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SÜREYYÂ Skip to content Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında daha çok mecaz ve teşbih unsuru olarak zikredilen parlak bir yıldız kümesinin adı.
Arapça olan Süreyyâ adı Türkçe’de Ülker, Farsça’da daha çok Pervîn diye geçer. Farsça perve kelimesiyle Nûşirevân’ın torunu olan Hüsrev’in lakabı Pervîz de Fars edebiyatında Süreyyâ için kullanılmıştır (Şükûn, I, 468). İlm-i nücûma göre Süreyyâ, içinde yer alan yıldızlar öküz (boğa) şeklini meydana getirdiğinden Sevr adıyla anılan burcun sırt/hörgüç kısmında iki sıra halinde dizilmiş altı veya yedi yıldızdan meydana gelen açık bir kümedir. Diğer bir görüşe göre Süreyyâ, Hamel burcunun kuyruğunda sıralanmış olup üzüm salkımı veya gerdanlık gibi görünür, ayın menzillerinden en meşhuru ve üçüncüsü sayılır. Araplar’ın Câhiliye döneminde kutlu saydıkları yıldızlardan biri de Süreyyâ’dır. Yahudilerce de kutsal kabul edilen bu yıldız kümesi ayrıca “yedi kız kardeş” veya “peren” adıyla da anılmaktadır. Yedi yıldızdan meydana gelmesi sebebiyle “benâtü na‘ş” adlı yıldız kümesiyle karıştırıldığı görülmektedir. Yunan mitolojisine göre bu yıldızlar Atlas ve Pleione’un yedi kızı olup sonradan yıldız halini almıştır. Altısı tanrılarla evlenen bu kızlardan sadece Merope bir ölümlü ile evlendiği için utancından parlaklığını kaybetmiş ve bu yüzden bazan görünmez olmuştur.
Süreyyâ adı Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de açıkça zikredilmemekle birlikte bazı müfessirler, Necm sûresinin ilk âyetinde üzerine yemin edildiği için sûreye adını veren “necm” kelimesiyle Süreyyâ’nın kastedildiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Buna sebep olarak da her iki kelimenin Arapça’da “parlak yıldız” mânasına gelmesinden hareketle, yaygın isimlendirmede necm kelimesinin “ahd-i zihnî lâmı” ile zikredilmesi halinde parlaklığı çıplak gözle görülen ve diğerlerinden farklı birçok özelliğe sahip olan Süreyyâ yerine kullanılması gösterilmektedir. Ayrıca Süreyyâ yıldızların en göze çarpanı ve menzillerin en meşhuru olduğu için bu kanaate varıldığı belirtilmektedir. Târık sûresinde (86/3) geçen “en-necmü’s-sâkıb” (karanlığı delip geçen yıldız) ibaresi de bazı müfessirlerce Süreyyâ diye yorumlanmıştır. Süreyyâ hadislerde de yer almıştır. Bunlardan Buhârî (“Tefsîr”, 62/1) ve Tirmizî’de (“Menâḳıb”, 71) mevcut bir hadiste, aslen hıristiyan olan Selmân-ı Fârisî’nin Hz. Muhammed’in risâletle görevlendirildiğini duyunca iman etmek üzere Acem diyarından Medine’ye gelerek müslüman olması dolayısıyla Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “İman Süreyyâ yıldızı kadar uzakta da olsa bazıları her türlü gayreti göstererek onu elde eder” dediği belirtilmektedir. Hadiste Süreyyâ, uzaklığından veya yüksekliğinden kinaye olarak erişilmesi güç bir yerde bulunmayı ifade etmekte, iman ise onun parlaklığına teşbih edilerek hidayet nurunun aydınlığının kuvvetine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Süreyyâ’nın bu özellikleri daha sonra bütün Doğu edebiyatlarında yer almıştır. Sahih kaynaklarda rastlanmayıp halk arasında hadis diye zikredilen, “Ülker sabahleyin doğarsa âfet kalkar” rivayeti İsrâiliyat’a dayanan folklorik bir bilgi olmalıdır.
Divan edebiyatında Süreyyâ ve Pervîn yanında Ülker isminin de kullanıldığı bu yıldız kümesi edebî metinlerde tek bir yıldız gibi de zikredilmektedir. Tuhfe-i Vehbî’deki, “Gök sipihr oldu Zühâl keyvan Utârid tîr imiş / Ülker’e Pervîn derler arş-ı a‘lâ kerzman” beyti bu yıldızın Doğu edebiyatlarında rastlanılan diğer isimlerini bir araya toplamaktadır. Şeyhî’nin, “Pervîn tabakta nukl düzer Zühre sâz-ı çeng” mısraında yıldızın Farsça ismi kullanılmış ve gökyüzündeki dizilişinden hareketle parıldayan bir tabağa sıralanmış yiyeceklerin görünümü Süreyyâ’ya benzetilmiştir. Yedi yıldızdan meydana geldiği şeklindeki kabul ise Mehmed Âkif’in Çanakkale şehidleri hakkındaki şiirinde yer alan, “Ebr-i nîsânı açık türbene çatsam da tavan / Yedi kandilli Süreyyâ’yı uzatsam oradan” beytinde ifadesini bulmuştur. Yine onun, “Said Paşa İmamı” şiirinde sıra sıra dizilen, rengârenk fener ve kandillerle aydınlatılmış sultan yalısını anlatırken, “Yalının cephesi Ülker gibi baştan başa nûr” mısraında Ülker adının kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Türkçe’de “yediger, yedigen, yedi kardeş, yedi kandil”, bazı bölgelerde “topçalar” gibi isimlerle de anılan bu yıldız kümesi halk edebiyatının pek çok türünde yer almıştır.
Bu küme ile ilgili olarak divan edebiyatında “ıkd-ı Süreyyâ, menzil-i / menâzil-i Süreyyâ, mirfak-ı Süreyyâ” gibi tamlamaların kullanıldığı görülmektedir. İki sıra halinde dizilmesi sebebiyle bu edebiyatta parlaklık ve düzgün sıralanışına işaret edilen, tesbih, sürü, salkım, başak (hûşe), sohbet meclisi (bezm) ve bu mecliste toplananlar (yârân-ı bezm), nazm, sevgilinin boynunda parıldayan mücevher gerdanlık (ıkd) ve sevgilinin parlak dişlerine (dendân) müşebbehün bih olan Süreyyâ aynı zamanda çiy tanesine (jâle) benzetilmiştir: Nev‘î’nin, “Takıp resenin kehkeşan kursuna mâhın / Kapmağa onu tîzidi dendân-ı Süreyyâ” beyti dişe; “Tutalım jâleyi gökten inermiş / Senin Pervîn’ine olur mu hemtâ” beyti jâleye benzetilmesine örnektir.
Divan şairleri, bu yıldız kümesini küçüklüğü ve yuvarlaklığı sebebiyle sevgilinin yüzündeki benlere de benzetmişlerdir. Ahmed Paşa’nın, “Ben mi yüzünde yâ bulmuş mâh ile Pervîn kıran / Saç mı yâ alnında olmuş nûr ile zulmet karîn” beyti bir dolunay parlaklığındaki sevgilinin yüzünde dizilmiş benlerin bir araya gelmesi (kıran) sûretiyle ortaya çıkan güzelliğe yapılmış bir işarettir. Yine onun, “Gösterirse yüzünün benlerin ol Zühre-cebîn / Nice baş koyduğum ay ile Süreyyâ göresin” beyti yüz-ay-ben-Süreyyâ ilişkisini ve bunları bir arada zikretmekten doğan tenâsübü ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca sevgilinin veya memdûhun giydiği çizme üzerinde kabara denilen ve raptiye gibi yuvarlak başlı çivilerle yapılan göz alıcı madenî nakışlar da Pervîn gibi parlar. Bazan bu yıldız kümesi, atlas kumaş olarak düşünülen gökyüzündeki göz kamaştıran işleme ve nakışlarla damgaya veya kıymetli kumaşların değerini belirten kumaş damgasına benzetilmektedir.
Kaside ve gazellerde yer alan kozmik unsurlar arasında sıkça temas edilen Süreyyâ, mi‘râciyye ve ramazâniyyelerle eski kozmogoniden bahseden manzum-mensur eserler yanında Mârifetnâme ve Muradnâme gibi ansiklopedik eserlerde de geçmektedir. Ramazâniyyelerde mahyalar Süreyyâ yıldızına benzetilir. Türün en tanınmış örneği sayılan ramazâniyyesinde Sâbit, “Eşkâl-i Süreyyâ-yı felek yeknesak üzre / Mâhiyyesi her gece bunun başka nişandır” derken ramazan gecelerinin karanlığında minareler arasında her gece Süreyyâ yıldızı gibi parlayan, ancak biçimi veya yazısı daima değişen mahyaların şekli sabit olan bu yıldızdan üstün olduğunu belirtir. Süreyyâ pek çok yıldızdan yüksekte bulunduğu için mekânı/derecesi yüksek olan kişi yahut varlıklar veya iki farklı konumda bulunanlar arasında mukayese için kullanılmıştır: “Görüp bu silk-i mervârîd-i pür-tâbı hicâbından / Acebdir hâke salsa ger felek ıkd-ı Süreyyâ’yı.”
Benâtü na‘ş ile birlikte zikredildiğinde Süreyyâ derli toplu olmayı, Benâtü na‘ş ise perişanlık ve dağınıklığı ifade eder. Sünbülzâde Vehbî’nin, “Necm-i bahtım cem‘ ü tefrîk üzredir gerdûnda kim / Geh benâtü’n-na‘şa benzer gâhi Pervîn olmada” beyti buna bir örnektir. Nef‘î’nin, “Gelmesin ikisi bir yere benâtü’n-na‘şın / Belki cem‘iyyet-i Pervîn’i perîşân olsun” beyti de benzer bir örnek olduğu gibi aynı zamanda şairin hicvedici kaleminden çıkmış bir bedduadır.
Arapça’da darbımesel olarak, “Ülker akşam vakti doğarsa çoban örtü ister” denilir. Çünkü o zaman güneş Ülker’in karşısında Akrep’ten önce bulunduğundan güneşin batmasıyla Süreyyâ hemen doğuverir. Yine Arapça’da kullanılan ve Osmanlı Türkçesi’ne de geçen “eyne’s-serâ ve’s-Süreyyâ” (“beyim nerede, ben nerede; ben neredeyim, sen neredesin!”) tabiri yaygın bir darbımeseldir. Câhiliye devrinde ve İslâm’ın ilk yıllarında yazılmış Arapça şiirlerde Süreyyâ yıldızından birçok şiirde söz edilmiştir (DİA, XXII, 126). Ayrıca ilm-i felek ve ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm konularında kaleme alınmış eserlerde Süreyyâ’ya yer verildiği görülmektedir. Bu şiirlerde Süreyyâ yıldız takımı bir şeyin erişilmezliği, uzaklığı, yüceliği veya parlaklığını anlatmak için mecazi kullanımlara ve darbımesellere konu olmuştur. Nitekim Araplar’da “Süreyyâ’dan daha uzak” atasözü bulunduğu gibi İmruülkays b. Hucr muallakasında Süreyyâ yıldız takımını dizisi arasına eşit aralıklarda iri, parlak ve değerli mücevherlerin yerleştirildiği kemere/gerdanlığa benzetmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şükûn, Farsça-Türkçe Lûgat, I, 461, 468, 469; Nev‘î, Divan (haz. Mertol Tulum – M. Ali Tanyeri), İstanbul 1977, s. 15, 237; Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik, İstanbul 1964, s. 244; Agâh Sırrı Levend, Divan Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1984, s. 216; Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili), Ankara 1987, s. 438-439; a.mlf., “Benâtü Na‘ş”, DİA, V, 431; M. Nejat Sefercioğlu, Nev’î Divânı’nın Tahlîli , Ankara 1990, s. 333-334; Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemal Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 74, 332; İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 324, 363; Nurettin Albayrak, Ansiklopedik Halk Edebiyatı Terimleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul 2004, s. 533-534; Pakalın, II, 772; III, 299; Tevfîk Fehd, “İlm-i Ahkâm-ı Nücûm”, DİA, XXII, 125-126; a.mlf., “İlm-i Felek”, a.e., XXII, 126; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn), IV, 4858; V, 6380.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 162-164 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.