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ŞURTA Skip to content İslâm devletlerinde şehirlerde emniyet ve asayişi sağlamakla görevli teşkilât.
Sözlükte “yırtmak, yarmak; şart koşmak, alâmet koymak; görevlendirmek” anlamlarındaki şart kökünden türeyen şurta kelimesi terim olarak şehirlerde emniyet ve asayişin sağlanması, düzenin korunması, suçluların takibi ve yakalanması görevlerini yürüten emniyet güçlerini ifade eder. Şurtatü’l-harb tabiri ise “savaşı başlatan ve sonuna kadar kahramanca savaşan seçme birlik” demektir. Başşehirde halife veya sultana, vilâyetlerde valilere bağlı, üniformalı kolluk güçlerine şurta adının verilmesinin sebebi, Arap dilcilerinin ortak kanaatine göre teşkilât mensuplarının kendilerine mahsus üniforma giymeleri ve özel işaretler taşımalarıdır. Başka bir rivayete göre askerlerin en güçlü ve en seçkinleri oldukları için böyle anılmışlardır (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 55). Bazı Batılı araştırmacılar ise şurta adının yabancı menşeli olduğunu, Latince cohort veya securitas kelimesinden geldiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Teşkilâtın başkanı sâhibü’ş-şurta (emîrü’ş-şurta) unvanını taşır, güvenlik memuru şurtî (şuratî) diye isimlendirilir. Arap dünyasında emniyet teşkilâtına günümüzde de şurta denilmektedir.
Hz. Peygamber zamanında ashaptan bazılarının bekçi (hares) olarak görevlendirildiği bilinmektedir. Resûl-i Ekrem’i Medine’ye yeni geldiği sıralarda Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās koruyordu. Kays b. Sa‘d b. Ubâde de Resûlullah’ın yanında sâhibü’ş-şurta mevkiindeydi (a.g.e., a.y.). Sürekli bekçilik görevi ise Hz. Ebû Bekir zamanında Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’un gece bekçiliğine (ases) getirilmesiyle başladı. Hz. Ömer halifeliği döneminde gece bekçiliğini bizzat kendisi yapar, yanında bazan âzatlısı Eslem’i, bazan da Abdurrahman b. Avf’ı veya Muhammed b. Mesleme’yi bulundururdu. İlk defa Hz. Osman’ın Abdullah (Muhâcir) b. Kunfüz et-Teymî’yi sâhibü’ş-şurta tayin ettiği bildirilmektedir (Halîfe b. Hayyât, s. 179). Hz. Osman devrinde başşehir Medine’nin yanı sıra diğer büyük şehirlerde de sâhibü’ş-şurta unvanlı kişiler görevlendirildi. Başlangıçta şurta kadılık teşkilâtına bağlı olarak çalışıyor, emniyet ve asayişi sağlamanın yanı sıra suçluların takibi, yakalanması ve suçu sabit görülenlere kadı tarafından verilen cezaların infazı görevlerini yerine getiriyordu. Hz. Ali döneminde mevcut şurta teşkilâtı devam ettirildi; şurtanın gözetimindeki hapishaneler düzenlendi. Mahkûmların masrafları beytülmâlden karşılanıyordu. Bu devirde seçme askerlerden kurulan özel birliklere “şurtatü’l-hamîs” adı verildi (İbnü’l-Kelbî, s. 438). Sınırları müdafaa veya fetih amacıyla kurulan bu birliklerin mevcudu 5-10.000 arasında değişiyordu. Sadece Hz. Ali döneminde görülen şurtatü’l-hamîs uygulaması onun halifeliğiyle birlikte sona erdi.
Şurta teşkilâtı Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân döneminde önemli gelişme gösterdi. Muâviye sadece halifenin güvenliğini sağlamak üzere özel bir muhafız birliği de (hares) kurdu; onun başlattığı bu uygulama valiler ve kendisinden sonraki halifeler tarafından devam ettirildi. Şurta teşkilâtının devlet bürokrasisinin aslî unsurlarından biri haline geldiği Emevîler devrinde sâhibü’ş-şurtalar halife veya valilerin en sadık adamları veya akrabaları arasından seçilirdi. Emevîler’in ilk yıllarında vilâyetlerdeki sâhibü’ş-şurtaları da halife tayin ederken Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî gibi dirayetli valilerin görev yaptığı yıllardan itibaren valiler sâhibü’ş-şurtaları bizzat görevlendirmeye başladılar. Sâhibü’ş-şurta bu dönemden sonra devlet bürokrasisinde önemli bir yere sahip oldu. Halifeler veya valiler görevde olmadıkları zamanlarda, ayrıca imamlık hizmetinde sâhibü’ş-şurtayı vekil tayin ederlerdi. Nitekim Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân, son hastalığı sırasında Dımaşk’ta bulunmayan oğlu Yezîd’e biat edilmesini sağlama işini sâhibü’ş-şurta Dahhâk b. Kays’a vasiyet etmişti. Emevîler zamanında şurta teşkilâtı Hz. Ali evlâdı taraftarları, Zübeyrîler ve Hâricîler gibi muhalif gruplarla mücadelede etkili oldu, bazı isyanların bastırılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Bu gruplarla ilgili istihbarat çalışmalarına ağırlık veren şurta teşkilâtı, Ömer b. Abdülazîz devri hariç halk üzerinde uygulanan baskı politikasının da aracısı haline geldi. Kadılık makamına bağlı olan şurtayı bağımsız hale getiren Hişâm b. Abdülmelik zamanında büyük merkezler dışındaki bölgelerde güvenliği sağlamak için “ahdâs” adıyla sâhibü’l-ahdâs yahut vâli’l-ahdâsın idaresinde bir nevi jandarma teşkilâtı kuruldu. Merkezler dışındaki bölgeler karışıklıklara ve dış saldırılara daha açık olduğundan askerî yönü ağır basan ahdâs şurta ile ordu arasında bir nitelik taşıyor ve her ikisiyle de yakın ilişki içerisinde bulunuyordu.
Abbâsîler döneminde geliştirilen şurta teşkilâtının idarî ve adlî görev alanı genişledi. İkinci halife Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr şurtayı dört önemli devlet teşkilâtından biri olarak görüyordu (Taberî, VIII, 67). Sâhibü’ş-şurta hilâfet merkezi Bağdat’ta emîr yahut valilerle denk sayılıyordu. Hisbenin de müstakil bir kurum haline geldiği bu devirde emniyet ve adaletin sağlanması hizmetini gören iki kurum arasında sıkı iş birliği vardı. Şurta ve hisbe görevlerinin tek kişiye verildiği de oluyordu. Abbâsîler, sâhibü’l-maûne (vâli’l-maûne, âmilü’l-maûne, sâhibü’n-nazar fi’l-maûne) ve şahne (şihne) unvanı verilen kumandanların başkanlığındaki teşkilâtı devam ettirdiler ve ihtiyaç duyulan bütün bölgeleri içine alacak biçimde genişlettiler. Hârûnürreşîd zamanında Bağdat şurta teşkilâtı görev alanları itibariyle şurtatü’l-âsıme ve şurtatü’l-cisr şeklinde ikiye ayrıldı. Emîn döneminden itibaren şehrin doğu ve batı yakasında birer şurta görev yapmaya başladı. Sâhibü’ş-şurtanın halife nezdindeki derecesi daha da yükseldi. Nitekim Seffâh’ın sâhibü’ş-şurtalığını yapan Hâlid b. Saffân halifenin kızıyla evlenmeye teşebbüs etmişti (Mes‘ûdî, III, 279). Protokolde halifenin hemen önünde yer alan sâhibü’ş-şurta çoğu kere vezirliğe tayin edilirdi. Halife, en sadık dostu ve yardımcısı durumundaki sâhibü’ş-şurta ile önemli meseleleri müzakere eder ve resmî yazıları kendisine okumasını isterdi. Sâhibü’ş-şurta belirli zamanlarda halifenin huzuruna çıkar, genel asayiş ve olaylar hakkında hazırlanan raporu sunardı. Bu rapor doğrultusunda alınan kararlar ilgili divan defterine kaydedilirdi. Bu usul vilâyetlerde de uygulanırdı. Abbâsî halifeleriyle valiler sâhibü’ş-şurtayı vekil bırakma ve namazlarda imamlık görevini ona devretme uygulamasını sürdürdüler. Abbâsîler döneminde sâhibü’ş-şurta 1000 dinar, şurta görevlileri ise en az 100 dinar maaş alıyordu.
Merkezde olduğu gibi İslâm ülkelerinin bütün şehirlerinde şurta teşkilâtı mevcuttu. Mısır’da Amr b. Âs tarafından kuruluşundan itibaren en önemli devlet görevlerinden biri olan şurtanın başkanı valinin yokluğunda ona vekâlet ediyor, namazları kıldırıyordu. Abdülazîz b. Mervân’ın valiliği esnasında kurulan 500 kişilik itfaiye teşkilâtı da şurtaya bağlıydı. 100 (718-19) yılından itibaren Mısır’a giriş çıkış yapanlara kimlik taşıma mecburiyeti getirildi ve bunun takibi şurtanın önemli görevleri arasında yer aldı. Fustat şehrindeki ilk şurta binasının yanı sıra Abbâsîler’in ilk yıllarında 135’te (752-53) Asker şehri kurulunca orada ikinci bir şurta binası inşa edildi. Öncekine “eş-şurtatü’s-süflâ”, daha yüksek bir arazide kurulan ikincisine “eş-şurtatü’l-ulyâ” denildi. Her birinin başında genellikle Mısır valisinin tayin ettiği bir sâhibü’ş-şurta bulunuyordu. Sâhibü’ş-şurta, Ahmed b. Tolun’un şurta-i ulyânın yetkilerini sınırlamasına rağmen Tolunoğulları’nın sonuna kadar Mısır’da emîr veya validen sonra ikinci yetkili olarak kaldı. Abbâsî Halifesi Muktedir-Billâh döneminde Bağdat şahnesi tayin edilen Türk asıllı kumandan Sâhibü’l-maûne Nâzûk’ün emrinde 14.000 kişilik süvari ve piyade kuvveti mevcuttu (Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, s. 9).
Sâmânîler devrinde hem sâhibü’ş-şurta hem sâhibü’l-maûne unvanı kullanılıyordu (Usta, s. 379-380). Sâmânîler’in büyük divanlarından biri Dîvân-ı Sâhibü’ş-şurta (Dîvân-ı Şurta) idi. Büyük Selçuklular’da hem sâhibü’ş-şurta hem de şahne şehirde huzur ve asayişin sağlanmasından sorumlu tutulurdu. Bu dönemde şahneler daha çok büyük şehirlerde ve bölgelerde vazifeli iken sâhibü’ş-şurtalar küçük şehir, kasaba ve mahallelerde görev yapıyordu. Bazı tarihçiler, Selçuklular zamanında sâhibü’ş-şurtanın olağan üstü yetkilere sahip mezâlim mahkemelerinin emrinde suçluları araştırmak ve yakalamakla görevli olduğunu kaydeder. 487 (1094) yılında Bağdat’ın batı yakasındaki Nehritâbık ile Bâbülercâ halkı arasında çıkan olaylarda Nehritâbık yakılıp yıkılmış, bu olayın ardından Sâhibü’ş-şurta Yümn, korktuğu için gizlenen bir kişiyi öldürdüğünden görevinden azledilmişti (Özaydın, s. 222). Fâtımîler devrinde Mısır şurtası kurumsallaşma bakımından ileri bir seviyeye ulaştı. Şurta-i ulyâ Asker şehrinden yeni kurulan Kahire’ye taşındı, ayrıca Karâfe’de üçüncü bir şurta teşkil edildi. Kahire’nin bazı semtlerinde ve küçük merkezlerde küçük şurta (maûne) binaları inşa edildi, bunun yanı sıra itfaiye işleri geliştirildi. 415 (1024) yılından itibaren kaynaklarda sâhibü’ş-şurta unvanına çok az rastlanmaktadır. Bu unvanın yerine daha çok vâli’ş-şurta kullanılmıştır. Öte yandan bu dönemde hisbe ile şurta arasında sıkı bir ilişki kuruldu ve Eyyûbîler’den itibaren aynı görevli için şahne unvanı da kullanılmaya başlandı. Memlükler’de ise genellikle vali unvanına rastlanır. Nitekim Makrîzî önceden şurta diye bilinen teşkilâtın kendi döneminde vilâyet adını taşıdığını söyler (el-Ḫıṭaṭ, II, 223). Bu devirde başşehirdeki üç şurtanın başkanları “vâli’l-harb” olarak tanınıyor, sırasıyla vâli’l-Kāhire, vâli’l-Karâfe, vâli’l-Mısır unvanlarıyla anılıyordu. Merkezi Kahire’de olan en geniş yetkilere sahip şurta-i ulyâ başkanlığına tablhâne emîrlerinden bir vali getirilirken Fustat ve Karâfe’deki şurtalara onlar emîrlerinden (emîrü aşere) bir vali tayin edilirdi. Daha sonra Fustat ve Karâfe şurtaları birleştirildi.
Kuzey Afrika’da Tunus’ta hüküm süren Ağlebîler’de şurta görevi vezire bağlı üç divandan biri olan Dîvânü’l-ceyş’in uhdesine verilmişti ve kara ordusunun kumandanı tarafından yönetiliyordu (İbn Haldûn, II, 224). Şurta, Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde önceleri “eş-şurtatü’l-kübrâ” ve “eş-şurtatü’s-suğrâ” olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılmıştı. Birincisi, saray erkânı dahil olmak üzere önemli devlet adamları ve yakınlarının güvenlik işleri ve onlarla alâkalı şikâyetlerin takibiyle ilgileniyordu. Şurta-i suğ-râ da avamın emniyet ve asayiş işlerine bakıyordu. 317 (929) yılından sonra tüccarlar, sanayiciler, doktorlar, müderrisler, yüksek meslek erbabı ve alt kademe kamu görevlilerinin güvenliğini sağlayan ve onlarla ilgili şikâyetlerin takibi işini yürüttüğü anlaşılan “eş-şurtatü’l-vüstâ” ismiyle üçüncü bir şurta teşkil edildi (İbn İzârî, II, 203). Endülüs’te sâhibü’ş-şurtaya hâkimü’l-medîne, sâhibü’l-leyl ve sâhibü’l-medîne unvanları veriliyordu. Ancak sâhibü’l-medînenin, sâhibü’ş-şurtanın âmiri durumunda olup şurta ve hisbe görevlerini düzenleyerek şehirde asayişin sağlanmasından birinci derecede sorumlu bir görevli olduğu da ileri sürülmüştür (M. Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, sy. 13 [1980], s. 64). Endülüs’te şurtanın başına önemli âlimlerden birinin getirilmesi teşkilâtın gelişmesine büyük katkı sağladı. Onlardan bazıları başkadılık, hisbe ve noterlik görevlerini de yürütüyor, IV. (X.) yüzyılda kumandanlık, divan ve diplomasi görevlerinde de istihdam ediliyordu. Doğu İslâm dünyasında olduğu gibi hâciblik (vezirlik) görevine getirilenler de vardı.
Şurtanın görevleri dönemlere ve coğrafyaya göre değişiklik gösterse de genellikle idarî-sosyal alanla ilgili olanlar ve yargı alanını içerenler olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Birinciler emniyet ve asayişi sağlama, olağan üstü hallerde savaşa katılma, itfaiye işleri, diplomatların ağırlanması ve güvenliklerinin sağlanması, bayındırlık faaliyetleri, vergilerin denetimi, sınır ve gümrük kontrolü, ihbar ve ilân görevleridir. Yargıya ilişkin ise sanıkların yakalanıp sorguya çekilmesi, suçluların ortaya çıkarılması ve suçu sabit olanlar hakkında verilen cezaların infazı, sadece cezaî sahada yargı, hapishane güvenliğinin sağlanması, suçlara engel olma gibi görevleri vardır. Başlangıçta yargılama fonksiyonu bulunmayan ve sadece kadıların hükümlerini yerine getiren şurtaya Abbâsîler’le birlikte cezaî sahada hukukî yargılama yetkisi de verildi. Âcil çözüm gerektiren anlaşmazlıklarla ilgili davalara bakma şeklinde başlayan bu süreç hırsızlık, zina ve içki gibi suçlarla ilgili davalara bakılması şeklinde genişledi. Memlükler döneminde Mısır ve Suriye’de şurta el kesme gibi cezalara, tartışmalara ve kavgalara, belge ve şahidi bulunmayan itham davalarına da bakardı. Hırsıza dayak cezası gibi cezalara baktığı da olurdu. Aynı dönemde Mağrib’de yargı yetkisi bulunmayan şurta kadıların emirlerini yerine getirirdi (İbn Teymiyye, s. 16). Endülüs’te de şurtanın adlî sahadaki yetkileri genişletilmişti. Sâhibü’l-medînenin içki içme ve zina gibi davalara baktığını, ancak suçluları hâkimin görüşünü almak suretiyle cezalandırdığını belirten Makkarî, sultan nezdinde saygın bir şurta emîrinin çok nâdir görülmekle birlikte ölüm cezasına çarptırılan suçluyu sultandan izin almadan idam edebildiğini söyler (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb, I, 218). Ayrıca Endülüs’te kadı, şurta emîrini bazı günler kendi adına yargı fonksiyonunu ifa etmekle görevlendiriyordu. Ancak bu durumda da ceza kararının kadıların onayından geçmesi gerekiyordu.
İbn Haldûn’un dinî bir kuruluş olarak nitelendirdiği şurta (Muḳaddime, II, 450) tarihî gelişimi içinde idarî, askerî ve adlî görevler ifa etmiştir. Dolayısıyla şurta başkanlarının âlim, âdil, fakih, dindar, dürüst olmaları yanında çok zeki ve heybetli olmalarına da önem verilirdi. Şurtanın sadece günümüzdeki polis ve jandarmanın görevlerini yürüttüğü şeklindeki anlayışı eleştiren Tyan teşkilâtın görev alanını polisin görevi, adlî görev (tahkikat yapma ve hüküm verme), hapishanelerin idaresi ve genel asayişi sağlamak için yargılama ve infaz, mahkeme esnasında hâkimlere yardım ve hâkimlerin verdiği kararların icrası şeklinde ele almıştır (Histoire de l’organisation, II, 388-390). Zetterstéen de hemen hemen aynı görüştedir (İA, XI, 585). Şurta bu görevlerini yürütürken kadılık ve hisbe teşkilâtıyla yakın ilişki içinde bulunurdu. Toplum ahlâkının korunması, iç karışıklığa sebebiyet verecek olayların engellenmesi, şehrin fiziksel ve sosyal yapısının şekillenmesi, ta‘zîr cezalarının uygulanması, sultanın fermanının halka ulaştırılması, kötü alışkanlıkların ve gereksiz işlerle meşguliyetin önlenmesi gibi daha birçok görev her iki teşkilâtta ortak vazifeler arasında yer almıştır. Şurtanın sıkı ilişki içerisinde bulunduğu diğer bir kurum berîd (posta) teşkilâtıdır. Bu teşkilât, vergilerin düzenli biçimde toplanması hususunda vergi memurlarının güvenliğini sağlamakta Dîvânü’l-harâc görevlilerine yardımcı oluyordu. Şurta teşkilâtının faaliyetlerini yürütebileceği merkez binaları vardı. Bu binalar, başşehirde ve eyaletlerdeki merkez şubeleri ve mahallî karakollar olmak üzere ikiye ayrılıyordu. Sâhibü’ş-şurtanın görev yaptığı merkez emniyet teşkilâtı binaları günümüzde hükümet konaklarını andıran ve geniş bir alana yayılan dârü’l-emâreler içerisinde yer alırdı (Massignon, III, 66).
Şurta teşkilâtında başkan olan sâhibü’ş-şurta ve şurtîler dışında çalışan diğer görevliler muhafızlar, gardiyanlar, merkez dışı bölgelerdeki güvenlik görevlileri, infaz memurlar, gece bekçileri, istihbarat görevlileri, cezaevi müdürü, köprü muhafızları, şehir semt sorumluları ve devriyelerden meydana geliyordu. Teşkilât bünyesinde yer almamakla birlikte kabile temsilcileri ve gümrük muhafızlarından istifade ediliyordu. Özellikle idarî görevin başında bulunan şurta kâtibi teşkilâtın çalışmaları açısından önem taşıyordu. Kâtibin kısas, hadler, diyetler gibi fıkhî konularda geniş bilgi sahibi olması gerekirdi. Sâhibü’ş-şurtanın üniforması halife tarafından göreve başlama merasiminde giydirilen hil‘at, mıntaka (kuşak) ve şâsiyyeden (ince baş örtüsü) ibaretti. Sâhibü’ş-şurta halifenin veya valinin huzuruna bu kıyafetle çıkar, protokolde bu kıyafeti giyerdi. Bunların yanında bütün üst düzey bürokratların tercih ettiği siyah serpuş, siyah veya mor kaftan, kenarları mücevherlerle süslü elbise, kemer ve ince abâ, şalvar, gömlek, önü yırtmaçlı cübbe ve kaftan giydiği de bildirilmektedir. Şurtîler ise normal zamanlarda izâr, gömlek, dişdâş (boy kıyafet), hızâm (kuşak), operasyon esnasında miğfer, demir veya deri zırh, çermuk denilen özel ayakkabı giyerlerdi. Şurta görevlilerinin kullandığı silâhların başında kılıç, mızrak, kâfir kubât (ucuna çivi veya sert cisim yerleştirilen sopa), sığır veya deve derisinden kamçılar, balta (teber), kemerlerine astıkları, ortasında rütbelerini gösteren bir işaret olan uzunca bir hançer geliyordu.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 242-244 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.