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TABAKĀTÜ’ş-ŞÂFİİYYETİ’l-KÜBRÂ Skip to content Tâceddin es-Sübkî’nin (ö. 771/1370) Şâfiî ulemâsına dair eseri.
Şâfiî âlimleri hakkında yazılan eserlerin en muhtevalısı olup uzun bir mukaddime ile yedi bölümden (tabaka) oluşmaktadır. Bir cilt tutan mukaddimenin başında besmele, hamdele, salvelenin faziletine dair rivayetler sened ve metin yönünden uzun uzun tahlil edilmiştir. Ardından Kureyş kabilesinin faziletiyle ilgili rivayetlere yer verilerek İmam Şâfiî’nin Kureyş’e mensubiyetine, dolayısıyla üstün bir konum taşıdığına dikkat çekilmiş, bu arada müceddidle ilgili hadise atıfta bulunulup II. (VIII.) yüzyıl müceddidinin Şâfiî olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Diğer yüzyıllara ait müceddidlerin kimlikleri hakkında da birtakım tesbitler yapılmıştır (I, 206). Ulemâ biyografilerine ilgisinin gençlik yıllarına kadar uzandığını ve topladığı bilgileri değerlendirmek amacıyla bu eseri telife giriştiğini belirten Sübkî eserinin sistematiği ve özellikleri hakkında mâlûmat verir. Eserin biyografilerden sonra ilginç mesâil, vecih, delil, şiir, nükte, kavâid ve fevâid türü bilgilerle desteklenmesinin onu vazgeçilmez bir kaynak haline getireceğini dile getiren müellif, bu çalışmasının aynı zamanda Ehl-i sünnet mensupları için bir ansiklopedi niteliği taşıdığını söyler. Kendisinden önce bu alanda kitap yazanlar hakkında bilgi aktararak Ebû Hafs Ömer b. Ali el-Mutavviî (ö. 440/1048), Ebü’t-Tayyib et-Taberî, Ebû Âsım el-Abbâdî, Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî, Abdullah b. Yûsuf el-Cürcânî, Abdülvehhâb b. Muhammed eş-Şîrâzî, Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī, Ebü’n-Necîb es-Sühreverdî, İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî, Ebü’l-Mecd İmâdüddin İbn Bâtîş ve Nevevî’yi (ö. 676/1277) anar (I, 206-217). Ardından eserini telif ederken nelere dikkat ettiğini ve özellikle yaptığı nakillerin isnadı konusunda izlediği yöntemi anlatır. Hikâye ve şiirleri mutlaka senedle naklettiğini belirten Sübkî şiirin meşruiyetine dair delilleri zikreder ve İmam Şâfiî’den rivayet edilen şiirleri bir başlık altında ele alır (I, 293-307). Din ilimlerinde, bilginin güvenirliliğinin isnada bağlı olduğunu, tanınmış pek çok Selef âliminin bu noktaya dikkat çektiğini kaydeder. Dinî bilgilerin kendi zamanına kadar intikalinde hizmet vermiş râviler karşısında dönemindeki âlimlerin kayıtsızlığını eleştirir. Kitabın diğer bir özelliğine dikkat çekerek fetvaya vesile olan mesâil yanında ilginç vecih, şâz görüş ve hilâf konularının aktarılmasının gereğine de vurgu yapar; bu tür konuların fıkıh düşüncesini ve melekesini geliştirdiğini söyler. Eserde mevcut bazı münazara metinlerinin bu çerçevede değerlendirilmesini tavsiye eder.
Sübkî, Şâfiî mezhebinin yayıldığı yerlerden söz eder ve her bölgeyle ilgili bilgileri oraya ait kaynaklardan toplamaya çalıştığını belirtir. Mezhebin yayılışına değinirken merkezde Bağdat’ın yer aldığı Irak bölgesiyle Merv, Nîşâbur, Belh, Herat gibi şehirlere ve Horasan bölgesine öncelik verir. Horasanlı Şâfiîler’in mezhebin yarısını meydana getirdiğini, bu kesim içinde en önemli payın Mervli âlimlere ait olduğunu kaydeder. Ardından Şam ve Mısır bölgelerinin mezhebin ortaya çıkışından beri Şâfiîler’in hâkimiyetinde bulunduğunu, kazâ ve hitabet görevlerine hep Şâfiî âlimlerinin getirildiğini, Mekke ve Medine’de de kazâ, hitabet ve imâmetin Şâfiîler’e ait olduğunu, Fars bölgesinde çoğunluğun Şâfiî, Yemen bölgesinde halkın çoğunluğunun Şâfiî, az bir kısmının Zeydî olduğunu, Azerbaycan ve ötesindeki 100 kadar şehirle doğunun diğer pek çok şehrinde de Şâfiîler’in yaşadığını belirtir. Bu arada Cengiz Han’ın istilâsına ve Doğu İslâm dünyasında yaptığı tahribata yer verir (I, 328-342). Sübkî eserinde Şâfiî’nin biyografisine ayrı bölüm tahsis etmediğini, zira onun hakkındaki bilgilerin ancak birkaç cilde sığabileceğini, esasen kendisinden önce bu konuda müstakil eserler telif edildiğini söyler.
Eserde 1419 Şâfiî âliminin biyografisi ele alınmış, III. (IX.) yüzyıl içinde vefat eden ulemâya iki, geri kalan her yüzyıldaki ulemâya birer tabaka ayırmıştır. 200-299 (816-912) yılları arasında ölenlerden İmam Şâfiî’ye yetişip ondan bir şekilde ilim nakledenler birinci tabakayı, ona yetişemediği halde ilmî birikimini elde eden ve ilmî yaklaşımını benimseyenler ikinci tabakayı oluşturmaktadır. Kırk beş biyografinin yer aldığı ilk tabakada Ahmed b. Hanbel ile Şâfiî’nin Irak ve Mısır dönemi talebeleri öne çıkmaktadır. Üçüncü tabaka 300-399 (913-1009), dördüncü tabaka 400-499 (1010-1106), beşinci tabaka 500-599 (1107-1203), altıncı tabaka 600-699 (1204-1300) arasında ve yedinci tabaka 700 (1301) yılından sonra vefat eden ulemâya ait biyografileri içermektedir. Her tabakada âlimler önce isimleri Ahmed ve Muhammed olanlar, ardından geri kalan isimler alfabetik sıralanmıştır. Bu sıralamada künye, lakap veya nisbe esas alınmamıştır. Son tabaka, müellifin içinde bulunduğu dönemi yansıtması bakımından ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Eserde bilgi azlığı yüzünden çok kısa olan biyografiler yanında çok geniş tutulanları da vardır. Meselâ Gazzâlî ile müellifin babası Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî’nin biyografilerinden her biri 200 sayfa civarındadır.
Biyografilerde önce kişi adı, baba ve dede adları, künye, lakap ve nisbeler, -varsa- doğum tarihi ve yeri belirtilir. Daha sonra hocaları, bunlardan aldığı dersler, yaşadığı veya tanık olduğu olaylar, görevleri, eserleri, yetiştirdiği talebeler, şiirlerinden seçmeler, ilginç görüşleri, nükteleri, dönemindeki ulemâ ile münazaraları, seyahatleri, yöneticilerle münasebetleri, rivayet ettiği hadisler, vefat tarihi ve defnedildiği yer hakkında bilgi verilir. Söz konusu kişi mezhep çevrelerinde tanınan biriyse meşhur eserlerinden değil pek bilinmeyen çalışmalarından veya başkalarına ait kitaplarda ona atfen yer alan kurallardan (fevâid) söz edilir; ilginç meseleleri yahut tuhaf vecihleri derlenip aktarılmaya çalışılır. Ancak bu kişi fazla tanınan biri olmayıp telifatı da azsa yine ona ait birtakım menkıbeler bulunmaya çalışılır. Fıkha dair ilginç bir düşüncesi veya özelliği tesbit edilememişse başka bir alanla ilgili bilgi arayışına girişilir. Eser fıkhın girift ve zor meselelerinden bunalmış talebenin şevkini arttırıcı hikâye, menkıbe ve şiirlerle bezenmiştir. Bu yönüyle eser fıkıh, fıkıh usulü, hadis, tasavvuf, tefsir, dil gibi pek çok ilim dalını kapsayan zengin bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Sübkî’nin Eş‘arî anlayışını benimseyen Şâfiî fakihlerine özel ilgi göstermesi eseri kelâm tarihi açısından da önemli kılmıştır. Bu arada babasına ait eser ve notlardan olabildiğince yararlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Gerek kendi aile kütüphanesinden gerekse dolaştığı yerlerdeki kütüphanelerden faydalanan müellif yer yer bu eserlerin isimlerini zikredip içerikleri hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu tür kitâbiyat bilgileri, Moğol istilâsı yüzünden ciddi bir kırılmaya uğrayan İslâm dünyasının müteakip devrine ait eserlere de ışık tutmaktadır. Kitabını uzun bir liste oluşturan kaynaklardan yararlanarak hazırlayan Sübkî, Bağdat ve çevresiyle ilgili şahsiyetlerin biyografileri için Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Târîḫu Baġdâd’ı ve Abdülkerîm es-Sem‘ânî’nin bu esere yazdığı zeyli, İbnü’d-Dübeysî’nin bu zeyle yazdığı Ẕeylü Târîḫi Medîneti’s-selâm Baġdâd’ı, İbnü’n-Neccâr’ın Ẕeylü Târîḫi Baġdâd’ı başta olmak üzere pek çok eserden faydalanmıştır. Nîşâbur bölgesi Şâfiîler’ini yazarken Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî’nin Târîḫu Nîsâbûr’undan istifade ettiğini belirtmiş, Abdülgāfir el-Fârisî’nin bu esere yazdığı zeyle ulaşamadığını, Abdülgāfir’den yaptığı alıntıları Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’in et-Tebyîn’i ve İbrâhim b. Muhammed es-Sarîfînî’nin Münteḫabü’ẕ-Ẕeyl’inden aktardığını kaydetmiştir.
Sübkî’nin ayrıca biri “suğrâ”, diğeri “vüstâ” olmak üzere aynı ismi taşıyan iki eseri daha vardır. Müellifin bu üç tabakat eserini hangi sırayla yazdığı konusunda iki farklı yorum yapılmıştır. Bunlardan biri önce kübrâyı, ardından iki kademeli bir ihtisarla vüstâ ve suğrâyı yazdığı, ikinci yorum bu sürecin tersine işlediği yönündedir; müellif önce suğrâyı yazmış, bunu geliştirerek vüstâyı, onu geliştirerek kübrâyı meydana getirmiş, bu süreçte pek çok bilgiyi ayıklama ihtiyacı duymuştur. Orta tabakatı 754 (1353), büyük tabakatı 766 (1365) yılında tamamlanmış olması da bunu göstermektedir (M. Sâdık Hüseyin, s. 20-21; ayrıca bk. İmtiyâz Ali Han Arşî, II/1 [1961], s. 129, 131). Çeşitli kütüphanelerde pek çok nüshası bulunan Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyyeti’l-kübrâ’nın muhtelif neşirleri yapılmıştır (I-VI, Kahire 1324, 1348, 1964; nşr. Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv – Mahmûd M. et-Tanâhî, I-X, Kahire 1383-96/1964-76, 1413/1992). Hulv ve Tanâhî’nin ana metni dipnotlarla zenginleştirip yer yer orta ve küçük versiyonlara paralel bilgilere atıflarda bulunmaları eserin değerini arttırmaktadır. Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyyeti’ṣ-ṣuġrâ (Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 1907; Chester Beatty Library, nr. 3780; Medine Ârif Hikmet Ktp., nr. 136) ve Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyyeti’l-vüsṭâ (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 480, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1589; Kastamonu İl Halk Ktp., nr. 2915; Süleymaniye Ktp., Yenicami, nr. 867/1, 868/2, 869/3; Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1479) henüz basılmamıştır (diğer nüshalar için bk. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, s. 200-202).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî), tür.yer.; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 20-23; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1099-1101; Serkîs, Muʿcem, I, 1003; M. Sâdık Hüseyin, el-Beytü’s-Sübkî, Kahire 1948, s. 20-21; A. J. Arberry, The Chester Beatty Library, A Handlist of the Arabic Manuscripts, Dublin 1955, IV, 9-10; VI, 143; Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Muʿcemü’l-müʾerriḫîne’d-Dımaşḳıyyîn, Beyrut 1398/1978, s. 199-202; Abdülvehhâb İbrâhim Ebû Süleyman, Kitâbetü’l-baḥs̱i’l-ʿilmî, Cidde 1403/1983, s. 482-483; Sâlihiyye, el-Muʿcemü’ş-şâmil, s. 148-150; İmtiyâz Ali Han Arşî, “Ṭabaḳātü’l-fuḳahâʾi’ş-Şâfiʿiyyeti’l-vüsṭâ”, Mecelle-i ʿUlûm-i İslâmiyye , II/1, Aligarh 1961, s. 129-139.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 303-304 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.