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SURİNAM Skip to content Amerika kıtasında en fazla müslüman nüfus oranına sahip ülke.
Bölümler İçin Önizleme
Madde Planı
1/2 Müellif: HALİL KURT Bölüme Git
Kuzeyden Atlas Okyanusu, güneyden Brezilya, batıdan Guyana ve doğudan Fransız Guyanası ile çevrili olan ülkenin resmî adı Surinam Cumhuriyeti (Repupli…
2/2 Müellif: RECEP ŞENTÜRK Bölüme Git
II. TARİH Surinam’ın bilinen ilk sakinleri Kızılderililer’dir. Surinam sahilleri 1499’da İspanyol denizcisi Alonso de Ojeda tarafından keşfedildi; anc…
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET
Kuzeyden Atlas Okyanusu, güneyden Brezilya, batıdan Guyana ve doğudan Fransız Guyanası ile çevrili olan ülkenin resmî adı Surinam Cumhuriyeti (Repupliek Suriname; eski adı Hollanda Guyanası), resmî dili Felemenkçe, yüzölçümü 163.270 km2 , nüfusu 492.829 (2004), başşehri Paramaribo’dur (242.946); nüfusu 100.000’i aşan başka şehri yoktur.
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA Yüzey şekillerinde dirençli billûrlu kayaçlar geniş yer kaplar. Ülke kuzeyden güneye doğru üç farklı coğrafî bölgeye ayrılır. Atlas Okyanusu kıyılarında içinde kumullar, bataklıklar ve haliçlerin bulunduğu düzlükler, onun güneyinde tedrîcen yükselen bir plato, orta ve güneyde ise tepelik alanlarla yükseltisi yer yer 1000 metreyi aşan dağlık kesim (Juliana tepesi 1230 m.) yer alır. İklim sıcak ve nemlidir. Yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı kuzey kıyılarında 2000 mm., güneyde 3000 milimetreyi bulur. En fazla yağış nisan-ağustos ve kasım-şubat dönemlerinde düşer. Yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 27 °C’dir. Kıyılar mangrov ormanları, plato savanlar ve kısa boylu ağaçlar, orta ve güney bölgeleri ise tropikal ormanlarla kaplıdır. Flora ve fauna zenginliği son yıllarda tahribata uğramış ve ülke yüzölçümünün yaklaşık % 12’si millî park ilân edilerek koruma altına alınmıştır. Courantyne ve Maroni’nin teşkil ettiği akarsuların debileriyle akış hızlarının yüksek olması ve üzerlerinde çok sayıda çağlayan bulunması sebebiyle ülkenin hidroelektrik potansiyeli yüksektir. Surinam ırmağı üzerine 1964’te boksit sanayiine enerji sağlamak amacıyla yapılan Blommestein Barajı’nın gölü (1560 km2 ) önemli bir tatlı su rezervuarıdır.
Surinam Güney Amerika’da en fazla göç veren ülkelerden biridir ve göç edilen ülkelerin ilk sırasında tarihî, kültürel ve ekonomik sebeplerden dolayı Hollanda bulunur. Azlığına rağmen nüfus çok çeşitli etnik ve dinî topluluklardan meydana gelmektedir. Başlıca etnik gruplar Hintliler (% 27), Kreoller (% 18), Cavalılar (% 15), Marunlar (% 15), Melezler (% 13), yerli Kızılderililer (% 4), Çinliler (% 2) ve beyazlardır (% 1). Siyah derili Kreoller ile kıyıdaki plantasyonlardan kaçarak ormanlara sığınan Marunlar eski Afrikalı kölelerin torunlarıdır. Marunlar’la Kızılderililer iç kesimdeki yağmur ormanlarında daha çok avcılık ve toplayıcılık yaparak geçinirler. Hintliler’le Cavalılar tarım ve diğer sektörlerde çalışır, Çinliler ticaretle uğraşırlar; beyazlar ise zengin sınıfı oluşturmaktadır. Nüfusun dinî yapısı Hindu (% 27,4), Protestan (% 25,2), Katolik (% 22,8), müslüman (% 19,6) ve animistlerden (% 5) oluşur. Afrika kökenlilerin çoğunluğu hıristiyandır. İslâm dini Endonezya ve Hindistan’dan gelen göçmenler arasında yaygındır. Surinam, Amerika kıtasının müslüman nüfus oranı en yüksek ülkesidir ve bundan dolayı 1997’den beri İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı’na üyedir. Felemenkçe, İngilizce ve yerel dilleri konuşan nüfusun çoğunluğu (% 77) kıyı kesiminde ve şehirlerde toplanmıştır. Zengin doğal kaynaklara rağmen gelir dağılımının dengesizliği yüzünden halkın yarıdan fazlası fakirdir.
Yüzölçümünün sadece % 1’i tarıma elverişlidir. Ekilen sahaların tamamına yakını kıyı ovalarında ve akarsu kenarlarındadır. Başlıca tarım ürünleri pirinç, muz, şeker kamışı ve tropikal meyvelerdir. Sığır yetiştiriciliği, kümes hayvancılığı, balıkçılık ve özellikle karides avcılığı ekonomik bakımdan kıymet taşır. Orman ürünleri ve hidroelektrik enerji başlıca doğal kaynaklar arasındadır. En önemli yer altı zenginlikleri büyük rezervli boksitle son yıllarda denizin sığ ve geniş şelf sahasında (kıta sahanlığı) keşfedilen petroldür; altın, bakır, platin, demir, kaolin ve nikel diğer zenginliklerdir. Ülke gelirinin büyük kısmı, kuzeydoğudaki Paranam bölgesinde işlenerek alüminyuma dönüştürülen veya ham madde olarak ihraç edilen boksitten sağlanır. Ulaşım kıyı bölgesinde gelişmiştir. Başşehir Paramaribo en önemli liman şehridir. Başlıca ihraç ürünleri alüminyum, ham petrol, kereste, karides, balık, pirinç ve muzdur. Surinam ve Guyana arasında deniz sınırı anlaşmazlığı vardır ve bölgede zengin petrol yataklarının bulunması sorunun çözümünü güçleştirmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Selami Gözenç, Orta ve Güney Amerika Ülkeler Coğrafyası, İstanbul 1993, s. 293-294; Geography and Development: A World Regional Approach (ed. J. S. Fisher), New Jersey 1995, s. 436; Ergin Gümüş, Ülkeler Coğrafyası, İstanbul 2004, s. 213-214; H. J. de Blij – P. O. Muller, Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts, New York 2006, s. 244; Encyclopedie van Suriname (ed. C. F. A. Bruijning – J. Voorhoeve), Amsterdam 1977, s. 73-74; “Surinam”, Gelişim Büyük Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1981, V, 1303-1306; www. statistics-suriname.org (12 Ağustos 2008).
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 542-543 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
II. TARİH Surinam’ın bilinen ilk sakinleri Kızılderililer’dir. Surinam sahilleri 1499’da İspanyol denizcisi Alonso de Ojeda tarafından keşfedildi; ancak İspanyollar’ın burayı ele geçirmesi yaklaşık bir asır sonra gerçekleşti (1593) ve hâkimiyetleri fazla uzun sürmedi. 1616’dan itibaren bölgede Hollanda, 1651’den sonra da İngiltere yerleşim merkezleri kurmaya başladı. Bu iki devlet arasında bölgeyi ele geçirmek ve sömürgeleştirmek için çıkan savaş sonunda İngiltere, Breda Antlaşması’yla (1667) New Amsterdam’a (New York) karşılık Surinam’daki haklarını Hollanda’ya bıraktı. 1680’lerde kurulan şeker kamışı ve kahve plantasyonlarında çalıştırılmak üzere Afrika’dan XIX. yüzyıla kadar sayısı 250.000’i bulan köleler, 1863’te kölelik kaldırılınca aynı iş için bu defa Hindistan ve Cava’dan çalışmak zorunda bırakılmış yerli işçiler getirildi; bu işçiler zamanla çalıştıkları topraklara yerleştiler. 1922’de Surinam’ın statüsü değiştirilerek bir sömürge iken Hollanda Krallığı’na doğrudan bağlı bir deniz aşırı eyalet haline getirildi. 1954’te Hollanda Guyanası denilen bu eyalete iç işlerinde bağımsızlık, 25 Ekim 1975’te tam bağımsızlık tanındı ve parlamenter bir cumhuriyet kuruldu. Şubat 1980’de askerî bir darbeyle hükümet devrildi, anayasa askıya alındı. 1982 yılında askerî otoriteler önde gelen on beş muhalefet liderini tutuklatıp öldürtünce Hollanda ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, sivil bir hükümet kuruluncaya kadar yapmakta oldukları yardımı kestiklerini ilân ettiler. Kasım 1987’de yapılan seçimlerle askerî yönetime son verildi ve aynı günlerde hazırlanan yeni bir anayasa referandumla kabul edildi. 1990 yılı sonlarında ordu yeni bir darbeyle yönetime el koyduysa da dış baskılar yüzünden Mayıs 1991’de genel seçimlere gitmek zorunda kaldı. Hiçbir parti gerekli çoğunluğu sağlayamadığından bir koalisyon hükümeti kuruldu ve Birleşik Halk Meclisi, Ronald Venetiaan’ı başkanlığa seçti. Ardından yapılan seçimlerle de ülke hep koalisyon hükümetleri tarafından yönetildi. 1996 seçiminde muhalif liderlerden Jules Wijdenbosch başkanlığa seçildiyse de 2000 seçimlerinde Ronald Venetiaan tekrar başkanlık koltuğuna oturdu ve 2005 seçimlerinde de seçilmeyi başardı.
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET Surinam’da kölelik diğer Hollanda kolonilerinde olduğu gibi ancak 1863 yılında kaldırıldı ve bu tarihe kadar müslüman köleler birçok defa ayaklandı. Bu ayaklanmaların en başarılı olanları Senegal doğumlu Arabî ve Zemzem isimli kölelerin önderliğinde gerçekleşenlerdir. Zemzem 1761’de Hollandalılar’ı kendileriyle barış imzalamaya mecbur bıraktı. Bu başarısıyla ele geçirdiği bölge hâlâ onun soyundan gelen kişiler tarafından yönetilmektedir. Köleliğin kaldırılmasından sonra Hollandalılar şeker kamışı plantasyonlarında zorunlu işçi çalıştırmaya başladılar. Bunun için Surinam’a 1873’ten 1916’ya kadar çoğu Endonezya’dan olmak üzere diğer sömürgelerinden yaklaşık 34.000 işçi getirdiler. Bunların 6000’i müslümandı ve kendilerine çok sert davranılıyordu. Kötü hayat şartları zorunlu çalışmanın kaldırıldığı 1922 yılından sonra artarak devam etti. Bu müslümanlar, 1927’den itibaren Hollanda tebaası ve 1954’ten beri özgür bir ülkenin vatandaşı olarak rahata kavuştular. Bugün söz konusu müslümanların torunları her iş dalında temsil edilmekte ve tarım ekonomisinde toprak sahibi ve hayvan yetiştiricisi, ticaret, endüstri ve taşımacılık sektörlerinde iş veren, ayrıca ülkenin idarî ve siyasî yönetiminde yetkili kişi sıfatıyla en iyi pozisyonlarda görülebilmektedir. Eski köle ve işçilerden oluşan müslüman toplumunun bu derece hızla yükselmesini ülkede zorunlu iyi bir eğitim sisteminin bulunması sağladı. Evlilik hukukunda 1940 yılına kadar özellikle boşanma konusunda bir müslüman için çok zor uygulamaların yer aldığı Hollanda medenî hukuku geçerliydi. Dinî nikâhı tanımayan bu hukuk sisteminden dolayı bazı yıllarda müslüman çocuklarının % 90’ından fazlası gayri meşrû kabul edildi. Bu problemleri ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla 1940 yılından itibaren yeni kanunlar hazırlanırken Doğu gelenekleri daha çok göz önünde tutularak bir yandan Hindular ve müslümanlar için özel evlilik düzenlemeleri yapılır, nikâh akidleri yerel ya da bir Doğu dilinde (Hintçe, Urduca, Malayca, Cavaca, Arapça) kaleme alınırken bir yandan da müslümanların tabutsuz gömülmesine izin verildi.
Çoğunluğunu 1930’larda Pakistan’dan gelen göçmenlerin oluşturduğu Surinam’daki Hint asıllı müslümanlar (% 30) Hanefî, Endonezyalı müslümanlar (% 65) Şâfiî mezhebine mensuptur. Hint asıllı imamlar vaazlarını Urduca verme geleneğini sürdürmektedir. Bu durum Endonezyalı müslümanların Hintliler’in camilerine nâdiren gitmesine yol açmaktadır. Bir diğer sebep de kıblelerinin birbirine zıt yönlerde belirlenmiş olmasıdır. Geldikleri ülkedeki alışkanlıklarını sürdürerek Hintliler doğuya, Endonezyalılar batıya doğru yöneliyorlardı. Buna karşılık Hintli müslümanlar hem Endonezyalılar’la hem de Hindu Hintliler’le iyi geçindiler. 1949’da Müslüman Partisi, Hindu Partisi ve Hindistan-Cava Partisi’nin Birleşmiş Hindistan Partisi adı altında birleşmesinden de anlaşılacağı gibi Hindu ve Hint asıllı müslüman gruplar iç politikada da iyi anlaşmaktadır. Buna karşılık müslüman toplumu içinde Güneydoğu Asya kaynaklı Ahmediyye (Kādiyânîlik) hareketinin faaliyetleri yüzünden derin bir ihtilâf ortaya çıktı. 1937’de Kādiyân’dan gelen Emîr Ali isminde bir davetçi, kısa sürede ülkenin en önemli İslâmî organizasyonu halini alan Surinam İslâm Birliği (Surinaamse Islamitische Vereniging) adındaki örgütü kurmayı ve dindar Surinamlılar’ın üçte birini kendi tarafına çekmeyi başardı. Ona karşı Ehl-i sünnet kesimi 1978’de Surinam İslâm Cemiyeti adı altında örgütlendi. Bugün müslümanların büyük çoğunluğu bu iki örgüt etrafında kutuplaşmış durumdadır. Ülkede 150 cami ve elli İslâmî okul bulunmaktadır. Ramazan ayında bazan iki grup beraberce ibadet eder. Bu takdirde vaazlar genelde her iki grubun da anladığı Felemenkçe’de verilir. En büyük cami başşehir Paramaribo’nun merkezinde 1980’lerin ortalarında inşa edilen Jama Mescid’dir. 30’ar metrelik dört minareyle donatılmış olan cami bir XVIII. yüzyıl Aşkenazi sinagogunun bitişiğinde yer almakta, müslüman ve yahudi liderleri birbirlerinin mâbedlerine gidip gelmektedir.
1970’ten itibaren ramazan bayramı millî bayram olarak kutlanmakta ve müslümanlar diğer gruplar gibi tam bir dinî özgürlükten faydalanmaktadır. Ülkenin en büyük resmî müslüman kuruluşu olan Surinaamse Islamitische Vereniging’in yanı sıra yedi ayrı örgüt daha Surinam’daki müslümanların işlerine nezaret eder ki bunların en önemlileri Surinaamse Moeslim Associatie, Stitchting Islamitische Gemeenten Suriname ve Federatie Islamitische Gemeenten in Suriname’dir. Dinî dernekler ve Kur’an okulları bugün devletten küçük yardımlar almaktadır. Gösterilen bütün çabalara rağmen dinî eğitimdeki çöküş sebebiyle İslâmî hayat gittikçe yerini Batı tarzı hayata bırakmaktadır. Yakın zamanlarda Pakistan ve Endonezya’dan bazı hocalar Arapça’yı ve İslâm dininin temellerini öğretmek için ülkeye geldilerse de halen müslüman halkın % 3’ünden daha az bir kısmı Arapça konuşabilmekte veya okuyabilmektedir. Surinamlı müslümanlar Hollandaca ve İngilizce’de İslâmî bir edebiyatın oluşmaması, iyi yetişmiş din âlimlerinin bulunmaması, nisbeten düşük sosyoekonomik seviye ve Hollanda başta olmak üzere diğer ülkelere yönelik beyin göçü gibi problemlerle karşı karşıyadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA M. Abdullah al-Ahari, “The Carribbean and Latin America”, Islam Outside the Arab World (ed. D. Westerlund – I. Svanberg), Richmond 1999, s. 453-456; G. H. Bousquet, “Les Musulmans à Surinam”, REI, XI (1937), s. 351-356; R. Reichert, “Muslime in den Guayanas”, WI, X (1966), s. 51-54; S. A. H. Ahsani, “Muslims in Latin America: A Survey-Part I”, JIMMA, V/2 (1984), s. 458-459; L. Luxner, “Muslims in the Carribbean”, Aramco World (1987), s. 3-11; a.mlf., “Suriname”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (ed. J. L. Esposito), Oxford 1995, IV, 146-147; a.mlf., “Surinamese: Community of Suriname”, Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims (ed. N. Kr. Singh – A. M. Khan), Delhi 2001, IV, 1365-1366; M. Safiyeta, “Surinam”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye, Dımaşk 2005, XI, 231-233.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 543-544 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.