’in yaşadığı Âir bölgesinde Sünbüliyye çağımıza kadar devam etmiştir.
Sünbüliyye tarikatında uyulması gereken prensipleri Sünbül Sinan Tarîkatnâme adlı risâlesinde açıklamıştır (vr. 1-7). Müridlerin abdestsiz gezmemelerini, teheccüd ve evrada dikkat etmelerini, maksatlarının Allah rızası olmasını, şeyhe muhalefet etmekten kaçınmalarını, verilen görevleri yapmalarını, rüyalarını şeyhe arzetmelerini, huzurunda başka şeylerle meşgul olmamalarını, yüksek sesle konuşmamalarını ve gülmemelerini, öfkelenince susmalarını, günlük virdleri bitirmeden yatağa girmemelerini, sabah namazından işrak vaktine kadar yatmamalarını, yatsı namazından sonra ve abdest alırken dünya kelâmı etmemelerini, pazartesi ve perşembe oruçlarına devam etmelerini, cuma günü gusül abdesti almalarını, kimseden bir şey istememelerini, sarıksız elbise giymemelerini, birbirlerine kardeş diye hitap etmelerini, bütün fakirlerin birbirini anne baba bir kardeşlerden daha fazla sevmelerini, dışarıdan gelen ve tarikata yeni giren müridlere tecrübelilerin yardımcı olmasını ister, bunları tarikat şartlarından sayar, sülûkün kapısının bunlarla açılacağını söyler. Diğer Halvetî şubeleri gibi Sünbüliyye de nefis terbiyesine, Allah’ı yedi ism-i ilâhî ile zikretmeye, riyâzet ve çileye dayanmaktadır. Tarikatta erbaînin ve halvetin büyük önemi vardır. Nitekim Sünbül Sinan, şeyhi Cemâl-i Halvetî tarafından üç yıl süren bir riyâzet ve mücâhedeye tâbi tutulmuştur. Hulvî onun mücâhede ve riyâzet döneminin aralıksız on sekiz yıl sürdüğünü kaydeder (Lemezât-ı Hulviyye, s. 447). Bu durum kurucusu olduğu tarikat içerisinde halvet ve riyâzet geleneğini kökleştirmiştir.
Sünbülî âyinlerini şekil itibariyle Halvetîlik’ten ayıran bazı özellikler vardır. Bunların en başta geleni, Halvetîler’de âyine Mülk sûresi okunarak, Sünbülîler’de salâtüselâm getirilerek başlanmasıdır. Rivayete göre bir cuma günü Sünbül Sinan, âyin başlangıcında Mülk sûresi okunurken Hz. Peygamber’in ruhaniyetinin tevhidhâneye girdiğini görmüş, ayağa kalkıp salâtüselâm getirmiştir. Özel bir bestesi olan Sünbülî salâtının âyinlerde okunması gelenek halini almıştır (Hüseyin Vassâf, III, 253). Tarikat mensuplarının tepeliği çok sivri Sünbülî tacı kullanmaları, özellikle âsitânede 1495 yılından 1925’e kadar 430 yıl her hafta devrana başlamadan önce güftesi Cemâl-i Halvetî’ye ait olan Hüseynî makamındaki, “Safha-i sadrında dâim âşıkın efkârı hû” ilâhisinin okunması Sünbüliyye’yi Halvetiyye’nin kollarından ayıran unsurlardandır. Halvetiyye’nin bütün kollarında olduğu gibi Sünbüliyye’de de müridler günlük olarak Yahyâ-yı Şirvânî’nin tertip ettiği “vird-i settâr”ı okurlar. Mürid esmâ-i seb‘anın yanı sıra haftanın her günü için ayrı ayrı tesbit edilmiş dört fürûât esmasıyla seyrüsülûküne devam eder (pazar günü: Lâ ilâhe illallah, yâ vehhâb, yâ kadîr, yâ kerîm, yâ Allah; pazartesi: yâ Allah, yâ fettâh, yâ kavî, yâ bâsıt, yâ Allah; salı: yâ hû, yâ vâhid, yâ celîl, yâ azîz, yâ Allah; çarşamba: yâ hak, yâ ahad, yâ cemîl, yâ muiz, yâ Allah; perşembe: yâ hay, yâ samed, yâ hâdî, yâ ganî, yâ Allah; cuma; yâ kayyûm, yâ alîm, yâ mâlik, yâ muğnî, yâ Allah; cumartesi: yâ kahhâr, yâ azîm, yâ vedûd, yâ latîf, yâ Allah).
Sünbüliyye’nin İstanbul tarikat kültürü ve folkloruna önemli katkıları olmuştur. İstanbul’un en kıdemli âsitânesi olan Sünbülî Âsitânesi’nde her yıl On Muharrem günü aşûre pişirilir ve fukaraya dağıtılırdı. Gece nâfile namaz ve ibadetle geçirilirdi. Ertesi gün sabahleyin tarikat pîrinin âdetini yaşatmak için şeyh efendi hamama gider, müridleri de hamamda hazır bulunurdu. Sünbül Sinan zamanından beri her yıl tekrar edilen usule göre kurnaya su doldurulur, müridler sıra ile şeyhin huzurundan geçer ve şeyh efendi her birinin başından birer tas su dökerdi. Hamam merasimi âdeta alay tarzında yapılırdı. O gün öğle namazından sonra cemaatle dört rek‘at “husemâ namazı” kılınır, namazın ardından âyin icra edilirdi. Mersiye okunur, hatm-i şerif indirilir, Hz. Hasan ve Hüseyin’in ruhu için su dağıtılırdı. Dağıtılan sudan şifa niyetine hastalara içirilirdi. Yatsıdan sonra en kıdemli şeyhin idaresinde 70.000 kelime-i tevhid çekilir ve devran yapılırdı. Ehl-i beyt sevgisi adına düzenlenen bu merasime bütün tarikat erbabı rağbet ederdi. Bu âdet günümüzde de mersiye ve mevlid okuma şeklinde sürmektedir. Mübarek gün ve gecelerde minarelerde kandil yakma âdetini İstanbul’da ilk defa bir Sünbülî şeyhi olan Necmeddin Hasan Efendi (ö. 1019/1610) başlatmıştır. Hasan Efendi, Hz. Peygamber’in doğum günü olan rebîülevvel ayının on ikinci gecesinde Koca Mustafa Paşa Camii minaresinde kandil yaktırmış, bundan hoşlanan III. Murad bir fermanla bütün İstanbul camilerinde kandil yakılması geleneğini başlatmıştır.
Halvetiyye tarikatının birçok padişah ve devlet erkânını etkilediği bilinmektedir. II. Bayezid’in yanında Cemâl-i Halvetî, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in yanında Sünbül Sinan, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın yanında Merkez Efendi bulunmaktadır. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, Mayıs 1537’de Korfu seferine çıkarken Merkez Efendi’yi ordu şeyhliğine tayin etmiştir (Yûsuf b. Ya‘kūb, s. 53). Cemâl-i Halvetî’den sonra Sünbül Sinan’a intisap eden Koca Mustafa Paşa’nın tarikatın İstanbul’da gelişmesi ve meşruiyet kazanmasında büyük etkisi olduğu belirtilmektedir. Ancak Şehzâde Ahmed taraftarı olan Koca Mustafa Paşa, Cem Sultan’ın öldürülmesine adı karıştığı için Yavuz Sultan Selim tarafından boğdurulmuş, inşa ettiği külliye yıktırılmak istenmiş, fakat Sünbül Sinan buna engel olmuştur. Eyüp’te ve Fatih semtinde kendi adına birer tekke yaptıran Yavuz Sultan Selim’in kızı Şah Sultan’ın yardımları ve diğer devlet adamlarının âsitâne şeyhlerine olumlu bakışı son zamanlara kadar devam etmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sünbül Sinan, Tarîkatnâme, İÜ Ktp., İbnülemin, nr. 2956; Yûsuf b. Ya‘kūb, Menâkıb-ı Şerîf ve Tarîkatnâme-i Pîrân ve Meşâyih-i Tarîkat-ı Aliyye-i Halvetiyye, İstanbul 1290; Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik, s. 372; Hulvî, Lemezât-ı Hulviyye (haz. Mehmet Serhan Tayşi), İstanbul 1993, s. 445-449; Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘, I, 229-231; Harîrîzâde, Tibyân, II, vr. 144a vd.; İsmet, Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik, s. 369; Tomar-Halvetiyye, s. 59-61; Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne-i Evliyâ (haz. Mehmet Akkuş – Ali Yılmaz), İstanbul 2006, III, 247-267, 351-471; Osmanlı Müellifleri, I, 78; M. Asım Çalıkoğlu, Sünbül Efendi ve Merkez Efendi’nin Resimli Hayatı ve Hüviyetleri, İstanbul 1960; Zâkir Şükrü, Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ (Tayşi), s. 2-3; Ali Eren, İstanbul Evliyalarından Sünbül Efendi ve Merkez Efendi Hazretleri, İstanbul 1993; N. Clayer, Mystiques, état et société: Halvetis dans l’aire balkanique de la fin du XVe siècle à nos jours, Leiden 1994, s. 164-166; a.mlf., “Sunbuliyya”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 875-876; Ekrem Işın, “Boğaziçi’nde Ortadan Kalkan Tekkeler”, İstanbul Armağanı: Boğaziçi Medeniyeti (haz. Mustafa Armağan), İstanbul 1996, II, 170-171; a.mlf., “Sünbülîlik”, DBİst.A, VII, 107-112; Nazif Velikâhyaoğlu, Sümbüliye Tarikatı ve Kocamustafapaşa Külliyesi, İstanbul 1999; Reşat Öngören, Osmanlılar’da Tasavvuf, İstanbul 2000, s. 54-77; Necdet Yılmaz, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (17. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2001, s. 67-91; Ramazan Muslu, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (18. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2003, s. 152-175; Hür Mahmut Yücer, Osmanlı Toplumunda Tasavvuf (19. Yüzyıl), İstanbul 2003, s. 164-179; Tahsin Yazıcı, “Fetihten Sonra İstanbul’da İlk Halvetî Şeyhleri: Çelebi Muhammed Cemaleddin, Sünbül Sinan ve Merkez Efendi”, İstanbul Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 2, İstanbul 1956, s. 87-113; a.mlf., “Sünbüliye”, İA, XI, 236-238; Emel Esin, “Merkez Efendi ile Şah Sultan Hakkında Bir Hâşiye”, TM, XIX (1979), s. 65-92; H. T. Norris, “A la recherche de Sîdî Mahmûd Al-Baghdâdî”, Islam et sociétés au sud du Sahara, sy. 3, Paris 1989, s. 128-158.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 136-140 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.