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TAB‘-ı KALB Skip to content Gerçekleri kavrayıp benimseme kabiliyetine sahip kalbin hidayete yönelme yeteneğinin köreltilmesi anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi bir şekle göre yapmak; mühürlemek; bir şeyin fonksiyonunu sona erdirmek” anlamlarındaki tab‘ ile (Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ṭbʿa” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi, III, 343-344) duygu merkezini oluşturan kalb kelimesinden meydana gelen terkip, “insanın dinî gerçekleri kavrayıp benimsemesini sağlayan ruhî yeteneğinin köreltilmesi” şeklinde tanımlanabilir. Tab‘-ı kalb, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın bazı kalpleri mühürlediğini ifade eden âyetlerden hareketle üretilmiş bir terim olup aynı mânaya gelen hatm kelimesiyle de kullanılır (hatm-i kalb). Âyetlerde belirtildiğine göre Allah Teâlâ dünya hayatını tercih edip kalplerini küfür ve inkâra açan, bu sebeple Allah’a, O’nun âyetlerine ve peygamberlerine inanmayanların yanı sıra Allah’a verdikleri sözü tutmayan, peygamberleri öldüren ve, “Meryem oğlu Îsâ Mesîh’i öldürdük” diyen Ehl-i kitabın, yalan beyanda bulunarak savaşa katılmayan münafıkların, büyüklük taslayıp hakka bâtıl diyen ve arzularına uyan zorba inkârcıların kalplerini ve işitme duyularını mühürlemiş, gözlerine ve kulaklarına perde çekmiştir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “ṭbʿa”, “ḫtm” md.leri). Kur’an’da tab‘-ı kalb ile ilgisi olan “iğfâl” (duyarsız ve nasipsiz hale getirme) “sadd” (doğru yoldan saptırma), “sarf” (hak yoldan çevirme), “izâga” (saptırma) gibi kavramlar ve “ca‘l” yardımcı fiiliyle kullanılan “kasv, kasâve” (kalbi sertleştirme), “hicâb” (gözlere perde çekme), “vakr” (kulakları duymaz hale getirme) gibi kelimeler de yer almaktadır (İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 246-259). Kalbin mühürlenmesine hadislerde de tab‘, hatm ve “reyn” (kir ve pasla örtmek) kavramlarıyla temas edilir. Buna göre Allah, cuma namazını kılmayanların veya mazeretsiz üç cuma namazını terkedenlerin kalbini mühürler, böyleleri zamanla gafiller zümresine dahil olur (Müsned, III, 332; Müslim, “Cumʿa”, 40). Hz. Peygamber, ashabına kalbin mühürlenmesine yol açan şiddetli arzu ve hırslardan Allah’a sığınmayı tavsiye etmiş, yalan söylemediği ve hainlik yapmadığı sürece müminin kalbinin doğruluk üzere olacağını açıklamış ve kıyametin kopması esnasında güneşin batıdan doğmasıyla beraber kalplerin bulunduğu hal üzere mühürleneceğini belirtmiştir (Müsned, I, 192; V, 232, 252), Yine hadislerde günah işleyen müminin kalbinde siyah bir noktanın oluştuğu, tövbe etmesi halinde bunun kaybolduğu, ancak günaha devam ettiği takdirde siyah noktaların çoğalıp kalbin tamamını kapladığı ve “reyn” (günahlar yüzünden kalplerin kararması) kavramının (el-Mutaffifîn 83/14) tefsirinin bu şekilde yapılmasının gerektiği bildirilmiştir (Müsned, III, 332; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 29).
Kader, irade hürriyeti ve dinî sorumlulukla ilişkili bir kavram olan tab‘-ı kalbin mahiyeti, yorumu ve kişinin irade özgürlüğü üzerindeki etkisine dair farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. 1. Tab‘-ı kalb Allah’ın dinî hayata dair olan sünnetini anlatır. İnsanın bâtıl inancı benimseyip günah işlemekte ısrar etmesi ve bu hususta son noktaya ulaşmasıyla onda inkâr ve isyan kökleşerek ikinci bir tabiat halini alır; sonuçta onun iman ve itaate dönmesi imkânsız duruma gelir. İlâhî emirlere uymakta gevşeklik gösterip isyana yönelme kalbin hakka ve hayra karşı daralmasına sebep olurken bâtıla ve şerre karşı genişlemesine yol açar, böylece kalp kararır. Bu davranışı sürdüren kişinin gözlerine ve kulaklarına perde çekilir, ardından kalbi mühürlenir. Yine de vazgeçmediği takdirde kalbine kilit vurulur ve nihayet kalp ölür. Bu durum, kâfirlerin iman etmesinin engellendiği veya onların zorla inkâra sevkedildiği anlamına gelmez. Aksine, kâfirlerin inkârı seçmeleri yüzünden imanlarını sağlayacak delillerden yararlanamayacaklarına ilişkin ilâhî bir kanunun (sünnetullah) bulunduğunu ifade eder. Buna karşılık Cenâb-ı Hak iman ve itaate yönelen kimsenin kalbini hidayete açık duruma getirir. Kişi hidayet yolunda devam ederse Allah tarafından denenir, başarılı olması halinde kalbini temizleyip imanı sevdirir. Bu yolu sürdürürse kötü fiilleri yapmaktan korunup iyi fiilleri işlemeye yönlendirilir. Sonunda Allah onun kalbini değişmeyen bir karaktere büründürür (el-En‘âm 6/125; el-Mücâdile 58/22). Selefiyye’ye mensup âlimler bu görüştedir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “ḫtm” md.; a.mlf., Tafṣîlü’n-neşʾeteyn, s. 104-108; Taberî, I, 259-260; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 254-255; Reşîd Rızâ, I, 143-147). 2. Tab‘-ı kalb hakikat mânasında olup “Allah’ın iman etmelerini istemediği kâfirlerin hidayete ermesini engellemesi” demektir. Çünkü iman etmeyeceklerini ezelî ilmiyle bilmiş, bu sebeple kulaklarına ve gözlerine perde çekip kalplerini mühürlemiştir; bununla birlikte onları sorumlu tutmuştur ve iman etmedikleri için âhirette cezalandıracaktır. Hasan b. Muhammed el-Hanefiyye başta olmak üzere Cebriyye mensupları bu yorumu benimsemiştir (Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin, II, 188-194; Taberî, I, 261-262; Eş‘arî, s. 147-148; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 229-230). 3. Tab‘-ı kalb mecazi bir tabir olup bununla inkârda aşırı giden kâfirlerin durumu anlama yeteneği bulunmayanlara, sağır ve körlere benzetilmiştir. Bütün insanlar görme, işitme ve anlama yeteneklerini dünya işleri için kullandığı halde inkâr ve isyanda ısrar edenler bu yetenekleri mânevî alana yöneltmemişlerdir. Bu sebeple Cenâb-ı Hak bir bakıma küfrü kalplerine yazmıştır. Ancak bu onların mevcut durumlarını haber vermekten ibarettir; eğer engelleme anlamına gelseydi âhirette cezalandırılmaları âdil olmazdı. Bu hükme aykırı gibi görünen âyetlerin müteşâbih kabul edilip dil bilimi kuralları ve aklî bilgilerin ışığında yorumlanması gerekmektedir. Kalpleri mühürlemenin Allah’a nisbet edilmesini kâfirlere inkâr imkânının tanınması şeklinde yorumlamak da mümkündür. Mu‘tezile ve Şîa’ya mensup âlimler bu görüştedir (Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin, II, 190-194; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 51-54, 211-212, 342-343; Zemahşerî, I, 29-30; Tabersî, I, 17; İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 76). 4. Tab‘-ı kalb “inkâr ve isyanı tercih edenlerin kalplerinde küfrün yaratılması” anlamındadır. Bu durum kâfirlerin inkâra dair kararlarının ardından gerçekleştiği için ilâhî bir zorlama söz konusu değildir. Kalp bilginin bulunduğu bir zarfa benzetilebilir. Kalbin mühürlenmesi zarfın, kulağın mühürlenmesi de bilginin giriş yerinin mühürlenmesi demektir. İnkâr ve isyan kalbi kaplayan çok bir seviyeye ulaşınca kâfirlerin inkârdan, müslümanların isyandan kurtulması imkânsız hale gelir. Bütün insanların imanı tercih edebilme yeteneğine sahip kılınmış olmaları dinî yükümlülük açısından yeterlidir. İnkârcılarla âsi müminlerin benliklerini gaflet ve şehvetin bürümesi kendi tercihlerinin bir sonucudur. Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın kalplerinde küfür veya isyanı yaratması kendi fiilinin yalnızca O’na ait bir sıfat olduğunun bildirilmesinden ibarettir. Esasen tevhid ilkesi yaratıcılığın sadece O’na nisbet edilmesini gerekli kılar. Mâtürîdiyye ve Eş‘ariyye kelâmcılarıyla Selefiyye’ye mensup bazı âlimler bu görüştedir (Eş‘arî, s. 20-21; Mâtürîdî, I, 33-34; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 238-260).
Tab‘-ı kalb, inkâr ve isyan edip arzularına uyan insanlara ilâhî tevfik ve yardım kapısının kapatılacağını anlatan bir terim olarak kabul edilebilir. İlâhî yardımdan mahrum kalmanın temel sebebi, peygamberlerin daveti ve aklî bilgilerin kılavuzluğu gibi iman ve itaat için gerekli olan vesilelerin sağlanmasına rağmen kişilerin ısrarla inkâr ve isyanı tercih etmeleridir. Allah’ın, tercihleri doğrultusunda insanlara muamele etmesi adaleti ve hikmetinin gereği olup zulüm sayılmaz. Cebriyye mensupları dışında âlimlerin çoğunluğunun bu görüşte birleştiğini söylemek mümkündür. Ehl-i sünnet’e bağlı âlimlerle Mu‘tezile ve Şîa mensupları arasında bu konudaki anlaşmazlıklar iki noktada toplanmaktadır. Bunların ilki kâfirlerin kalplerinde küfrün yaratılması veya aynı yerde bir alâmetin konulması meselesidir. Bu ise daha çok imanın veya küfrün Allah’ın doğrudan yahut dolaylı biçimde yaratmasıyla gerçekleştiği konusunu ilgilendirir. Ancak bütün ekoller kişinin iman veya inkâr etmesinin ilâhî fiillere konu olduğunu, Allah’ın imanı tercih edene tevfikiyle, inkârı seçene yardımını kesmekle muamele ettiğini kabul etmektedir (ayrıca bk. HIZLÂN; TEVFÎK). İman veya inkâr fiilleri karşısında Allah’ın insana yaptığı muameleye dair ayrıntıları ayrıca yaratmasının mahiyetini bilmek mümkün değildir. İkincisi tab‘-ı kalbin kâfirin iman etmesini engelleyip engellemediği hususudur. İnkâr ve isyanın ikinci bir tabiat haline geldiği kişilerin iman etme imkânının kalmadığını söylemek mümkündür. Bu da kişinin bedenindeki bir hastalıktan bahsedilmesi gibi patolojik bir durumunun varlığından söz edilebileceğine benzer. Ancak bu durumun dinî sorumluluk açısından problemli kabul edilmesi doğru değildir, çünkü iman etme imkânının ortadan kalkması inkârcının kendi tutumundan kaynaklanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “ḫtm”, “ṭbʿa” md.leri; a.mlf., Tafṣîlü’n-neşʾeteyn ve taḥṣîlü’s-saʿâdeteyn, Beyrut 1983, s. 93-108; Kāmus Tercümesi, III, 343-344; Müsned, I, 192; III, 332; V, 232, 252; Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin, er-Red ve’l-iḥticâc ʿale’l-Ḥasan b. Muḥammed b. el-Ḥanefiyye (nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde), Kahire 1971, II, 188-194; Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Şâkir), I, 258-266; Eş‘arî, el-İbâne (Arnaût), s. 20-21, 147-148; Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Ahmet Vanlıoğlu), İstanbul 2005, I, 33-34; V (nşr. Ertuğrul Boynukalın), İstanbul 2006, s. 35; VI (nşr. Ertuğrul Boynukalın), İstanbul 2006, s. 8-9, 428; VIII (nşr. Halil İbrahim Kaçar), İstanbul 2006, s. 201; IX (nşr. Murat Sülün), İstanbul 2007, s. 48-50; XIII (nşr. Murteza Bedir), İstanbul 2008, s. 52; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Müteşâbihü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Adnân M. Zerzûr), Kahire 1969, s. 51-54, 211-212, 289, 342-343, 611; Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (nşr. M. Mürsî Âmir), Kahire 1397/1977, I, 29-30; II, 5; Tabersî, Tefsîru Cevâmiʿi’l-câmiʿ (nşr. Ebü’l-Kāsım Gürcî), Tahran 1377 hş., 1999, I, 17, 301; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Şifâʾü’l-ʿalîl (nşr. İsâm Fâris el-Haristânî), Beyrut 1417/1997, s. 229-287, 377; İbnü’l-Murtazâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile, s. 76; Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr, I, 143-147; Elmalılı, Hak Dini, I, 209-216.
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