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SURNÂME Skip to content Divan edebiyatında padişah çocuklarının doğum, sünnet ve düğün törenlerini anlatan eserlerin genel adı.
Sözlükte “düğün, ziyafet, şenlik” anlamına gelen Farsça sûr kelimesiyle “mektup, yazılı belge” mânasındaki nâme nin birleşmesinden oluşmuştur. Osmanlı döneminde padişah çocuklarının doğum ve sünnet törenleriyle padişah kızlarının düğün törenlerini anlatan manzum, mensur ya da manzum-mensur karışık yazılan eserler genel olarak bu adı taşır. Surnâmelerin bilinen ilk örnekleri, III. Murad’ın oğlu III. Mehmed’in 990’da (1582) yapılan sünnet töreni için Âlî Mustafa Efendi’nin ve İntizâmî’nin yazdığı eserlerdir. Son surnâme ise Nâfi‘in Sultan Abdülmecid’in kızları Cemile Sultan ile Münire Sultan’ın 1858’deki düğünlerini anlatan Sûrnâme-i Selâtîn ’idir. Bu törenler vesilesiyle sûriyye adıyla kaside şeklinde yazılan şiirlerle tarih manzumeleri de bu tür içinde değerlendirilmektedir. Surnâmeler sadece sarayın düzenlediği törenleri konu edinirken sûriyyelerle bu merasimlerin yılını belirleyen tarih manzumelerinde hem sarayın hem bu çevrenin dışında kalan kişilerin düzenlediği törenler anlatılmaktadır. Sûriyyelerin en tanınmışları arasında Hayâlî Bey’in ve Cevrî’nin düğün, Yahyâ Bey’in, Figānî’nin, Nev‘î’nin ve Râzî’nin sünnet törenlerini anlattığı şiirleri sayılabilir. Surnâmeler genellikle bu adı taşımakla birlikte Âlî Mustafa Efendi’nin Câmiu’l-buhûr der Mecâlis-i Sûr ’u ile Rif‘at’ın Gülşen-i Hurremî ’si gibi farklı adlarla anılan eserler de yazılmıştır. Surnâmelerin konusunu şehzadelerin sünnet törenleri için yapılan sûr-ı hıtân, padişah kızlarının nişan ve evlenmeleri vesilesiyle düzenlenen sûr-ı cihaz ile padişah çocuklarının doğumu dolayısıyla tertiplenen velâdet-i hümâyun şenlikleri oluşturur.
Manzum surnâmelerde söz sanatlarına riayet yanında vezin ve kafiyenin getirdiği sınırlamalar dolayısıyla olaylara daha az yer verilmekte, mensur surnâmelerde ise törenler esnasında cereyan eden hadiseler günü gününe anlatılmaktadır. Mensur surnâmeler bu özelliklerinden ötürü tarih metinleriyle benzerlik gösterse de anlatımda tekdüzelikten kurtulmak için zaman zaman araya şiir serpiştirilmesi, yargılayıcı bir amaç taşımaması, durumun olduğu gibi aktarılıp yoruma gidilmemesi, okuyucu-dinleyici kitlesine ve türün gerektirdiği çerçeveye uyulması gibi özellikleriyle tarih metinlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Mensur surnâmeler kaleme alındıkları dönemin anlatım özelliklerine uygun biçimde süslü ya da sade bir dille yazılabilmektedir. Surnâme yazarları eserlerini göze girme, mevki ve makam elde etme arzusunun yanı sıra padişahın veya sur emininin emriyle de kaleme alabilmektedir. Hatta bazı eserlerden yazarın düğüne bizzat katılmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Anlatım biçimleri ve önem verilen noktalar farklılık gösterse de surnâmelere düğün öncesi yapılan hazırlıklarla başlanır. Ferman çıkarılması, sur emini tayini, sûr-ı hümâyunun başlama gününün ve yerinin belirlenmesi, davetli listesinin hazırlanması, davetiyelerin gönderilmesi, törene katılanların adları ve kimlikleri, evliliklerde nikâh kıyılması, yemek hazırlıkları, nahil (nakıl, nağıl) ve gösteri hazırlıkları, hediyeler ve bunların kimler tarafından verildiği, ziyafet düzeni, yiyecekler ve içecekler, kullanılan eşya ve elbiselerin listesi, düğün için yapılan harcamalar, nişan, çeyiz, gelin ve sünnet alayının anlatımı, törenlerin önemli unsuru olan esnaf alayının geçişi, mesleklerine uygun hünerler sergilemeleri, cambazların, zorbazların, hokkabazların gösterileri, at yarışları, cirit oyunları, mûsiki fasılları, rakkas ve çengilerin gösterileri, gece şenlikleri, havai fişek atılması, kandillerin, mahyaların, mumların, meşalelerin yakılması, fener alayları düzenlenmesi bu tür metinlerin ortak konularıdır. Surnâme yazarı bu hususlardan birini veya birkaçını ön plana çıkarabildiği gibi bazan hepsinden kısaca söz etmektedir. Surnâmeler Osmanlı sarayının ve toplumun belirli günlerdeki hayatını, zevk ve eğlence anlayışını, kıyafetlerini, törenlerini, mûsikisini, oyun ve eğlence şekillerini, dönemin geleneklerini anlatması bakımından kültür tarihi, sosyoloji ve halk bilimi açısından kaynak değeri taşımaktadır. Yazıldığı devrin kelime, deyim ve terim varlığını, kullanım özelliklerini göstermesi surnâmeleri dil ve edebiyat bakımından da önemli kılmaktadır.
Divan edebiyatında sûriyye kasideleri ve tarih manzumeleri dışında bu türe giren on dokuz eser tesbit edilmiştir. On bir ayrı töreni konu alan bu eserlerin dokuzu evlilik, altısı sünnet, ikisi hem sünnet hem evlilik törenlerini, ikisi de padişah kızlarının doğumunu anlatmaktadır. 1582 yılında III. Murad’ın oğlu III. Mehmed için yapılan ve elli beş gün elli beş gece süren sünnet töreni Âlî Mustafa Efendi’nin Câmiu’l-buhûr der Mecâlis-i Sûr adlı eseriyle (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1916; Kahire Teymûriyye Ktp., nr. 222; Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 4318; TSMK, Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 203; Ali Öztekin tarafından yayımlanmıştır, bk. bibl.) İntizâmî’nin Surnâme-i Hümâyun ’unda anlatılmaktadır. İntizâmî’nin eseri, arada manzum parçalar bulunmakla birlikte mensur surnâmelerin ilki olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Mehmet Arslan’ın çalışmasına kadar eserin yazarı bilinmemekte veya yanlış yazar ismiyle anılmaktaydı. Birçok kütüphanede nüshası bulunan eserin Viyana Millî Kütüphanesi’ndeki yazması (nr. 1019) Gisela Procházka-Eisl (İstanbul 1995), Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (Hazine, nr. 1344), içinde Nakkaş Osman’ın 427 minyatürü bulunan, başı ve sonu eksik nüshası Nurhan Atasoy (İstanbul 1997) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. İntizâmî’ye ait oluşundan şüpheyle bahsedilen Leiden Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüsha ile (Cod., Or., nr. 309) Jan Schmidth’in katalogunda (s. 66) yazarının tesbit edilemediği belirtilen nüshanın da İntizâmî’nin Surnâme ’sine ait olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
1675’te IV. Mehmed’in şehzadeleri Mustafa (II.) ile Ahmed (III.) için yapılan ve on beş gün süren sünnet merasimiyle kızı Hatice Sultan’ın Vezir Sarıkçı Mustafa Paşa ile evlenmesi dolayısıyla yapılan ve on sekiz gün süren düğün törenini anlatan eserlerin başında Surnâme-i Abdî adlı mensur eser gelmektedir. Birçok nüshası bilinen (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Genel, nr. 10391; Bibliothèque Nationale, Ancient Fonds, Suppl., nr. 501, 880, 1045; Edirne Selimiye Ktp., nr. 2315; Millet Ktp., Tarih, nr. 343; TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1573, Revan Köşkü, nr. 823; Viyana Millî Ktp., HO, nr. 1072) eser üzerinde Aslı Göksel yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (Abdi’nin Sûrnâmesi ve Nevi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi , 1983, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi). Nâbî’nin Vakāyi-i Hitân-ı Şehzâdegân-ı Hazret-i Sultan Mehmed Gazi adlı manzum surnâmesi (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 1774) Agâh Sırrı Levend (İstanbul 1944) ve Mehmet Arslan (Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Surnameler , s. 625-684) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
1710’da II. Mustafa’nın kızı Safiye Sultan’ın Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın oğlu Ali Paşa ile evlenmesini anlatan iki mensur surnâme Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Hazine, nr. 1573/2, nr. D. 10591). 1720’de III. Ahmed’in oğulları Süleyman, Mustafa, Mehmed ve Bayezid’in on beş gün süren sünnet töreniyle Sultan II. Mustafa’nın kızı Ayşe Sultan ile Eğriboz muhafızı İbrâhim Paşa ve Emetullah Sultan ile Sirke Osman Paşa’nın 1719’da yapılan düğün törenlerini anlatan surnâmelerin en önemlisi Seyyid Vehbî tarafından mensur-manzum karışık olarak yazılan Surnâme-i Vehbî ’dir. Yirminin üzerinde nüshası tesbit edilen eserin Levnî’nin minyatürlerini içeren nüshası Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndedir (III. Ahmed, nr. 3593). Esin Atıl minyatürlerini ve daha sonra Mertol Tulum minyatürleriyle beraber metnini yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Aynı düğüne ait Mehmed Hazîn’in mensur eseri Surnâme-i Hazîn (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Genel, nr. 10267) Mübeccel Kızıltan tarafından neşredilmiştir (bk. bibl.). 1724’te III. Ahmed’in kızlarından Ümmü Gülsüm’ün Ali Paşa, Hatice Sultan’ın Ahmed Paşa, Atîka Sultan’ın Mehmed Paşa ile evlenme törenlerini anlatan müellifi meçhul mensur bir surnâme vardır (Viyana Millî Ktp., HO, nr. 95). 1759 yılında III. Mustafa’nın kızı Hibetullah Sultan’ın doğumu üzerine yapılan ve yedi gün yedi gece devam eden şenliği anlatan surnâme Haşmet tarafından Vilâdetnâme-i Hibetullah Sultan adıyla kaleme alınmış (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 1940; Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, Tarih, nr. 626; Millî Ktp., nr. 1925/1; Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2511/2, Reşid Efendi, nr. 992; TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1603), önce eski harflerle (İstanbul, ts.), daha sonra Reşad Ekrem Koçu tarafından sadeleştirilerek (İstanbul 1940) neşredilmiş, ayrıca Mehmet Arslan ve İ. Hakkı Aksoyak tarafından Haşmet’in diğer üç eseriyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Haşmet Külliyatı, Sivas 1994, s. 427-454). 1776’da I. Abdülhamid’in kızı Hatice Sultan’ın doğumu münasebetiyle yapılan şenliği tasvir eden Melek İbrâhim’in Vilâdetnâme-i Hadîce Sultan adlı mensur eserini (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1631) Mehmet Arslan neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.).
1834 yılında II. Mahmud’un kızı Sâliha Sultan ile Halil Rifat Paşa’nın düğünüyle ilgili olarak Mîr Alemzâde Rifat Surnâme-i Rif‘at ’ı (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5555), Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Mehmed Esad Efendi Surnâme-i Es‘ad ’ı (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 3022) kaleme almıştır. Her ikisi de manzum olan bu eserler Hatice Aynur tarafında bir yüksek lisans çalışmasına konu edilmiş (Sultan II. Mahmud’un Kızı Saliha Sultan ile Tophane Müşîri Halil Rıfat Paşa’nın Düğün Törenini Anlatan Surnâmeler , İstanbul 1998), ayrıca Mehmet Arslan tarafından yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.). Aynı düğünü anlatan müellifi meçhul mensur surnâmeyi (İÜ Ktp., İbnülemin, nr. 2808) de Hatice Aynur neşretmiştir. 1836’da Şehzade Abdülmecid ve Abdülaziz için yapılan sünnet merasimiyle Mihrimah Sultan’ın Bahr-i Sefîd muhafızı Mehmed Said Paşa ile olan düğünlerini anlatan surnâmelerden Surnâme-i Lebîb mensur-manzum karışık yazılmıştır (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6097). Surnâme-i Hızır ise (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6122; Millî Ktp., nr. C5/2) manzum olup Mehmet Arslan tarafından yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.). Tek nüshası Nedret İşli özel koleksiyonundan Sadberk Hanım Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ne geçmiş olan (nr. 626) diğer bir mensur surnâmenin müellifi bilinmemektedir. 1847’de Abdülmecid’in oğulları Şehzade Mehmed Murad ile Abdülhamid’in sünnet düğününü anlatan manzum Surnâme-i Tahsîn ’i (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6123) Mehmet Arslan neşretmiştir. 1858’de Abdülmecid’in kızları Cemile Sultan’ın Mahmud Paşa ile, Münire Sultan’ın Mısır Valisi Abbas Paşa’nın oğlu İlhâmi Paşa ile evlenmeleri dolayısıyla yapılan ve on beş gün süren düğün töreniyle ilgili mensur surnâme Nâfi‘ tarafından kaleme alınmış olup Surnâme-i Selâtîn: Peyâm-ı Sûr adını taşımaktadır (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2998). Bu eseri de Mehmet Arslan yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Divan edebiyatında manzum surnâmeler üzerine Mehmet Arslan tarafından Gazi Üniversitesi’nde 1990’da hazırlanan doktora tezi daha sonra basılmıştır (Ankara 1999).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Osmanlı Döneminde Padişah Çocuklarının Doğumları Münasebetiyle Yapılan Şenlikler ve Vilâdetnâme-i Hadîce Sultan”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları , sy. 4, Sivas 1997, s. 21-56 (aynı yazı için bk. Osmanlı: Edebiyat-Tarih-Kültür Makaleleri , s. 491-527).
J. Schmidt, Catalogue of Turkish Manuscripts in the Library of Leiden University and other Collections in the Netherlands , Leiden 2000, I, 64-67.
Mübeccel Kızıltan, “Mehmet Hazîn ve Surnamesi”, MÜTAD , sy. 4 (1989), s. 61-98.
Şeref Boyraz, “İlk Mensûr Sûrnâme Müellifi: İntizâmî”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları , sy. 1 (1995), s. 227-231.
Pakalın , III, 279-280.
“Sûrnâme”, TDEA , VIII, 56-58.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 37. cildinde, 565-567 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.