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SUÛDÎLER Skip to content Bugünkü Suûdî krallarının mensup olduğu hânedan.
Klasik kaynaklarda Adnânîler’den Aneze’ye mensup bir kol olarak zikredilir. Buna göre ailenin nesebi Aneze kabilesinin Mesâlîh koluna dayanır. Ancak son yıllarda ailenin de bizzat benimsediği ve literatüre giren görüşe göre soylarının Aneze ile kesişmekle birlikte Benî Hanîfe kabilesinden geldiği belirtilir. Şu anda kullanılan Âl-i Suûd ismi, Suûd b. Muhammed b. Mukrin b. Merhân’dan gelir. O da bugünkü Suudi Arabistan’ın doğusunda Katîf yakınlarında Duru‘ bölgesinde yaşayan ve Benî Hanîfe kabilelerinden olan Bekir b. Vâil ailesinden Mâni‘ b. Rebîa el-Müreydî soyundandır.
Suûdîler’in atası kabul edilen Mâni‘ b. Rebîa el-Müreydî dönemine kadar aile hakkında kaynaklarda fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Sınırlı da olsa bazı kaynaklarda zikredildiğine göre Mâni‘ el-Müreydî’nin bugünkü Riyad yakınlarında Hacrülyemâme (Ârız) bölgesinde İbn Dir‘ adında bir akrabası bulunmaktaydı. Kendisi bölgede nüfuz sahibiydi. Aralarında cereyan eden haberleşme üzerine İbn Dir‘, Mâni‘ el-Müreydî’yi aile fertleriyle birlikte Katîf taraflarından kendi bölgesine davet etti. Bu davetin sebebi ve kesin tarihi bilinmemekte, ancak XV. yüzyıl ortalarında olduğu kabul edilmektedir. İbn Dir‘, daveti kabul ederek bölgeye gelen aileye yerleşmeleri için bugünkü Riyad yakınlarında bulunan Müleyyebid ve Asîbe mevkilerini verdi. Buralara yerleşen aile, geldikleri yere (Duru‘) veya yeri kendilerine tahsis eden İbn Dir‘a nisbetle bölgeyi Dir‘iye adıyla andı. Çöl içinde suyu bol ve ziraata elverişli, oldukça müstahkem bir yer olan Dir‘iye, diğer kabilelere göre yerleşik hayata daha fazla alışık olan yeni sakinleri tarafından kısa zamanda imar edilerek küçük bir şehir haline getirildi. Çöl geleneklerinin ve bedevî kültürünün egemen olduğu Dir‘iye’yi Müreydî ailesinden gelen emîrler idare etmeye başladı. Ancak aile içinde daima emirliği ele geçirme mücadelesi vardı. XVIII. yüzyılın başlarında Dir‘iye, Rebî‘ İbn Mâni‘in idaresinde idi. Fakat oğlu Mûsâ babasına isyan ederek yönetimi ele geçirdi. İbn Dir‘in kendilerine ayırdığı bölgelerin etrafında Benî Hanîfe’ye mensup Âl-i Yezîd kabilesi de hüküm sürüyordu ve onlarla da aralarında baştan beri süregelen kabile kavgaları yaşanmaktaydı. Mûsâ b. Rebî‘ emîr olduktan sonra Âl-i Yezîd ile mücadeleye girişerek onları yenilgiye uğrattı ve nüfuzunu daha da genişletti. Onun ölümünün ardından sırasıyla oğulları İbrâhim ve Merhân idareci oldu. Merhân b. Mûsâ’nın Rebîa ve Mukrin adında iki oğlu vardı. Daha sonra kabile bunlardan gelen iki ayrı kola ayrıldı. Rebîa’nın kolundan gelenlere Âl-i Vatbân, Mukrin’in kolundan gelenlere Âl-i Mukrin denildi. Suudi Arabistan’ın kurucusu olan bugünkü Suûdîler ikinci koldan gelmektedir.
Dir‘iye bölgesi Âl-i Vatbân kolundan gelen emîrlerin kontrolünde iken bölgenin idaresi ilk defa kabilenin diğer koluna (Âl-i Mukrin), 1132’de (1720) Suûd b. Muhammed b. Mukrin zamanında geçti ve onun ölümüne kadar (1725) devam etti. Ardından emirlik tekrar Âl-i Vatbân kolundan gelen Zeyd b. Merhân tarafından ele geçirildi ve onun emirliği de iki yıla yakın sürdü. Suûd b. Muhammed b. Mukrin’in ölümünden sonra emirlik Zeyd b. Merhân’ın eline geçtiyse de Suûd b. Muhammed’in oğlu Muhammed emirliği tekrar aldı (1727) ve bundan sonra Dir‘iye’nin idaresi onun soyundan gelen emirlere intikal etti. Bu da Suudi Arabistan’ın kuruluşuna giden yolu açtı.
Osmanlı Devleti, XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren her ne kadar tedrîcî bir şekilde merkezî gücünü bütün Arap yarımadasında hissettirdiyse de geniş çöllerde dolaşan bedevîlerle yine çöldeki vahalarda yaşayan yerleşik grupların geleneksel idarelerine zorunlu olmadıkça müdahalede bulunmamıştı. Dönemin en güçlü müslüman devleti olduğundan Mekke şerifleriyle birlikte genel olarak bütün Araplar onlara tâbiiliklerini arzetmişlerdi. Esasen Hicaz ve ona bağlı kabul edilen merkezî Arabistan daha önceki siyasî yapılarıyla Osmanlı topraklarına katıldığı için eski idarecileri olan Mekke şeriflerinin yönetimine bırakılmıştı. Hatta Mekke şeriflerinin temel görevi Mekke’yi ve bedevî kabileleri idare etmekti. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti Cidde, Bağdat, Şam gibi yerlere merkezden tayin ettiği beylerbeyi veya valilerle bu geleneksel idareyi uzaktan kontrol altında tutmayı ihmal etmiyordu. XVIII. yüzyılın başına gelindiğinde Osmanlı Devleti merkezî kontrolünü yavaş yavaş kaybetmeye başladı. Merkezî otoritenin zayıflaması bedevî Araplar arasında mücadeleleri arttırdı. Çölün her tarafında birbiriyle kavgalı zayıf emirlikler hükümran olmaya başladı. Ayrıca Orta Arabistan’daki bedevî kültürünün İslâm dininden hayli uzak olması ve yaygın cehalet bölgede dinî karmaşanın da yaşanmasına yol açıyordu. Muhammed b. Suûd’un idareyi ele geçirmesi tam bu döneme rastlar. Bu karmaşa içinde halkı çiftçi, küçük tüccar, zanaatkâr, az sayıda ulemâ ve kölelerden oluşan Dir‘iye emirliğini elinde tutma gayreti güderken eline bulunmaz bir fırsat geçti.
Necid bölgesinde Benî Temîm kabilesinden bir ulemâ ailesine mensup olan Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb’ın (ö. 1792) Vehhâbîlik olarak adlandırılan dinî hareketi Dir‘iye’de destek buldu. Baskılar karşısında Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb, Dir‘iye’deki öğrencileriyle irtibata geçerek oraya iltica edince Muhammed b. Suûd başlangıçta birtakım tereddütler geçirdiyse de kardeşleri ve karısının ısrarıyla ona sahip çıktı. İki taraf arasında 1157 (1744) veya 1158 (1745) yılında yapılan ve Dir‘iye ittifakı diye bilinen anlaşmadan sonra Suûd ailesi için yeni bir tarih başlamış oldu. Muhammed b. Suûd’un Dir‘iye sınırlarını aşmayan nüfuzu Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb’ın fikirleri sayesinde yayıldı. Muhammed b. Suûd, onun fikri olan bid‘atlarla savaşmak adına civardaki kabile ve yerleşim yerlerine cihad açarak nüfuz alanını büyüttü. Bu da Dir‘iye Emirliği’nin ekonomik anlamda zenginleşmesi demekti. Nitekim modern Suûdî kaynakları bu tarihi birinci Suûdî Devleti’nin başlangıcı diye kabul eder. Muhammed b. Suûd’dan sonra oğlu Abdülazîz b. Suûd ve torunu Suûd b. Abdülazîz zamanında emirlik büyük bir gelişme gösterip nüfuz alanlarını genişletti. Kabilevî olmaktan ziyade dinî bir nitelik taşıyan yeni emirliğin kurucusuna imam lakabı verildi ve daha sonra bu gelenek sürdürüldü. Bu sayede Necid kabilelerinin hemen tamamı itaat altına alındı, çölde tam bir güvenlik sağlandı. 1765’e kadar emirliği devam eden İmam Muhammed b. Suûd, Osmanlı Devleti’nin tepkisinden çekindiği için Irak ve Hicaz bölgelerine pek fazla yanaşmadı. Diğer taraftan Osmanlı Devleti 1750’lerden itibaren Bağdat ve Basra yöneticileriyle Mekke şeriflerini uyararak (BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 6716) Vehhâbîliği benimsemiş olan Suûdîler’in faaliyetlerinin önlenmesini istedi. Muhammed b. Suûd’un ölümünden sonra oğlu Abdülazîz emîr oldu (1765). İlk iş olarak da kuzeye doğru yöneldi. Babasından daha muhteris ve Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb’ın öğretisine sıkıca bağlı olan Abdülazîz bir taraftan denize çıkış yolu olan Lahsâ’ya, diğer taraftan Hicaz’a gözünü dikti. Bu bilgilerin İstanbul’a ulaşması üzerine Bağdat ve Basra Valisi Ömer Paşa şiddetle uyarıldı (BA, MD, nr. 164, s. 206). Ancak Abdülazîz’in yaptığı ittifaklar sayesinde 1198’de (1784) Lahsâ’nın güneyindeki bir mevkiye yerleşmesi engellenemedi. Bu tarihten sonra Osmanlı Devleti ile isyancı (belgelerde hâricî) kabul edilen ve kabilelerden oluşan Suûd müttefik güçleri karşı karşıya geldi. Lahsâ’nın kuzeyinde Osmanlı askerlerinin desteklediği Müntefiḳ aşiretiyle giriştiği mücadelede galip gelen Abdülazîz hâkimiyet alanını genişleterek Lahsâ’nın limanı olan Uceyr’e kadar ulaştı.
Suûdîler’in Arap yarımadasındaki esas yayılmaları ve hâkimiyetlerini genişletmeleri İmam Suûd b. Abdülazîz zamanında (1803-1814) gerçekleşti. Civarındaki kabileler ve hatta Osmanlı Devleti’nin mahallî yöneticilerinin hâkimiyet alanları aleyhinde sürekli genişleyen Suûdî etkisi Bağdat, Lahsâ ve Hicaz sınırlarına dayandı. Osmanlı Devleti özellikle Şam ve Bağdat valileri vasıtasıyla bu genişlemeyi durdurmaya çalıştı. Mekke şeriflerinin politikaları ve özellikle Vehhâbîler’i hacdan menetmeleri veya şartlı kabul etmeleri problemin dinî bir cihad haline dönüşmesine yol açtı. Napolyon’un 1798’de beklenmedik bir şekilde Mısır’ı işgal etmesi ve bunun ardından ortaya çıkan meseleler Suûdîler’in işine yaradı. 1803’te Hicaz’a karşı giriştikleri işgal hareketi engellenmekle birlikte 1806’da Mekke ve Medine’yi ele geçirmelerine engel olunamadı. Suûdîler’in (Vehhâbîler) Haremeyn’i işgalleri III. Selim’in halifelik ve saltanat prestijini de sarstı.
II. Mahmud tahta geçtikten sonra bu meseleyi Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya havale etmek zorunda kaldı. Mehmed Ali Paşa, Suûdîler üzerine birçok askerî sefer düzenledi. 1811’de oğlu Ahmed Tosun Paşa 1812’de Hazinedar Ahmed Paşa kumandasında orduları Hicaz’a sevketti ve Hicaz’ın tahliyesine çalıştı. Gönderilen kuvvetler 1813’te Suûdîler’i Hicaz’dan çıkararak eski vatanlarına sürdü. Aynı yıl Mehmed Ali Paşa da bir kısım kuvvetlerle Hicaz’a gelerek bazı düzenlemeler yaptı. Ahmed Tosun Paşa, 1813-1814 yılları boyunca Necid taraflarındaki Suûdîler’e karşı askerî seferler düzenlediyse de başarılı olamadı. Bu arada İmam Suûd b. Abdülazîz 1814 yılı Mayıs başlarında vefat etti ve yerine oğlu Abdullah b. Suûd (1814-1818) geçti. Yeni emîr babası kadar dirayetli değildi, ancak Ahmed Tosun Paşa bu durumu değerlendiremedi. Bunun üzerine Bâbıâli’nin baskısıyla Mehmed Ali Paşa büyük oğlu İbrâhim Paşa’yı görevlendirmek zorunda kaldı. Onun Mısır’dan başlattığı askerî harekât yaklaşık iki yıl sürdü. Yayıldıkları geniş alanlarda tutunamayan Suûdîler bütün güçleriyle asıl mevkileri olan Dir‘iye’ye çekildiler. İbrâhim Paşa harekâtını sürdürüp Dir‘iye’ye girdi ve şehri tahrip ederek kullanılamaz hale getirdi (Eylül 1818). Esir alınan Abdullah b. Suûd ve bir kısım adamı önce Kahire’ye, oradan İstanbul’a gönderildi. İstanbul’da sorgulanan Abdullah b. Suûd, Medine’yi işgalleri sırasında hücre-i saâdeti yağmalamak suçundan muhakeme edilerek idam edildi (17 Aralık 1818). Bu tarihten sonra Mişârî b. Abdülazîz b. Suûd başta olmak üzere aileden gelen bazı isimler kabileleri tekrar toplayarak emirliği yeniden kurma teşebbüsünde bulundularsa da 1824 yılına kadar bir başarı elde edemediler.
1824’te Türkî b. Abdullah, topladığı kuvvetlerle Riyad’ı muhafaza eden küçük Mısır askerî birliğini buradan çıkarıp Suûd Emirliği’ni yeniden tesis etti. Mısır kuvvetlerinin Necid’deki olumsuz davranışlarının da etkisiyle 1834 yılına kadar Riyad’ı merkez edinerek emirliği yeniden toparladı. Ancak aile çekişmeleri yüzünden aynı yıl öldürüldü. İdareyi oğlu Faysal b. Türkî ele geçirdi. Yeni durumdan hoşnut olmayan Mısır valiliği Necid’e gönderdiği kuvvetlerle Faysal b. Türkî’yi yakalayıp Mısır’a sevketti (1837); yerine de Mısır’da göz hapsinde tuttuğu aynı aileden Hâlid b. Suûd’u gönderdi. 1840’ta Londra protokolüyle Mısır kuvvetlerinin Necid ve Hicaz’dan çekilmesi yeni bir karışıklık meydana getirdi. Teorik olarak bölge tekrar Bâbıâli’nin doğrudan kontrolüne geçmiş olmakla birlikte bu fiilen gerçekleşmedi. Mısır vilâyetinden gelen ve protokolle tahliye edilen kuvvetlerin yeri doldurulamadı. Bu yüzden gerek Necid’deki diğer kabileler arasında gerekse Suûd ailesi içinde çekişmeler baş gösterdi. Hâlid b. Suûd duruma hâkim olamayınca Bâbıâli’nin tasvibiyle aynı aileden Abdullah b. Süneyyân b. İbrâhim Riyad emirliğine getirildi, fakat istikrar yine sağlanamadı.
Faysal b. Türkî, 1843’te Mısır’da serbest bırakılınca Riyad’a dönerek ikinci defa zorla emirliği ele geçirdi. Osmanlı Devleti’nin tepkisini hesaba katıp itaat etmeyi menfaatlerine uygun buldu ve Cidde valiliğiyle yazışıp bağlılığını arzedince mesele geçici de olsa halledilmiş oldu. 1847’ye kadar nüfuzunu genişleten Faysal b. Türkî’nin durumu Bağdat valisi tarafından devlet merkezine bildirildi. Bâbıâli de bölgedeki kabile işlerinden sorumlu gördüğü Mekke Şerifi Muhammed b. Abdülmuîn İbn Avn’ı uyarıp tedbir almasını istedi. Mekke şerifi topladığı birlikleriyle Riyad taraflarına hareket etti. Faysal b. Türkî ise diplomasi yolunu tercih ederek Şerif İbn Avn’a yakınlarından bir elçilik heyeti yollayıp af ve eman diledi. Bunun üzerine yükümlü olduğu vergiyi vermesi ve Necid’de padişah adına hutbeyi okutması şartlarıyla affedildi, ayrıca resmen Necid kaymakamlığına tayin edildi. Nüfuz alanını hayli geliştiren Faysal b. Türkî, Basra körfezinde faaliyetlere girişmesi dolayısıyla başta İngilizler olmak üzere yabancıların da dikkatini çekmeye başladı.
1865 yılında Faysal’ın ölümü üzerine emirliği Abdullah b. Faysal üstlendi. Ancak bu durumu kabullenmeyen kardeşi Suûd, Abdullah’ın idaresine karşı çıktı ve topladığı kabilelerle kardeşine isyan etti. Bundan istifade etmek isteyen İngilizler, Suûd’a dolaylı destek verdi. Bağdat valileri durumu sürekli olarak İstanbul’a bildiriyordu. Ancak konuya en çok ilgi gösteren Bağdat Valisi Midhat Paşa oldu. Gelişmelerin İngiliz nüfuzunu arttıracağını düşünen Midhat Paşa bölgeye askerî bir sefer düzenleme hazırlıklarına girişti. Bir taraftan Bâbıâli’yi ikna ederken diğer taraftan babasından intikal eden kaymakamlık sıfatıyla Abdullah b. Faysal’ın devletten kardeşine karşı yardım istemesini sağladı. 1871’de Suûd’un etkin olduğu Necid sahillerine (Lahsâ) yapılan askerî sefer neticesinde bölgede istikrar sağlandı. Katîf, Lahsâ (Hüfûf) ve Katar bölgelerinde kurulan mutasarrıflıkla doğrudan merkezî idare tesis edilirken Riyad ve civarı Necid kaymakamlığı unvanı ile Abdullah b. Faysal’ın idaresine verildi. Sahilde istikrar sağlanmış olmasına rağmen aile içi çekişmeler 1875 yılına kadar devam etti. Hatta Midhat Paşa’dan sonraki Bağdat valileri iki kardeş arasında tercih yapmakta zorlandı. Ancak Abdullah’ın mağlûp olup Riyad’ı terketmesi (1874) Suûd’un konumunu sağlamlaştırdı. Riyad’a hâkim olan Suûd b. Faysal, kardeşleri Abdurrahman ve Muhammed’i Bağdat’a rehin vererek Riyad ve civarının dışında faaliyet yapmamayı taahhüt etti. Suûd’un 1875’te ölümü üzerine serbest bırakılan Abdurrahman b. Faysal Bağdat’tan Riyad’a gelerek emirliği üstlendi. Ancak aile içi çekişmeler de sürdü ve Abdurrahman gerek kardeşleri Abdullah gerekse Muhammed ile uğraşmak zorunda kaldı. Bu durum fazla sürmedi, 1876’da büyük kardeşi Abdullah’ın lehinde emirlikten çekildi. Abdullah b. Faysal’ın ikinci dönemi sorunlu başladı. O sırada Cebelişemmer’de ortaya çıkan ve hayli nüfuz kazanan İbnü’r-Reşîd ailesinden Muhammed b. Reşîd ile çekişmelere başladı. Suûd ailesinin güven vermemesi dikkate alındığında Osmanlı Devleti bölgede Reşîdîler’in güç kazanmasına göz yumdu, hatta onları destekledi. Fakat bu destek iki taraf arasındaki dengeleri bozmayacak bir şekilde verildi. Muhammed b. Reşîd, Suûd ailesinin içindeki çekişmelere müdahil oldu ve hatta Riyad’ı ele geçirerek Suûd ailesinden pek çok kişiyi katletti. Abdullah b. Faysal başta olmak üzere bazı Suûd emîrleri Muhammed b. Reşîd’in idare merkezi Hâil’e (Hâyil) iltica ettiler. Bu durum 1889 yılına kadar devam etti, aynı yıl mülteciler Riyad’a döndü ve Abdurrahman b. Faysal emirliği tekrar uhdesine aldı. Ancak İbnü’r-Reşîd’in müdahaleleri sürdü ve sonuçta 1891’de Suûd ailesi tamamen Riyad’dan çıkarıldı. II. Abdülhamid’in izni ve aile fertlerine verdiği malî tahsisatla Suûdîler Küveyt’te ikamet etmeye başladı. 1902 yılında Abdülazîz b. Abdurrahman (Abdülazîz b. Suûd, İbn Suûd) Küveyt’ten yanına aldığı adamları ile Riyad’a dönerek şehre girdi, İbnü’r-Reşîd’in bıraktığı idareciyi öldürdü ve babasını Küveyt’ten geri çağırdı. Bu davetle eski yurduna geri gelen Abdurrahman b. Faysal emîr sıfatıyla yeniden işleri idare ederken oğlu Abdülazîz de İbn Reşîd ailesi başta olmak üzere eski hasımlarıyla uğraşmaya başladı. Yeni gelişmeler karşısında Osmanlı Devleti bölgeye Kasîm askerî harekâtı adıyla bir harekât düzenlediyse de Abdülazîz’i durduramadı. İki taraf arasında varılan bir anlaşma neticesinde Suûdîler’e yeniden kaymakamlık statüsü verildi ve Abdurrahman b. Faysal, Riyad kaymakamı tayin edildi. Teorik olarak böyle olsa da işler fiilen oğlu Abdülazîz b. Abdurrahman’ın elinde idi. Oldukça zeki ve muhteris bir kişi olan Abdülazîz kabilelerle yaptığı ittifaklar ve çölde kurduğu yerleşim yerleri (Hicer) sayesinde hayli güç kazandı. İhvan diye isimlendirilen yerleşimciler gerektiğinde askerî güç olarak kullanılmak üzere eğitildi. Balkan Harbi sırasında bölgede meydana gelen askerî boşluktan faydalanarak Lahsâ mutasarrıflığının merkezi Hüfûf’taki küçük müfrezeyi ve Osmanlı memurlarını buradan çıkarıp bölgeyi ele geçirdi (1913). Bu durum karşısında yabancı müdahalelere meydan vermemek için orta bir yol arayışına giren Osmanlı Devleti, Mayıs 1914’te Abdülazîz b. Abdurrahman ile bir anlaşma yaptı ve kendisine paşalık rütbesiyle Necid valiliği unvanı verildi. Ancak I. Dünya Savaşı bölgedeki dengeleri alt üst edince Suûdî ailesi daha da güç kazandı ve 1932’de resmen bugünkü Suudi Arabistan’ı kurmayı başardı. Hânedan zamanımızda da geniş aile fertleriyle varlığını devam ettirmektedir (bk. SUUDİ ARABİSTAN).
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