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ŞÛRÂ-yı ÜMMET Skip to content İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin yayın organı olarak 1902-1910 yılları arasında yayımlanan siyasî dergi.
1902 Şubatında Paris’te toplanan Osmanlı Hürriyetperveran Kongresi’nin ardından, yabancı müdahalesi karşıtı olan ve kongrede azınlıkta kalan Ahmed Rızâ grubu ile Cenevre’de faaliyette bulunan Osmanlı İcraat Komitesi grubu birleşerek yeni bir yayın siyaseti belirleme kararı aldılar. İcraatçı gençlerin Cenevre’de çıkardıkları İntikam ve İstirdâd ile Kahire’de Ahmed Sâib’in çıkardığı Sancak dergileri yerine tek bir mecmuanın neşri fikrini benimsediler. Hoca Kadri Efendi’nin teklifiyle Şûrâ-yı Ümmet adı verilen derginin yanı sıra 1895’ten beri yayımlanan Mechveret supplément français ile Kürtçe Kürdistan da neşrine devam edecekti. 10 Nisan 1902 – 12 Mayıs 1910 tarihleri arasında 220 sayı çıkan Şûrâ-yı Ümmet ’in 1908 ihtilâlinin gerçekleşmesinde önemli rolü olmuştur. 1 Temmuz 1907 tarihine kadar Osmanlı idaresinin bütün protestolarına rağmen Paris’te hazırlanıp Kahire’de basılan Şûrâ-yı Ümmet ’in editörlüğüne Ahmed Sâib, editör yardımcılığına Mustafa Hamdi getirildi. İcraatçılar tarafından yeni örgüt için düşünülen Osmanlı Islahat Cemiyeti ve Terakkî Cem‘iyyet-i Osmâniyyesi gibi isimlere Ahmed Rızâ’nın muhalefeti sebebiyle “hükûmet-i meşrûta ve ıslâhât-ı umûmiyye taraftarlarının vâsıta-i neşriyyâtı” olarak çıktı. İlk sayısında yayımlanan programda yabancı müdahalesine karşıtlık, Kānûn-ı Esâsî hükümlerinin uygulanması, halkın haklarını savunma, hükümetin durumunu ıslah, Osmanlı’yı meydana getiren unsurlar arasında birleştirici rolü, hükümet mensuplarını zamanın gelişmelerinden haberdar etme, Hânedân-ı Osmânî’nin bekasını takviyeye çalışma gibi amaçlar ortaya konuldu.
Şûrâ-yı Ümmet adı, 1876’da tesis edilen Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı hakkında muhafazakâr çevrelerce teklif edilmiş olan İslâmî bir kuruma atıfta bulunuyordu. Ayrıca başlığın altında “Ve emrühüm şûrâ beynehüm” (Onların işleri, kendi aralarında danışma iledir; eş-Şûrâ 42/38) âyetine yer verilmişti. Benzeri bir mesaj da derginin ilk sayısının hicrî yılın ilk günü olan 1 Muharrem 1320 tarihinde yayımlanmasıyla verilmeye çalışılmıştı. Ancak bu tür İslâmî referanslara rağmen dinî konulara ve bu zeminde yapılan bir muhalefete dergide çok az yer verildi. Ahmed Sâib’in Türkçe’sinin yetersizliği ve mürettiplerin ana dillerinin Arapça olması derginin Kahire dönemine ait nüshalarında pek çok imlâ hatasına yol açtı. Önemli makaleleri Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi ve Ahmed Rızâ beyler kaleme aldı. “Şuûnat” kısmı 1905 yılına kadar Ahmed Rızâ, daha sonra Ahmed Ferid (Tek) ve Bahâeddin Şâkir tarafından hazırlandı. Bunların yanı sıra 1906 yazına kadar Ahmed Sâib, Kasım 1902 tarihine kadar Mustafa Hamdi ve 1903 yılı sonuna kadar Ali Fahri, Mâhir Said ve Süleyman Hikmet gibi icraatçıların hazırladığı yazılar neşredildi. 1903’te ölümüne kadar Halil Ganem ve özellikle 1905 yılına kadar Yusuf Akçura da kayda değer makaleler yazdı. Şûrâ-yı Ümmet , Jön Türk hareketinde Türkçü tezleri dile getiren en önemli dergilerden ve yine Kahire’de yayımlanan Anadolu ve Türk dergileriyle birlikte bu fikir hareketinin ilk sözcülerinden biridir.
1906 yılının ilk aylarında Bahâeddin Şâkir, icraatçılarla Ahmed Rızâ’nın birlikteliğini Osmanlı Terakkî ve İttihad Cemiyeti adı altında yeniden örgütleyerek ona ihtilâlci bir karakter kazandırdığında yayın faaliyetini denetleme görevini de üstlendi. Bu çerçevede derginin 300 olan baskı sayısı 500’e çıkarıldı. Teşkilâttaki ideolojik gelişmeye karşı çıkan Ahmed Sâib bu yeni denetime itiraz edip eski yayın siyasetini sürdürmeye çalıştı. Ancak bazı yazılarından dolayı merkezden aldığı uyarılara tepki göstererek istifa etti. Teşkilâtın Mısır’a gönderdiği Mehmed Fâzıl Bey matbaa ve dergi evrakına el koyup Ahmed Ferid’le beraber yayın vazifesini üstlendi. 20 Temmuz 1906’da cemiyetin yeniden örgütlenmesi sırasında editörlüğüne Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi getirildi. 15 Ağustos’ta yayımlanan 98. sayıdan itibaren dergi Osmanlı Terakkî ve İttihat Cemiyeti’nin neşir organı olarak çıktı. Bu sayıya yanlışlıkla 98 numara verildiğinden 97 numaralı ve aynı tarihli bir sayı daha çıkarıldı. 1906 yılı Aralık ayında Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi başkanlığında Bahâeddin Şâkir, Nâzım Bey ve Ali Haydar Midhat’tan oluşan bir alt komisyon Şûrâ-yı Ümmet için yeni bir yayın siyaseti benimsenmesini kararlaştırdı. Buna göre derginin en önemli bölümleri, yayın organına ihtilâlci bir karakter kazandırma arzusunu ortaya koyan Bahâeddin Şâkir tarafından hazırlanacak, editör ise sadece denetim görevini yerine getirecekti. İlk defa bir Jön Türk yayın organı belirli bir plan çerçevesinde neşredilecekti. Derginin birinci bölümünde ilk sayfada eğer varsa ifâde-i mahsûsa ya da beyannâme yayımlanacak, başmakaleleri Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi kaleme alacak, değişik konulardaki makaleler ikinci ve üçüncü sayfalarda yer alacak, ikinci bölümde “Matbûât-ı İslâmiyye ve Âlem-i İslâm”, “Ecnebiler Bizim İçin Ne Diyorlar?” gibi başlıklar altında okuyuculara bilgi sunulacaktı. Diğer sayfalarda cemiyete gelen mektuplar, şubelerce ulaştırılan haberler, İstanbul ve diğer şehirlerden haberler ve dış gelişmeler özetlenecekti. Bu kararın ardından Bahâeddin Şâkir fiilen derginin kontrolünü ve yayımını ele aldı. Türkiye’den kaçarak cemiyetin Paris merkezine katılan Hüsrev Sâmi (Kızıldoğan) ve Ömer Nâci beyler de gazetenin Osmanlı zâbitlerine hitap eden ihtilâlci bir karakter kazanmasında ciddi katkılarda bulundular. 1907 Mayısından itibaren Ömer Nâci, 1908 yılı başında onun cemiyet tarafından İran’a gönderilmesinden sonra Hüsrev Sâmi, Bahâeddin Şâkir’e derginin hazırlanması işinde yardım ettiler.
Şûrâ-yı Ümmet 1906 yılından sonra pek çok cemiyet beyannâmesini ek olarak okuyuculara ulaştırdı. Derginin Paris’te hazırlanıp Kahire’de basılması ve postaya verilmesinden kaynaklanan aksaklıkların önüne geçmek için 1907 yazında Paris’e nakline karar verildi ve 1 Temmuz 1907 tarihli 117. sayı burada yayımlandı. Önceleri elle yazılıp taşbasma halinde çıkarken Bulgaristan’dan getirilen bir matbaa sayesinde 15 Teşrînievvel 1907 tarihli 123. sayısından itibaren yeniden normal baskıya dönüldü. Bu sırada derginin baskı sayısı 750’ye çıkmıştı. Osmanlı Terakkî ve İttihad Cemiyeti ile Selânik’teki Hürriyet Cemiyeti’nin 27 Eylül 1907 tarihinde birleşmesinin ardından dergiye duyulan ilgi arttığı için baskı adedi 1150’ye çıkarıldı. Daha fazla dergi talebine karşılık baskı ve posta masrafları sebebiyle bu sayı arttırılamadıysa da dergi Selânik ve Manastır’da el yazısıyla ucuz kâğıtlar üzerine yazılıp dağıtıldı. 1907 sonbaharına kadar Türkçü çizgisini sürdüren Şûrâ-yı Ümmet , Makedonya’nın ihtilâl merkezi haline gelmesi üzerine Osmanlı yanlısı bir neşir siyasetine kaydı. Bu dönemde Hüsrev Sâmi’nin imzasız yayımladığı “Silâh Arkadaşlarıma” türünden yazılarla Osmanlı zâbitlerine yönelik propagandaya hız verildi. Dergi 1 Ağustos 1908 tarihli 139. sayısıyla yurt dışındaki neşriyatını sona erdirdi.
1908 ihtilâlinin ardından İttihat ve Terakkî liderleri, Şûrâ-yı Ümmet ’i İstanbul’da gazete olarak yayımlama kararı aldı. İlk sayısı, 14 Teşrînisâni 1908 tarihinde 7. sene 140-40 numara ile “Osmanlı İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin vâsıta-i neşr-i efkârı” şeklinde Bahâeddin Şâkir’in imtiyaz sahipliği ve müdürlüğü altında yayımlanan gazetenin başyazarlığını yine Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi yapıyordu. Ancak Şûrâ-yı Ümmet gazete şeklinde fazla ilgi görmedi, başta Tanin olmak üzere cemiyeti destekleyen gazeteler yanında sönük kaldı. Bunun üzerine 30 Teşrînievvel 1909’da yeniden haftalık bir dergi halinde neşrine karar verildi. Bunun 192 numaralı ilk sayısında başmuharrirliğe Cenab Şahabeddin getirilirken Maliye Nâzırı Câvid Bey ile Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın), Mahmud Sâdık gibi gazeteciler, Ubeydullah Efendi ve Babanzâde İsmâil Hakkı Bey gibi mebuslardan oluşan bir yazı heyetiyle perşembe günleri neşredilmeye başlandı. Ancak bu defa cemiyetin yayın organı olarak değil siyasî, içtimaî, fennî, edebî haftalık Osmanlı gazetesi olarak yayımlandı. Bu değişikliklere rağmen yeterli derecede ilgi görmeyince Kahire, Paris, İstanbul ve bir tek sayısı Selânik’te 25 Nisan 1909’da çıkan dergi yayım hayatına son verdi.
Başlangıçta on beş günde bir yayımlanan Şûrâ-yı Ümmet ’in neşir takviminde düzenlilik sağlanamadı, bazı sayılar ise taşıdıkları tarihten sonra neşredilebildi. 28 × 40 cm. ebadındaki derginin abone sayısı 1902-1905 döneminde otuz üç ile elli dört arasında değişiyor, az sayıda dergi Avrupa’daki kütüphanelerce satın alınıyor, geri kalan nüshalar Bulgaristan, Mısır, Romanya, Kıbrıs, Girit ve Kafkasya’daki rejim muhaliflerine, Paris ve Kahire’deki yabancı temsilciliklere ecnebi postahaneler aracılığıyla ve ücretsiz olarak yurt içine gönderiliyordu. Bu dönemde derginin yetmiş beş adedi mektup zarfına sığdırılabilmesi için çok ince kâğıt üzerine basılıyordu. Yusuf Akçura’nın dergideki makalelerinin bir kısmı kitap halinde neşredilmiştir (Eski Şûrâ-yı Ümmet’te Çıkan Makalelerimden , İstanbul 1329). Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi’nin Şûrâ-yı Ümmet ’teki yazıları da Zeynep Kerman tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Sami Paşazade Sezai: Bütün Eserleri III , Ankara 2003).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şûrâ-yı Ümmet , sy. 1-220 (1902-1910).
BA , HR.SYS 1796/1.
BA , Yıldız-Sadâret, Hususî Mâruzat, çeşitli dosyalar.
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Ahmed Ferid Tek Evrakı, Emel Esin özel arşivi.
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Şerif Mardin, Jön Türklerin Siyâsî Fikirleri: 1895-1908 , İstanbul 1992, s. 251-286.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 240-242 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.