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TAÇ Skip to content Hükümdarlık alâmeti ve tarikat sembolü bir tür başlık.
1/2 Müellif: NEBİ BOZKURT Bölüme Git
Aslı Farsça tâc olan kelimenin Arapça’daki çoğulu tîcândır. Isâbe denilen ve kıymetli taşlarla süslenen bir sarık çeşidi de taç sayılmıştır. Türk edeb…
2/2 Müellif: SEMİH CEYHAN Bölüme Git
TASAVVUF. Taç, şeyhlerin veya sülûkte belli bir mertebeye ulaşmış dervişlerin tarikat kıyafeti olarak kullandıkları, tarikatlara göre farklı şekil ve …
Aslı Farsça tâc olan kelimenin Arapça’daki çoğulu tîcândır. Isâbe denilen ve kıymetli taşlarla süslenen bir sarık çeşidi de taç sayılmıştır. Türk edebiyatında iḳlîl, efser ve dîhîm gibi Arapça ve Farsça kelimeler taç anlamında kullanılmıştır. Ahd-i Atîk’te, Saul’ü öldüren Amâlikalı’nın onun tacını ve kolundaki bileziği alıp Hz. Dâvûd’a götürdüğü (II. Samuel, 1/10), Dâvûd’un Rabba’ya (Amman) gidip Ammonoğulları’nın kralını yenerek onun kıymetli taşlarla süslü bir “talant” ağırlığındaki altın tacını aldığı ve başına giydiği (II. Samuel, 12/30; I. Târihler, 20/2), Rabb’in Dâvûd’un başına saf altından taç koyduğu (Mezmurlar, 23/3), Ester bölümünde de Kraliçe Vaşti’nin tacının (1/10), Ester’in başına konulduğu belirtilir. Ahd-i Atîk’te ayrıca baş tacı etmek (Eyub, 31/36), izzet ve hürmet tacı (Mezmurlar, 8/5), faziletli kadının kocasının tacı ve ağarmış saçların güzellik tacı olduğu (Süleyman’ın Meselleri, 12/4; 16/31), gurur tacı, izzet tacı, güzellik tacı (İşaya, 28/1, 5; 62/3) ve taç taşı gibi parlamak (Zekarya, 9/16), tacını toprakla kirletmek (Mezmurlar, 89/39) gibi mecazi kullanımlar da bulunmaktadır. Krallık tacının baştan düşmesi (Yeremya, 13/18) “yenilip iktidarı kaybetme” anlamındadır. Hz. Süleyman’a düğün günü annesi tarafından giydirilen taç (Neşîdeler Neşîdesi, 3/11) günümüze kadar uzanan bir geleneğin bilinen ilk uygulaması sayılabilir. Ahd-i Atîk’te kral ve kraliçelerin tacından başka din adamları ile kâhinlerin giydiği taçtan (Zekarya, 6/11) ve Ahd-i Cedîd’de alay edip eğlenmek için Hz. Îsâ’nın başına takılan dikenli dallardan yapılmış taçtan (Matta, 27/29; Markos, 15/17; Yuhanna, 19/2, 5) söz edilir.
Tacın ilk defa ne zaman kullanıldığı hakkında kesin bilgi olmamakla beraber eski Mısır ve Mezopotamya tanrılarının bu tür başlıklarla tasvir edildiği görülür. Bilinen en eski taç örnekleri Mezopotamya kültüründe Adad, Şamaş, Marduk gibi baştanrı tasvirlerinde yer alır. Kalkaşendî, ilk taç giyenin İran Hükümdarı Dahhâk ve onun da muhtemelen Nemrûd olduğunu söyler (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, I, 473), fakat kitabın başka bir yerinde (a.g.e., IV, 409) yine eski İran hükümdarlarından Ûşhenç’in ilk defa taç giydiğini belirtir. Günümüze ulaşan kabartmalardan, mühür baskılarından ve sikkelerden eski İran taçları hakkında bilgi edinilmektedir. Bu taçlar alınlık ve topuz olmak üzere iki kısımdan meydana geliyor, inci ve değerli taşlar kullanılarak çeşitli anlamlar taşıyan sembolik motiflerle süsleniyordu. Her hükümdar için yeni bir taç yapılır ve öncekinden farklı motiflerle bezenirdi. Hatta bir hükümdar tahttan ayrılıp tekrar tahta çıkarsa tacını yenilemek zorundaydı. Çok ağır olan taçlar tahtta oturan hükümdarın başının üzerine gelecek şekilde yukarıdan altın zincirle asılırdı (İndirkaş, s. 9-10).
Araplar’da taç geleneğinin daha çok İran etkisindeki Hîre, Gassân ve Necid bölgelerinde görüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Bununla beraber Kalkaşendî, Yemen bölgesinde ilk taç giyenin Kahtânîler’den Müeyyed olduğunu söylemektedir (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, V, 18). Mâlik b. Nüveyre, Lahmîler’in son hükümdarı Nu‘mân b. Münzir’in tacıyla ilgili bir beytinde onun zebercet, yakut ve altınla süslendiğini belirtir (Cevâd Ali, V, 208). Hîreliler İran’a, Gassânîler Bizans’a bağlıydı ve meliklerinin taçları onlar tarafından gönderilirdi. Yemâme ve Uman bölgesi meliklerinin taçlarını ise İran kisrâsı yollar ve meliklere “zü’t-tâc” denirdi (Hamîdullah, I, 444, 450). Hicaz bölgesinde taç geleneği bulunmamakla birlikte hicretten önce Hazrecliler’in, reisleri Abdullah b. Übey b. Selûl’ü kral ilân etmek istedikleri ve kendisi için Medine’deki kuyumculara bir taç sipariş ettikleri bilinmektedir (DİA, I, 140).
Hadislerde taçtan gerçek ve mecazi anlamlarda söz edilir. Hz. Peygamber, sarığın önemini vurgulamak için onun Araplar’ın tacı mesabesinde (tîcânü’l-Arab) olduğunu söyler (Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, V, 175, 176). Bir hadiste rızasını gözeterek evlenen kimseye Allah tarafından hükümranlık tacı giydirileceği (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 3), yani mutluluk bahşedileceği, başka bir hadiste cennette müminin giyeceği tacın üzerinde yer alan incilerin parlaklığı ifade edilmektedir (Müsned, III, 75; Tirmizî, “Ṣıfatü’l-cenne”, 23). Hz. Âişe’den gelen bir rivayette Habeş Hükümdarı Necâşî’nin nasıl taç giydiği anlatılmaktadır (İbn Râhûye, II, 574). Kalkaşendî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre Fâtımîler’de taç geleneği vardı ve taç “el-âlâtü’l-mülûkiyye” arasında sayılıyordu. Taç “et-tâcü’ş-şerîf” diye anılır, merasimlerde halife sarık yerine onu giyerdi. Saray görevlileri arasında da sonradan kendilerine “leffâf” denilen, taç giydirmekten sorumlu “şâddü’t-tac” adı verilen görevliler bulunurdu. Yine Kalkaşendî’nin yazdığına göre Fâtımî tacı büyük inciler ve değerli taşlarla süslüydü (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, III, 540, 579, 590).
Uygur duvar resimlerinde taç tasvirine çok yerde rastlanır. Isık Göl bölgesinde Kargalık kurganında kafes işi ve kakma taşlarla süslü bir kadın tacı bulunmuştur. Ulan Batur Tarih Enstitüsü’nde muhafaza edilen ve Kültigin’e ait olduğu sanılan mermer heykel başı taçlıdır. Türkler’de taç geleneği İslâm’a girmelerinden sonra da devam etmiştir. Selçuklu hükümdar tasvirlerinde başlarındaki kesik lâle veya her biri yaprağı andıran üç dilimli taçlar dikkat çeker. Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî’nin Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ adlı kitabında Selçuklu hükümdarları bu şekilde taçla tasvir edilmiştir (İndirkaş, lv. 118-122, 124). Anadolu Selçuklu eserlerinde melek figürleri taçlı işlenmiştir. Mi‘racnâme veya siyer-i nebî gibi Osmanlı dönemi minyatürlü eserlerinde de melekler taçlı olarak resmedilmiştir (Tanındı, bk. bibl.). Selçuklular’dan sonra İran’da kurulan İslâm devletlerinde ve Hindistan’daki bazı sultanlıklarda tacın kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Tasvirlerde Kaçar hükümdarlarının başlarında yukarıya doğru genişleyen ve zikzaklarla sona eren, değerli taşlarla süslü taçlar olduğu görülür (The Arts of Persia, s. 224; DİA, XII, 451). Bâbürlüler’de genellikle hükümdarlar değerli taşlar ve incilerle süslenmiş sarık kullanmışsa da taç geleneği yine devam etmiştir. Biçitr tarafından 1631’de yapılan bir resim Ekber Şah’ın imparatorluk tacını Şah Cihan’a verişini göstermektedir (Okada, s. 33, lv. 32).
Taç mecazi anlamda devleti, gücü ve bir işte zirveyi temsil etmiş, dolayısıyla üst düzey yöneticileri tanıtmak için lakap olarak kullanılmıştır. Meselâ Fâtımîler’de “tâcü’l-ulemâ ve’l-hükkâm” kadıların, “tâcü’l-ümenâ” tüccarların, “tâcü’l-mutasarrifîn, tâcü’l-asfiyâ, tâcü’r-riâse” vezirlerin, “tâcü’l-fuzalâ” kalem erbabının, “tâcü’l-mille” kılıç ve kalem erbabının, “tâcü’l-hilâfe” halifenin lakabıdır (Ebü’l-Kāsım İbnü’s-Sayrafî, s. 71, 85, 89, 103; Kalkaşendî, VI, 42). Bazı önemli kişiler tarihe isimlerinden önce Tâcüddevle, Tâcülmülk ve Tâcülmülûk gibi unvan-lakaplarıyla geçmiştir. Taç aynı zamanda bazı eserlerin adlarında geçer. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın Kitâbü’t-Tâc fî sîreti Enûşirvân’ı, Câhiz’in Kitâbü’t-Tâc li-aḫlâḳi’l-mülûk’ü, Cevherî’nin Tâcü’l-luġa’sı, Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin Tâcü’t-tevârîh’i, Zebîdî’nin Tâcü’l-ʿarûs’u gibi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Müsned, III, 75; İbn Râhûye, Müsned (nşr. Abdülgafûr Abdülhak Hüseyin el-Belûşî), Medine 1412/1991, II, 574; Câhiz, et-Tâc li-aḫlâḳi’l-mülûk (nşr. Ahmed Zekî Paşa), Kahire 1332/1914, neşredenin girişi, s. 35; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Şuʿabü’l-îmân (nşr. M. Saîd Besyûnî Zağlûl), Beyrut 1410, V, 175, 176; Ebü’l-Kāsım İbnü’s-Sayrafî, el-Ḳānûn fî dîvâni’r-resâʾil (nşr. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid), Kahire 1410/1990, s. 71, 85, 89, 103; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin), I, 473, 506; II, 449; III, 540, 579, 590; IV, 409; V, 18; VI, 42; XIII, 296; Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal, V, 207, 208, 209, 210; Salâh Hüseyin el-Ubeydî, el-Melâbisü’l-ʿArabiyyetü’l-İslâmiyye fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ʿAbbâsî es̱-s̱ânî, Bağdad 1980, s. 83 vd., 157; Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi, I, 199, 443, 444, 450, 502; II, 885; Concordance to the Good News Bible (ed. D. Robinson), Suffolk 1983, s. 220; Zeren Tanındı, Siyer-i Nebî: İslâm Tasvir Sanatında Hz. Muhammed’in Hayatı, İstanbul 1984, s. 1, 2, 31, 38, 42, 44, 47, 50, 63, 69, 77, 78, 83, 85; The Arts of Persia (ed. R. W. Ferrier), Ahmedabad 1990, s. 224; Amina Okada, Imperial Mughal Painters (trc. D. Dusinberre), Paris 1992, s. 33, lv. 32; Nâzım Yılmaz – Hacı Osman Yıldırım, Osmanlı Arşivinde Bulunan Muâhedenâmelerden Örnekler, Ankara 2000, s. 33, 41, 42, 57, 59, 60, 63, 71, 72, 75, 76, 86, 101, 111, 115, 147, 194, 220; Zühre İndirkaş, Türkler’de Hükümdar Tacı Geleneği, Ankara 2002, s. 2 vd., 6 vd., 9-10, 19 vd., 44 vd., lv. 1, 2, 6, 16, 20, 29, 30, 56, 68, 88, 99, 118-122, 124, 129, 130; Sâdık Kiyâ, “Tâc”, Hüner ve Merdum, sy. 60, Tahran 1346/1967, s. 4-14; Îsâ Behnâm, “Naḳş-ı Rüstem der Tâcgüzârî Padşâhân-i Sâsânî”, a.e., s. 15-20; W. Björkman, “Tādj”, EI2 (İng.), X, 57-58; Talat Koçyiğit, “Abdullah b. Übey b. Selûl”, DİA, I, 140; Tahsin Yazıcı, “Feth Ali Şah”, a.e., XII, 451.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 362-363 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TASAVVUF. Taç, şeyhlerin veya sülûkte belli bir mertebeye ulaşmış dervişlerin tarikat kıyafeti olarak kullandıkları, tarikatlara göre farklı şekil ve renklerdeki başlıkların (külâh) adıdır. Tacı taşıyan kişinin mânevî makamının bir remzi olduğundan taç Osmanlı tarikat çevrelerinde “tâc-ı şerif, tâc-ı edeb, tâc-ı saâdet” terkiplerinde olduğu gibi saygı ifade eden sıfatlarla birlikte kullanılmıştır. Tasavvufun ilk dönemlerinde sûfî kisvesi hırka kelimesiyle karşılanmıştır. Bu dönemde şeyhin dervişine giydirdiği taç, ona verdiği herhangi bir örtü, mendil veya gömlek hırka kapsamı içinde değerlendirilmiştir (Şa‘rânî, II, 100; Risâle-i Tâc u Kisve, vr. 147b ). Tarikatların teşekkülünden sonra taç bir tasavvuf terimine dönüşmüş, tarikat âdâbına dair eserlerde şeyhin dervişine taç giydirmesi ayrıntılı biçimde anlatılmış, bu konuda müstakil eserler kaleme alınmıştır.
İlk devirlerde zâhid ve sûfîlerin, tarikatların oluşumunun ardından tarikat ehlinin zühd, takvâ ve mânevî kemal sembolü halinde başlarına giydikleri tacın tasavvuf âdâbı içerisinde yer almasına sebep olarak Kur’an ve Sünnet’ten birçok delil ileri sürülmüştür. Kur’an’da geçen “takvâ elbisesi” ifadesi (el-A‘râf 7/26) sûfî tacı ve hırkası, “Biz sana kevseri verdik” (el-Kevser 108/1) âyetindeki kevser Hz. Peygamber’e mi‘racda verilen nûrânî kudret tacı şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (Risâle-i Tâc u Kisve, vr. 135a -136a ). Sadece başlarına amâme saran müşriklerden farklılığın belirtisi şeklinde Hz. Peygamber’in ve sahâbenin yassı başlık (kalensüve) kullanmaları, üzerine beyaz, siyah veya yeşil amâme sarmaları, risâle ve taylasan bırakmaları ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in Hz. Ali’ye sarık sarması sünnetten bazı delillerdir. Eşrefoğlu Rûmî, Resûlullah’a mi‘racda altı veya on iki terkli/terekli mânevî bir taç verildiğini, daha sonra bu tacın Hz. Ali’ye intikal ettiğini, silsilesi Hz. Ali’ye ulaşan (Alevî) tarikatlarda sülûk mi‘racının belli mertebelerine erip hilâfete hak kazanan müridlere bu mânevî ve irfanî mirasın intikalinin bir işareti olmak üzere taç giydirildiğini anlatır (Tarîkatnâme, s. 54-55). Mahmûd b. Nefes eş-Şa‘bânî, Asr-ı saâdet’te dal taç, arakıyye benzeri örme taç, tek terkli taç ve on iki terkli taç olmak üzere dört tür başlık giyildiğini, dal tacı Halvetîler’in, tek terkli tacı Bektaşîler’in, on iki terkli tacı Zeynîler’in giydiğini aktarır (Risâle-i Tâciyye, vr. 20b ). Seyyid Nizamoğlu’na göre meşâyihin taçları peygamberlere verilen taçlardan ortaya çıkmıştır (Risâle-i Tâc-ı Nizâmî, vr. 1b ).
Tacın şekli tarikatlar döneminde zamana, mekâna ve tarikatlara göre değişerek birçok çeşidi ortaya çıkmış, her tarikatın kendine mahsus bir tacı oluşmuştur. Öte yandan tarikat pîrinin ictihadı sayılan taç şekli onun ulaştığı mânevî makamın bir işareti sayılmıştır. Meselâ Hâce Ali Erdebîlî, rûh-ı Muhammedî dairesinde ezel noktası denilen cem‘ âleminden fark âlemine geldiğinde altı terkli bir taç giymeye başlamış, tacın üzerine vahdet ve ezel noktasını simgeleyen siyah bir pul (düğme) koymuş, böylece bu tür tacın giyilmesi gelenek halini almıştır (Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin, s. 88). Tacın bir dervişlik simgesi olarak ne zaman kullanılmaya başlandığı hakkında kesin bilgi yoktur. Müstakimzâde Risâle-i Tâciyye’de İbn Îsâ Saruhânî’den naklen kubbeli, bal renginde, altı terkli sûfî tacını ilk giyen ve giydiren kimsenin Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî (ö. 297/909) olduğunu söyler. Ebü’l-Kāsım Gürgânî’ye kadar (ö. 450/1058 veya 469/1077) şeyhlerin kendilerine özgü bir başlık giymedikleri, mülhid ve Râfizîler’in kullandıkları sarıkların tasavvuf ehlininkilerle karışması üzerine Gürgânî’nin ilk defa altı terkli beyaz renkli bir taç icat edip amâme ile başına giydiği Risâle-i Tâciyye’deki diğer bir rivayette nakledilir (s. 67, 70).
Taç giyme ve giydirmenin belli kuralları vardır. Ebû Hafs Şehâbeddin Sühreverdî tacın ancak bir şeyh elinden giyilebileceğini, zira taç ve hırka giymenin şeyh ile mürid arasında mânevî irtibatın gerçekleşmesini sağlayan maddî vasıta olduğunu, taç giyen müridin kalbini şeyhin muhabbetine bağlarken onun hükmü ve tasarrufu altına girdiğini söyler. Ona göre bu Allah ve resulüne teslimiyetin de bir göstergesidir. Müridin giydiği tacın aslını ve şartlarını şeyhinden öğrenmesi gerekir. Şeyh müridinden giydiği tacın edebine riayet edeceğine dair söz alır (Avârif, s. 122, 127). Müridin şeyh elinden taç giymesi, kötü ahlâktan ve nefsin hâkimiyetinden tamamıyla sıyrılıp Muhammedî ahlâkı kuşandığına delâlet eder (Şa‘rânî, II, 100). Sûfî gelenekte taç giymenin sâlikin bulunduğu makama göre iki anlamı vardır: Yolun başındaki sâlikin benlik, kibir ve yücelik alâmeti olan başına taç giymesi tevazu sahibi olduğuna, yolun sonundaki sûfînin taç giymesi ise ilâhî izzetin kâmil mânada tecelligâhı durumuna geldiğine işaret eder. Taç müridlik (irâdet) ve teberrük/teyemmün tacı olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Müridlik tacı kalbî zikir makamına erişen dervişin giymeye hak kazandığı başlıktır. Teberrük tacı, tarikata yeni intisap eden dervişe meşâyihe zâhiren benzemesi ve mânevî olgunlaşmaya teşvik olması için giydirilir (Risâle-i Tâc u Kisve, vr. 145b -147a ). Bir tarikatta sülûkünü tamamlamış dervişe diğer tarikat şeyh veya şeyhleri tarafından muhabbetin kuvvetlenmesi için giydirilen taca teberrük tacı denilmiştir.
Tacın üst kısmına “kubbe”, başa geçen ve sarık sarılan kenarına “lenger” (asabe), ön kısmına “mihrap” adı verilir. Tacın lengeri şeriat evine, tepesi tarikat kubbesine işaret eder; dolayısıyla taç giymek tarikat kubbesi altında şeriat evinde oturmak demektir. Lengeri çevreleyen tülbende “ısâbe”, ısâbenin sarkan uçlarına “taylasan” (risâle) denir. Isâbe taç üzerindeki sarılış biçimine göre “amâme, destar, fenâî” gibi adlar alır. Destarın pâyeli, Hüseynî, Örfî, Cüneydî, şeker-âvîz, zenb-âvîz, dolama gibi türleri vardır. Tarikatına göre ısâbenin renkleri (beyaz, yeşil, siyah) ve sarkıtılış biçimi farklılık gösterir. Taçlar terkli veya terksiz oluşuna, terkli taçlar terklerinin sayısına ve şekline göre birçok sır barındırır. Yahyâ Âgâh Fütüvve-i Esrâr-ı Tâc-ı Saâdet ve’l-edeb adlı risâlesinde taç türlerini çizimlerle göstermiş ve bunların sembolik anlamlarını açıklamıştır. Terkli taçlarda terkler harflerin tek bir noktadan çıkışı gibi lengerin bitimine kadar uzanır. Terklerin kubbeden çıkış noktası Hakk’ın zât-ı ahadiyyetine, terkler kesrete, terklerin kubbeden inmesi kesretin vahdetten zuhuruna işaret eder (Risâle-i Tâc u Kisve, vr. 149b ). Buna göre taç vahdet-i vücûdun bir simgesidir. Öte yandan insanın küllî varlığı olup ism-i celâle mazhariyetine işaret eder. Bayramîliğin Şemsiyye kolunun Himmetiyye şubesinde, Şâzeliyye ve Mevleviyye’de taç terksizdir. Tacın terksiz olması Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvet ve velâyetteki önceliğine, âlemi muhît oluşuna ve ferdiyetine işarettir. Müstakimzâde’ye göre tek terk mutlak vahdet sırrını sembolize eder. İki terkli taçlar “elifî” ve “seyfî/kılıcî” olmak üzere iki türlüdür. Bektaşîler Yûsuf el-Hemedânî, Ahmed Yesevî ve Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî kanalıyla elifî taç giymişlerdir. Elifî taç elif harfi gibi istivâ hattı olan doğru yolu anlatır. Kādiriyye, Nakşibendiyye’nin Özbekiyye koluna ve Kalenderiyye’ye bağlı dervişler müjgânlı ve bedâhe işlemeli iki terkli elifî taç kullanmışlardır. Tacın iki terki zât ve sıfatın tekabüliyetine işaret eder. Bazı Kādirî ve Nakşibendî dervişlerinin giydiği üç terkli taca “sikke-i zehebî” (tâc-ı edeb) denir. Şeriat, tarikat, mârifet ve hakikat kapılarına delâlet eden dört terkli taçlar Nakşibendiyye ve Kādiriyye dervişlerince kullanılmıştır. Yahyâ Âgâh’a göre dört terkli, çuha üzeri işlemeli, destarlı ve müjgânlı tacı icat eden Abdülkādir-i Geylânî’dir. Bu taca Özbek tacı, İbrâhim Edhem’e nisbetle edhemî taç adı da verilmiştir. Halvetî tacı dört terkli, kırk dallıdır ve Karabâş-ı Velî’ye göre taçların en üstünüdür. Dalların adedi Pîr Ömer el-Halvetî’nin uyguladığı erbaîn rüknünü simgeler. Taca tepeden bakıldığında kelime-i tevhid yazısı görülür. Mahmûd b. Nefes eş-Şa‘bânî’ye göre Halvetî tacındaki dal harfine benzeyen çizgiler Muhammed’e ve devlete işaret eder (Risâle-i Tâciyye, vr. 21a ). Halvetiyye-i Şâbâniyye’de dört çeşit taç vardır: Yol tacı, velâyet, hilâfet, mürşid tacı. İslâm’ın beş şartını, hamse-i âli âbâyı simgeleyen beş terkli taç (nücebâ tacı) Sa‘diyye tarikatında kullanılmıştır. Sa‘dîliğin diğer bir tacı dokuz terkli Ebü’l-Vefâ tacıdır. Son dönemde görülen yedi terkli beyaz ve düğmeli Sa‘dî taçları da vardır. Bayramiyye tarikatı mensupları, altı yönü kuşatarak kevn-i câmi‘ olmayı temsil eden beyaz keçeden yapılmış altı terkli taç giymişlerdir. Yedi terkli taç Kādiriyye’nin Eşrefiyye, sekiz terkli taç Rûmiyye ve Resmiyye kollarına aittir. Dokuz terkli tacı İstanbul Sa‘dîleri ile Rifâiyye tarikatından kubbe dergâhı meşâyihi giymiştir. Bektaşîler’in evli olanları dört terkli horasânî veya edhemî tacı giyerken on iki imama işaret eden on iki terkli “fâhir, tâc-ı Hüseynî, tâc-ı celâlî” denilen taçları bekâr dervişler kullanmış, daha sonra bütün Bektaşî babaları on iki terkli taç giymişlerdir. Bektaşî taçlarının lengeri dört kapıya (şeriat, tarikat, mârifet, hakikat) işaretle dört dilimli, kubbesi mühürlü ve düğmelidir. Tepesinde düğme bulunmayan ve dilimleri dıştan dikişli olmayan, kubbesi on iki, lengeri dört dilimli beyaz taca “haydarî, hüseynî, kalenderî taç” denir ve ilk defa Kaygusuz Abdal tarafından kullandığı kabul edilir. Mevlevîliğin ilk döneminde “sikke-i düvâzdeh küngûre-i şemsiyye” adı verilen taç bu taca benzer. Rifâî, Bedevî, Desûkī ve Sa‘dî halifeleri de on iki terkli taç giyerler. Sa‘dîlik’teki on iki dilimli taç on iki burca, yedi dilimli taç güneşin etrafındaki yedi gezegene işaret eder. Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî’nin icadı olan Celvetî tacı on üç terklidir. Yahyâ Âgâh’a göre on dört terkli taç Celvetiyye ve Halvetîliğin Uşşâkıyye kolunda giyilir. Seyyid Nizamoğlu’nun Tâcnâme adıyla da bilinen Risâle-i Tâc-ı Nizâmî’si on dört terkli tacın ne anlama geldiğinin izahına dairdir. Abdullah Salâhî Uşşâkī, Uşşâkī tacının dört terkli olduğunu, her terkinde beş veya yedi dal bulunduğunu, siyah renkli olanının fenâ menziline, müşâhede makamını simgeleyen hacerü’l-behte, koyu neftî renkli olanının fenâ mertebesine yakınlığa ve ârifin kalbindeki kuvve-i mevhûbeyi simgeleyen zümrüt taşına işaret ettiğini söyler (Cevâhir-i Tâc-ı Hilâfet, vr. 169a , 174a -176a ). Celvetî Selâmî tacı on yedi, Rifâî Ma‘rifî tacı on sekiz terklidir. Rifâiyye’nin diğer bir kolu olan Keyâliyye’de besmelenin harfleri sayısınca on dokuz dilimli taç giyilmiştir. En fazla terki bulunan taç Halvetîliğin Vefâiyye koluna ait olup yirmi dört dilimlidir.
Tarikat taçlarındaki farklılık kubbenin merkez noktasına dikilen düğme, pul, mühür ve güllerle de sağlanır. Bunlar velîlerin içindeki Muhammedî nurun zâhirî işaretleridir. Çeşitli şekillere sahip mühür ve güller ilk defa Kādiriyye tarikatında kullanılmış, diğer tarikatlar Kādirî geleneğini takip ederek bu alâmetleri taçlarına yerleştirmiştir. Bunların beş, altı ve yedi tığlı yıldız şeklinde, yaprak desenli, tılsım ve vefkler içereni vardır. Yeşil çuha üzerine beyaz üç daireden oluşan bağdâdî gülü, “hay” isminin ebced karşılığı olan on sekiz yapraklı eşrefî gülü, hay ismi üzerine tığlı ve havuzlu ismâilî gülü ile kafesli kız gülü Kādirî taçlarında kullanılır. Rifâiyye, Bedeviyye ve Sa‘diyye tarikatının gülleri Hz. Ali’nin Celcelûtiyye manzumesinin vefkini, Halvetiyye’nin kollarına ait gül dört adet kelime-i tevhid şeklini içerir. Taçların tepesine konulan düğme vahdet sırrını simgeler. Halvetiyye’nin Şemsiyye kolunda taçtaki yirmi dal “vedûd”a, pul diye adlandırılan güller sırr-ı hüviyyete işarettir. Derviş İbrâhim el-Kādirî el-Eşrefî’nin Gül-âbâd adlı risâlesiyle (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Osman Ergin, nr. 29, nşr. Kara, V/5 [1995], s. 12-23) Hasan Zekâî el-Kādirî el-Eşrefî’nin Tarîkat-ı Aliyye-i Kādiriyye-i Âhiyye-i Resmiyye’nin Gül Risâlesi (Cemalettin Server Revnakoğlu arşivi, nr. A-150/65-71) konu hakkındaki müstakil eserlerdir. Tarikatlarda halifelere tâc-ı şerif giydirmenin belli âdâbı vardır. Meselâ dört terkli, kırk dallı Halvetî tacı şeklinde, tepeliği sarı turuncu olan fulya çiçeği renginde, üzerine beyaz, yeşil veya siyah renkli Cüneydî tarzında destar sarılan Cerrâhî tacı sadece halifelere salavat ve tekbirlerle tekkedeki hizmetnişinin katıldığı bir merasim dahilinde şeyh tarafından giydirilir. Bu merasime “tekbirleme” denir. Merasimde taçla birlikte halifeye hırka ve icâzetnâme de verilir. Osmanlı döneminde tekke şeyhleri tâc-ı şeriflerini genellikle özel günlerde ve önemli törenlerde giyerler, gündelik başlık olarak üzerine destar sarılmış arakıyye kullanırlardı.
Melâmet ehli ve melâmî neşveye sahip sûfîler tarikatı yalnızca zâhirî kisve kuşanma diye anlayan şekilci tavırlara tarih boyunca tepki göstermiş, tarikat mensuplarının taç, hırka gibi özel giyim kuşamla halktan ayrılmasını doğru bulmamıştır. Yûnus Emre’nin, “Dervişlik olaydı taç ile hırka / Biz de alırdık onu otuza kırka” beyti ile Sun‘ullah Gaybî’nin, “Tâc u tesbîh ü asâ pazarına erdi kesâd” mısraı bu neşveyi yansıtır. Tarikat taçlarına dair müstakil eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Şeyh Mahmûd b. Nefes eş-Şa‘bânî’nin, Abdullah Salâhî Uşşâkī’nin, Seyyid Nizamoğlu’nun, Müstakimzâde’nin, Rifâî-Ma‘rifî şeyhi Sâbit Efendi’nin taç risâleleri bunların başlıcalarıdır. Yahyâ Âgâh Efendi’nin tarikat kisvelerine ve âletlerine dair Mecmûatü’z-zarâif sandûkatü’l-maârif adlı eserinin ilk risâlesi olan Fütüvve-i Esrâr-ı Tâc-ı Saâdet ve’l-edeb kendisinden önce yazılan taç risâlelerindeki bilgileri içeren önemli bir çalışmadır. Günümüzde konuya dair görsel malzeme ile zenginleştirilmiş en kapsamlı çalışma Nurhan Atasoy’a aittir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sühreverdî, Avârif, s. 122-133; Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye, Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), II, 102; Eşrefoğlu Rûmî, Tarîkatnâme (haz. Esra Keskinkılıç), İstanbul 2002, s. 54-55; Şa‘rânî, Envârü’l-ḳudsiyye fî maʿrifeti ḳavâʿidi’ṣ-ṣûfiyye (nşr. Tâhâ Abdülbâkī Sürûr – Seyyid Muhammed Îdü’ş-Şâfiî), Beyrut 1962, II, 100; Seyyid Nizamoğlu, Risâle-i Tâc-ı Nizâmî, Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbî, nr. 2171, vr. 1a -7a ; Yapı Kredi Sermet Çifter Araştırma Ktp., nr. 1058/6, vr. 152a -153a ; Mahmûd b. Nefes eş-Şa‘bânî, Risâle-i Tâciyye fî tarîkı’s-sûfiyyeti’s-sâfiyyeti’l-Mustafaviyye, Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 2395, vr. 19b -24a ; Abdullah Salâhî Uşşâkī, Cevâhir-i Tâc-ı Hilâfet, Süleymaniye Ktp., Pertev Paşa, nr. 633/1, vr. 169a -180b ; Risâle-i Tâc u Kisve, İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Osman Ergin, nr. 926/3, vr. 130a -158b ; Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin, Traktat Über die Derwischmützen: Risāle-i Tāciyye (nşr. Helga Anetshofer – Hakan T. Karateke), Leiden 2001, s. 62-90; Seyyid Mustafa Râsim Efendi, Tasavvuf Sözlüğü: Istılâhât-ı İnsân-ı Kâmil (haz. İhsan Kara), İstanbul 2008, s. 293, 470-471; Yahyâ Âgâh b. Sâlih el-İstanbulî, Tarikat Kıyafetleri (nşr. M. Serhan Tayşi – Mustafa Aşkar), İstanbul 2006, s. 17-98; Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Türk Giyim Kuşam ve Süslenme Sözlüğü, Ankara 1969, s. 220; Orhan Koloğlu, İslam’da Başlık, Ankara 1978, s. 3-15; Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Tasavvuftan Dilimize Geçen Deyimler ve Atasözleri, İstanbul 1977, s. 321; Nurhan Atasoy, Derviş Çeyizi: Türkiye’de Tarikat Giyim-Kuşam Tarihi , İstanbul 2000, s. 31-226, 292; Cemâleddin Server Revnakoğlu, Eski Sosyal Hayatımızda Tasavvuf ve Tarikat Kültürü (haz. M. Doğan Bayın – İsmail Dervişoğlu), İstanbul 2003, s. 41; Mustafa Kara, “Gül Risâlesi”, UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, V/5 (1993), Bursa 1995, s. 11-23; Pakalın, III, 371-372; Baha Tanman, “Arakiyye”, DİA, III, 266-267; Süleyman Uludağ, “Hırka”, a.e., XVII, 373-374.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 363-365 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.