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SÜRYÂNÎLER Skip to content SÜRYÂNÎLER Doğu hıristiyan kiliseleri arasında yer alan ve Ya‘kūbîler adıyla da bilinen grup.
Müellif: Mehmet Çelik
Süryânîler, Pavlus’un şekillendirdiği itikadî çizgide ekümenik Antakya Patrikhânesi’ne mensup olan, bugün de tarihî Antakya Patrikhânesi’ni temsil eden, Hıristiyanlığın en kadim cemaatlerindendir. VI. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Doğu Hıristiyanlığının liderliğini elinde bulunduran bu kilise bir yandan içine düştüğü teolojik çekişmeler, öte yandan Bizans kilisesinin mezhep farklılığından dolayı uyguladığı baskı yüzünden gün geçtikçe zayıflamış, nihayet İslâm’ın bölgeye gelmesiyle yavaş yavaş taraftarlarını kaybederek bugünkü durumuna gelmiştir. Süryânîlik günümüzde dünyanın her tarafında yaşayan ve çeşitli ırklara mensup olan (çoğunluğu Hintli) birkaç milyon insanın bağlı bulunduğu bir mezhep konumundadır.
Hem Süryânî kaynaklarında hem Süryânîler’le ilgili modern araştırmalarda sıkça geçen Süryânî, Ya‘kūbî, Süryân-i Kadîm ve monofizit kavramları genellikle birbirinin yerine kullanılmaktadır. Süryânî kelimesinin ilk defa ne zaman ortaya çıktığı kesin şekilde bilinmemektedir. Mor Dionyesius Ya‘kūb b. Suleybî, Mor Mihayel Rabo ve anonim Süryânî vekāyi‘nâmesine göre kelime bir kral ismi olan Suros’a dayanmakta, bazı iddialara göre Lübnan’ın Sûr şehrinden veya “bölgeye hâkim olan Asurlular’ın ülkesi” anlamında Yunanlılar’ın bu coğrafyaya verdikleri Surya adından gelmektedir. Bazı Süryânî kaynakları ise Ârâmîler’den bir kısmının milâdî I. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettiğini, bunların kendilerini pagan ırktaşlarından ayırt etmek için Süryoye lakabını kullandıklarını ve Süryân isminin bundan geldiğini ileri sürmektedir. V. yüzyıldan itibaren Süryânî ismi Îsâ Mesîh’te tek tabiat bulunduğuna inanan (monofizit) hıristiyanları yani bir mezhebi ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bunlar kendileriyle aynı etnik kökenden gelen, ancak Nestorius’un görüşlerini kabul ederek Îsâ Mesîh’te iki tabiat olduğuna inanan dindaşlarını da Nestûrî diye tanımlamış, Katolikliği benimseyip Roma’ya bağlanan Nestûrîler ise Keldânî olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu dönemde Süryânî ismi Batı’daki monofizit kelimesinin karşılığında kullanılmıştır. 1782 yılına gelindiğinde bir ihtilâf neticesinde Mihael Carve’nin liderliğindeki grup Roma Katolik kilisesine bağlanınca geleneksel Antakya kilisesine mensup Süryânîler, bu Katolik Süryânîler’den kendilerini ayırmak için Süryân-i Kadîm ismini kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Bu tabir günümüzde bir mezhebi, yani Îsâ Mesîh’te tek tabiatın varlığına inanan Antakya Süryânî kilisesi mensuplarını ifade etmektedir.
Antakya, Hıristiyanlığın Kudüs dışına taşmasından sonra bugünkü çehresine bürünmesinde dinamik rol oynayan üç büyük merkezden biri (diğerleri Roma ve İskenderiye), belki de en önemlisidir. Hıristiyanlık tarihinde büyük rol oynayan Pavlus’un görüşleri burada filizlenmiş ve Pavlus ilk taraftarlarını burada bulmuştur. Kudüs’teki kilise sadece yahudi asıllı inananları bünyesinde barındırırken Antakya cemaati her ırk ve cinsten insanı toplayan bir kilise görünümündeydi. Antakya cemaati Îsâ’nın mesajına Pavlus tarafından getirilen yorumu kabullenmekte zorlanmamıştır. Îsâ’yı yorumlama şekli cemaati ikiye bölmüş, yahudi asıllı cemaat Kudüs’ün ve havârilerin çizgisini takip ederken pagan kültürden gelenler Pavlus çizgisini tercih etmiştir.
Cemaat arasında bu bölünme ve çekişme devam ederken yahudilerin siyasal bağımsızlık elde etme çabalarına karşılık Romalılar’ın Kudüs’ü yıkmaları Îsâ Mesîh’in bu çekirdek cemaatini derinden etkilemiştir. Cemaat, savaş başlamadan şehri terkederek Ürdün’ün doğusundaki Beysân bölgesinde bulunan Pella’ya (Dekapolis) gidip yerleşmiştir. Romalılar’ın yahudilere uyguladığı katliamlar, cemaatin iyice içe kapanmasına ve misyon çalışmalarını durdurmasına sebep olmuştur. Dolayısıyla Roma dünyasında misyonun ağırlık merkezi Antakya idi. Başta Eusebius olmak üzere tarihî kayıtlar Îsâ Mesîh’in dünyadan ayrılışından hemen sonra Süryânîler’in Aday Şliho vasıtasıyla Urfa’da Hıristiyanlık’la tanıştıklarını kaydeder. Aday’a atfedilen Melfoniso dı-Aday Şliho adlı menkıbevî eser, Urfa Kralı Abgar Ukomo’nun Hıristiyanlığa girmesini ve çevresini yeni dini kabule teşvik etmesini, Aday Şliho ve yardımcısı Agay’ın bölgede misyon faaliyetlerinde bulunmasını efsanevî anekdotlarla anlatır.
Urfa kilisesinin Antakya’nın ruhanî ağırlığını arkasına alarak metropolitlik merkezi haline gelmesi misyon faaliyetlerinde kendisine yeni bir güç kazandırmıştır. Misyon faaliyetleri sayesinde Urfa’nın güneyine düşen Aşağı Mezopotamya ile doğusundaki İran topraklarında Hıristiyanlık hızlı bir şekilde yayılmaya başlamış, özellikle bu bölgelerde Ârâmîce’nin çeşitli lehçelerinin konuşulması Hıristiyanlığın çabuk yayılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu konuda fikir verecek tek Süryânî vekāyi‘nâmesi Haybatlı (Erbil) tarihçi Mışiho Zohe’nin eseridir. Bu vekāyi‘nâme, Adiabene kilisesini VI. yüzyıla kadar yöneten ruhanîlerin hayat hikâyelerinden oluşmaktadır. Mışiho Zohe’ye göre bölgeye (iki Zap nehri arası) Hıristiyanlığı getiren kişi Aday’dır. Aday Şliho burada birçok kişiyi yeni dine kazandırmış, bir kilise kurmuş, Osrhoene bölgesindeki misyon faaliyetlerini tamamladıktan sonra Arzon’un güneyini takip ederek bütün Dicle vadisini dolaşmıştır. Beş yıl süren (99-104) bu misyon faaliyetlerinde kendisine Fıqıdo adlı bir ruhban eşlik etmiştir. Süryânî tarih kayıtlarında II. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren bölgede Hıristiyanlığın yayılışı menkıbelerle anlatılır. Mışiho Zohe’nin kaydına göre III. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Doğu’daki episkoposlukların sayısı yirmiye çıkmıştır. Bunlar Bet-Zebday (İdil), Karha dı-Bet Sluh (Kerkük), Kaşkar (Keşker), Bet-Lapat (Cündişâpûr), Hormizd-Ardaşir (Hürmüz Erdeşir), Prat-Mayşan (Prat-Meyşen), Hanita, Herbat-Gelal, Arzon (Arzaene), Bet-Nigtor, Şaher-Qard (Şahır-Kard), Bet-Meskene, Hulvan, Bet-Qetraye (Bet-Ketraye), Bet Hazzaye, Bet-Daylomaye ve Şigar/Şigur (Sincar) episkoposluklarıdır. Yine misyon faaliyetleri neticesinde bu asırda Hıristiyanlık İran’ın Riyordşir şehrine girmiştir. Dolayısıyla milâdî IV. yüzyılın başlarında Hıristiyanlığın Ârâmî dünyasında ciddi bir taban bulduğu söylenebilir.
325’te Büyük Konstantinos’un topladığı İznik Konsili’nde Hıristiyanlığın devletin siyasal sistemiyle entegrasyonu gerçekleştirilince Ârâmî bölgelerinde Hıristiyanlık hâkim unsur haline gelmiştir. Antakya’nın ekümenik patriklik statüsüne yükseltilmesi Süryânîler’in ruhanî yönden buraya bağlanmasını sağlamıştır. Ancak Antakya’da kilisenin âyin dili Grekçe olmasına rağmen Süryânî dünyasında Süryânîce hem eğitim hem ibadet dili olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Nestorius’un İstanbul patriği oluşuyla alevlenen teolojik ihtilâflar I ve II. Efes konsillerinde kiliseler arası güç mücadelesine dönüşmüş ve İstanbul kilisesi bundan büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. 451 yılında İmparator Markianos tarafından toplanan Kadıköy Konsili ile Doğu Hıristiyanlığı parçalanma sürecine girmiştir. İstanbul kilisesinin ekümenik yetki elde etme ihtirasıyla birleşen devletin dinî birliği sağlama politikası iki yüzyıl süren kanlı mücadelelere sebep olmuş, tarihin en acımasız mezhep katliamları bu dönemde yaşanmış, Anadolu, Suriye, Filistin ve Mısır hıristiyanları korkunç katliamlara mâruz kalmıştır. Devletin bu politikası Süryânîler’de milliyetçilik duygularının gelişmesine yol açmış, başta patriklik merkezi Antakya’da olmak üzere kiliselerde ve okullarda devletin resmî dili yerine Süryânîce hâkim kılınmıştır. VI. yüzyılın ortalarında Süryânî kilisesi tam çökertilirken Bizans’ın doğu sınırlarının Sâsânî akınları sebebiyle tehlikeye düşmesi Süryânî kilisesinin yeniden diriltilmesi fikrini doğurmuştur. Yakub Burd’ono (Bar Addai) adlı bir piskoposun liderliğinde yeniden canlandırılan Süryânî kilisesi bu tarihten itibaren Ya‘kūbî Kilisesi diye anılmaya başlanmıştır. Nihayet VII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren bölgeye giren İslâm hâkimiyetiyle başta Süryânîler olmak üzere bütün bölge hıristiyanları Bizans’ın mezhep katliamlarından kurtulmuştur.
İslâm ve Türk Hâkimiyeti Dönemi. Hz. Peygamber devrinden sonra İslâm orduları toplu halde hıristiyanlarla ilk defa Irak ve Suriye’nin fethinde karşı karşıya gelmiştir. Asırlardan beri Roma Katolik ve Bizans Rum Ortodoks kiliselerinden farklı mezhep anlayışları sebebiyle takibata mâruz kalan bölge hıristiyanları İslâm ordularının Bizans topraklarına girmesini sevinçle karşılamış, onları birer kurtarıcı gibi görmüştür. Hâlid b. Velîd kumandasındaki İslâm ordusunun Bizans ordusunu Yermük’te yenmesi ve bölge hıristiyanlarına her türlü hürriyeti ve emniyeti bahşetmesi bölge hıristiyanlarını beklentilerinde yanıltmamıştır. Nitekim Kudüs’ün fethi öncesinde Halife Hz. Ömer, Kudüs patriği tarafından bizzat davet edilerek şehrin anahtarları kendisine teslim edilmiştir. “Kurtarıcı” (foruqo) tezahüratıyla Kudüs’e giren Hz. Ömer hıristiyanlara önemli imtiyazlar vermiştir. Böylece asırlardan beri gördükleri zulümler sona ermiş, bölge hıristiyanlarının yakılıp yıkılan kilise ve manastırlarının yeniden inşası için yardım yapılmıştır. Hz. Ömer’in bu uygulaması Emevî, Abbâsî, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı yöneticilerine de örnek olmuştur. Süryânîler müslümanların yönetiminden o derece hoşnut kalmışlardı ki 975 yılında Suriye’nin kısa bir süre Bizans hâkimiyetine girmesi üzerine patriklik merkezini müslümanların hâkimiyetindeki Malatya’ya taşımışlardır. Süryânîler’in müslümanlardan gördüğü âlicenaplığa karşılık 1148’de Süryânîler’ce kutsal kabul edilen Bar Savmo Manastırı’nın Haçlılar tarafından yağma edilmesi onları derinden yaralamış, bu arada kutsal eşyalarının da yağmalanması Süryânîler’i müslümanlar için sadık bir tebaa haline getirmiştir.
Selçuklular’ın Anadolu’ya gelişinden sonra Süryânîler tam bir güvene kavuşmuş, sadece müslüman-Türk tebaa değil sultanlar da bu mağdur insanlara şefkat ellerini uzatmıştır. Selçuklu sultanlarının Süryânî patrikleriyle kurdukları dostluklar bu cemaatin tarih boyunca Türkler’e minnettar kalmasına vesile olmuştur. Süryânî halkı Türk yönetimini öylesine benimsemiştir ki I. Kılıcarslan’ın ölümü üzerine kiliselerinde aylarca yas tutmuşlardır. Süryânîler arasında ilmî yönüyle de şöhret kazanan Patrik Mor Mihayel Rabo’nun eserlerinde Kılıcarslan ve Türk yöneticilerinden sitayişle bahsetmesi Süryânîler’in bu memnuniyetinin önemli delillerindendir. Selçuklu hâkimiyetinde bütün gayri müslim tebaaya bahşedilen güven ortamı altı yüzyıl boyunca Osmanlı Devleti’nde de devam etmiştir. Osmanlılar’ın son dönemlerinde Batı devletleri imparatorluğun iç işlerine karışmaya başlamış, yıkılışı hızlandırmak için azınlıkları çeşitli vaadlerle tahrik etmiştir. Başta Rumlar ve Ermeniler olmak üzere bazı gayri müslim vatandaşlar bu tahriklere kapılarak devlete cephe almışlardır. Süryânîler ise hiçbir zaman bu kışkırtmalara itibar etmemiş, devlete bağlılıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Millî Mücadele yıllarında Mustafa Kemal’i ve Ankara hükümetini destekledikleri gibi Lozan’da teklif edilen azınlık statü ve haklarına da iltifat etmemişlerdir.
Günümüzde Süryânîler. 1923’te kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti laik hukuk sistemini benimsediğinden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşları etnik köken ve dinî inanç farklılığı gözetilmeksizin eşit kabul edilmektedir. Cumhuriyet’in ilerleyen yıllarında Süryânîler’in bir kısmı büyük şehirlere, özellikle İstanbul’a göç etmiştir. Daha önce de göç olayları yaşanmış, 1860’ta çoraklık ve çekirge âfeti sonucu Suriye bölgesine, 1896’da Ortadoğu’nun çeşitli bölgelerine, 1900’lü yılların başında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Atlantik ötesine göçler olmuştur. 1963 yılından itibaren imzalanan Alman-Türk işçi antlaşması çerçevesinde bazı Süryânîler Avrupa’nın çeşitli ülkelerine işçi olarak gitmiş, 1970’lerin başında Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya giden Süryânî nüfus 7000’e ulaşmıştır. 1977 yılına gelindiğinde Süryânîler’in Orta Avrupa’daki nüfusları 10.900’e (Almanya 8000, Hollanda 800, Avusturya 800, İsviçre 600, Fransa 600, Belçika 100, Yunanistan 100), Kuzey Avrupa ve İskandinav ülkelerindeki nüfusları 10.750’ye (İsveç 10.000, Norveç-Danimarka-Finlandiya 500, İngiltere 250 civarı) çıkmıştır. 18 Ekim 1977 tarihinde Patrik III. Mor Ignatius Ya‘kūb Şam’da bir sinod toplamış, bu toplantıda alınan kararla Avrupa’da iki metropolitlik (abraşiye) kurulmuştur. Bunlardan biri merkezi Hollanda olan Orta Avrupa metropolitliği, diğeri merkezi İsveç olan İskandinav ülkeleri metropolitliğidir. 24 Haziran 1979’da Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olan Midyat doğumlu İsa Çiçek Avrupa metropoliti olarak takdis edilmiştir.
Süryânîler, Batı ülkelerinde oluşturdukları teşkilâtlanma bağlamında Hollanda, Almanya, Kanada, Avustralya, Arjantin ve Brezilya’da birer; İsveç ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde ikişer metropolitliğe sahiptir. Almanya’da kırk dokuz, İsveç’te yirmi sekiz, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde yirmi yedi, Hollanda’da sekiz, Kanada’da altı, Avustralya’da beş, İsviçre’de beş, Belçika’da dört, Arjantin’de dört, Brezilya’da üç, Avusturya’da iki, Fransa’da ve İngiltere’de birer olmak üzere 143 kilise mevcuttur. Günümüzde Süryânîler yaklaşık olarak Almanya’da 70.000, İsveç’te 55.000, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde 40.000, Hollanda’da 15.000, Arjantin’de 6000, İsviçre’de 6000, Belçika’da 6000, Avustralya’da 4000, Brezilya’da 4000, Avusturya’da 3000, İngiltere’de 800 olmak üzere toplam 210.000 nüfusa sahiptir. Bugün Süryânîler’in Türkiye’deki nüfusu 18.000 civarındadır. Bunların yaklaşık 15.000’i İstanbul’da, 3000’i Mardin ve Midyat yöresinde yaşamaktadır. İstanbul, Mardin, Midyat ve Adıyaman’da dört metropolitlik merkezi mevcuttur. Faal iki manastır bulunmakta (Mardin Deyrüzzafaran, Midyat Mor Gabriel) ve bu manastırlarda dinî eğitim ve öğretim yapılmaktadır. Patriklik merkezi ise Şam’dadır.
İnanç ve İbadet. Süryânîler teslîs, tecessüd, melek-şeytan, cin, kıyamet günü, haşir, cennet-cehennem gibi itikadî konularda diğer Ortodoks mezheplerle -bazı farklılıklar dışında- aynı inanca sahiptir. Ermeni ve Kıptîler gibi Îsâ Mesîh’in tek (ilâhî) tabiat taşıdığına inanır, onun beşerî tabiatını sanal kabul ederler. İznik (325) ve I. Efes (431) konsillerinin iman ilkeleri doğrultusunda hazırlanmış olan ve 467 yılından beri (Patrik II. Petrus Kassar dönemi) Süryânî kiliselerinde okunan âmentüleri şöyledir: “Bir Allah’a inanıyoruz. Cihanı tutan, yerle göğü, görüleni ve görülmeyeni yaratan, bir Ata Allah’a ve bütün âlemlerden önce nurdan nur, Hak Tanrı’dan Hak Tanrı doğan ve ancak yaratılmayan, cevher yönünden atasına eşit, O’nunla her şeyin varlığa geldiği ve biz insanları kurtarmak için gökten inip Rûhulkudüs ve bâkire Meryem’den bedenleşip insan olan, Pantoslu Pilatos’un günlerinde bizim için haça gerilen, elemlenip ölen, gömülüp ve istediği gibi üçüncü günde kıyam eden, göğe yücelip Ata Allah’ın sağında oturan ve dirilerle ölülerin duruşmasına büyük izzetle gelecek ve melekûtuna son olmayacak, Tanrı’nın biricik oğlu Îsâ Mesîh bir Tanrı’ya; bir de peygamberlerde kutsal, genel ve resûlî bir kilisede konuşan, ‘ata’dan çıkan, ata ve oğulla tapınılıp ululanan bir Tanrı aziz ruha (Rûhulkudüs) ve suçların affedilmesi için bir vaftize inanmakla ölülerin kalkmasını ve gelecek âlemdeki yaşayışı da bekleriz.” Süryânî kilisesinde bu genel âmentünün dışında inanılması ve yerine getirilmesi gereken yedi şart vardır. Kilise bunlara “ma’mudiso” (sır, sakrament) der. Bunlar vaftiz, morun yağı, komünyon, günahların itirafı, hasta yağlanması, ruhanî takdis ve nikâhtır.
Süryânî kilisesinde ibadetlerin başında namaz ve oruç gelir. “Sıloto” (sıloso) denilen namaz Hz. Îsâ ve havârilerden kalma bir ibadettir. Havâriler döneminde namaz ferdî olarak kılındığı gibi cemaatle basit bir evde de kılınıyordu. Evde kılmak isteyen bekârsa tek başına, değilse aile efradıyla beraber kılardı. Önceleri günde üç vakit namaz kılınırdı. Namazlarda Zebûr’dan bazı âyetler okunur, ilâhiler söylenirdi. Kilisede namaz bir ruhanî başkanlığında diyakozların yardımıyla icra edilirdi. Namaz bitince vaaz verilir, âyin yapılır, insanlar komünyondan tadıp birbiriyle selâmlaşarak dağılırlardı. Pazar günleri ve Îsâ’nın kıyam gününden itibaren elli gün süreyle Pantikos bayramına kadar namazlarda secde yapılmazdı. Kadınlar namazda en arka safta yer alır, gerek kilisede ibadet esnasında gerekse dışarıda günlük hayatta tesettüre riayet ederlerdi. Sonraları bu üç vakit namaz altı, bir müddet sonra da yediye çıkarılmıştır. Günümüzde bütün Süryânî ve Nestûrî manastırlarında yedi vakit namaz kılınmaktadır. III. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde günlük namazların dışında kilisede her pazar gününün yanı sıra Îsâ’nın doğum günü, vaftiz günü, fısıh günü, kıyam günü ve pantikos gününde de âyin düzenlenir ve bayram yapılırdı. Bu günler 325 yılındaki İznik Konsili’nde de kabul edilmiştir. Bunların dışında Süryânî kilisesinde azizlere atfen çok sayıda kutsal gün bulunmaktadır. Hıristiyanlığın ilk asrında Süryânîler’de oruç (savmo) vardı. “Savme dı-Arb’in Rabo” denilen kırk günlük büyük oruç Îsâ Mesîh’ten kalmadır. Sonraları kilisece buna Îsâ’nın elem haftası da eklenerek kırk sekiz güne çıkarılmıştır. Bunun dışında Süryânîler’de “savme dı-Yeldo” (Noel orucu) yirmi dört gün, “savme dı-Ninve” (Ninevâ [Ninova] orucu) üç gün, “savme dı-Şılihe” (havârilerin orucu) on beş gün, “savme dı-Meryem” (Meryem Ana orucu) on beş gün olup günümüzde perhize çevrilmiş ve beş güne indirilmiştir. Ayrıca her çarşamba ve cuma günü tutulan oruç da perhize çevrilmiştir. Oruçların kefâret ve kazâsı yoktur.
Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür. Gerek arkeolojik buluntular gerekse günümüze intikal eden yazılı kaynaklar Süryânîler’in fikir hayatına yeterince ışık tutmaktadır. Eski dünyanın merkezinde yer alan bölge Helen-Grek, Hint-İran düşünce ve felsefesiyle tanışmış, Hıristiyanlık ve mahallî kültürle de yoğrularak bir kültürel mozaik deltası oluşturmuştur. Hıristiyanlık’la beraber nesir sahasında ilk şehitlik menkıbeleri, şiir sahasında Bardaysan, Mor Afrem, Suruçlu Ya‘kūb ve Antakyalı İshak’ın çalışmaları, Tityanus’la başlayan Kitâb-ı Mukaddes tercüme ve tefsirleri, Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-İbrî’ye (Bar İbrâyâ) ait tarih, gramer ve tefsir kitapları Süryânîce’nin gelişmesini ve bu dilde önemli eserler verilmesini sağlamıştır. Özellikle başta Urfa olmak üzere Nusaybin, Harran, Kınnesrîn ve Cündişâpûr’da kurulan okullarda verilen eğitim, yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar ve Grek-Helen, Hint-İran düşünce dünyasından yapılan çeviriler bölgede önemli bir kültürel birikim oluşturmuştur (ayrıca bk. SÜRYÂNÎCE ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino Vaticana, Rome 1719-28, I-II. Ancient Syriac Documents Relative to the Earliest Establishment of Christianity in Edessa and the Neighbouring Countries (ed. ve trc. W. Cureton), London 1864. M. M. Rabo, Kthobo dı-Makesbonus Zebne (nşr. J. B. Chabot), Paris 1899-1904. M. Filiksinos Yuhanna Dölebanî, el-Kaddis Mar Yakubu’l-Barad’i es-Sūryani, Bounes-Aires 1942. M. I. Yakub III, Târîḫu’l-Kenîseti’s-Süryâniyyeti’l-Anṭâkiyye, Beyrut 1953, I-II. Ancient Epitome of the Sacred Canons of the Eastern Orthodox Church (ed. G. Mastrantonis), St. Louis, ts. (Ologos). M. I. Afram I, Kifîso dı-Yulfono Mişîhoyo, Kamışlı 1967. A Nestorian Collection of Christologial Text III (ed. ve trc. L. Abramowski – A. E. Goodman), Cambridge 1972. Mehmet Çelik, Süryani Kilisesi Tarihi I, İstanbul 1987. a.mlf., Süryanca Dilbilgisi, Elazığ 1994. a.mlf., Ortadoğu Mozaiği: Süryaniler-Nasturiler, Elazığ 1996. a.mlf., Siyasal Sistem Açısından Bizans İmparatorluğunda Din-Devlet İlişkileri (Kuruluşundan X. Yüzyıla Kadar), İzmir 1999. a.mlf., Fener Patrikhanesi’nin Ökümeniklik İddiasının Tarihi Seyri (325-1453), İzmir 2002. Mşîha Zha, Erbil Vekâyinâmesi, İstanbul 2002. Süryaniler ve Süryanilik (haz. Ahmet Taşğın v.dğr.), Ankara 2005, I-IV. Talip Atalay, “Günümüz Süryani Kilise ve Manastırlarında Din Eğitimi”, Dinî Araştırmalar, VIII/23, Ankara 2005, s. 29-59.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 175-178 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.