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TAHAMMÜL Skip to content Hadislerin bir hocadan öğrenilmesi, başkalarına öğretilmesi ve rivayet edilmesi metotlarının ortak adı.
Sözlükte “bir yükü sırtına alıp taşımak; bir kimsenin güç durumlar karşısında dayanabilmesi” anlamlarındaki tahammül kelimesi hadis terimi olarak “râvinin bir hocadan dinlemek, yazmak vb. yollarla emanet aldığı hadisleri herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadan (tashîf ve tahrîf) talebelerine nakletmesi” demektir. Terim tahammülü’l-hadîs ve tahammülü’l-ilm şeklinde de kullanılır. Hadisleri öğrenme işine tahammül yanında haml veya ahz , onları rivayet etmeye edâ denir. Tahammül konusu kaynaklarda farklı başlıklar altında incelenmiştir. Kādî İyâz tahammülü’l-ilm yerine “hadis alma çeşitleri ve rivayet usulleri” (el-İlmâʿ , s. 68), Tûfî “rivayetin mertebeleri”, İbn Hazm “rivayetin mahiyeti”, İbnü’s-Salâh “hadis dinlemenin keyfiyeti, tahammülü ve hadisi zaptetmenin niteliği” (ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs ̱, s. 128) gibi başlıklara yer vermiştir. Tahammülün kimler tarafından yapılabileceği konusu üzerinde durulmuş ve hadisi öğrenip nakleden kişinin güvenilirliğinin temel şart olduğu belirtilmiştir. Güvenilir sayılmanın ilk şartı da dindar olmaktır. Hadis âlimleri, Müslümanlığı benimsemeyenlerin hadis öğrenmelerinde bir sakınca bulunmadığını söylemiş, ancak âlimler bunların rivayet ettiği hadisin kendilerinden rivayet edilemeyeceği görüşünde birleşmiştir. Sahâbeden Cübeyr b. Mut‘im, müslüman olmadan önce Hz. Peygamber’in akşam namazında Tûr sûresini okuduğunu işitmiş, ancak bu bilgiyi İslâm’a girdikten sonra rivayet ettiği için rivayeti kabul edilmiştir (Süyûtî, s. 237). Hadis âlimleri arasında farklı görüşlere rastlanmakla birlikte genel kabule göre temyiz yaşına ulaşan çocuklar ilim meclisine katılıp hadis dinleyebilir ve dinlediği hadisleri nakledebilir (Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, s. 120). Burada önemli olan, çocuğun dinlediği hadisi anlaması ve konuyla ilgili olarak kendisine yöneltilen sorulara cevap verebilmesidir. Diğer taraftan hadis meclislerine katılmak, hadis dinlemek, yazmak veya zaptetmek için belli bir yaş sınırlamasının getirilmesi insan tabiatına aykırı bulunmuştur. Nitekim beş yaşlarındaki çocukların hadis dinlediklerine ve bunları sonradan doğru bir şekilde naklettiklerine dair rivayetler mevcuttur (a.g.e. , s. 108). Hasan b. Ali, Abdullah b. Abbas, Abdullah b. Zübeyr ve Nu‘mân b. Beşîr gibi sahâbîlerin bulûğ çağından önce öğrendikleri hadisleri naklettikleri ve eskiden beri çocuk yaştakilerin hadis meclislerine katılmalarına izin verildiği bilinmektedir (İbnü’s-Salâh, s. 128).
Hadis tahammülü sekiz yolla gerçekleşir. 1. Semâ. Hadis tahammül yollarının en makbul olanıdır. Sahâbenin Resûl-i Ekrem’den duyduğu sözleri belledikten sonra bir sonraki nesle aktarmada kullandığı ilk metot semâdır. Sahâbîler Resûlullah’a bilmedikleri şeyleri sormak, yanında bulunmadıkları zaman söz, fiil ve takrirlerine şahit olanlardan bunları dinlemek, öğrendiklerini kendi aralarında müzakere etmek ve hadis öğrenmek için yolculuk yapmak suretiyle kendilerince bir öğrenim metodu geliştirmişlerdir. Semâ yoluyla hadis öğrenilirken hoca ile talebe yüzyüze geldiği ve talebe rivayetleri doğrudan hocasından aldığı için bu usul hadis tahammülünün en yaygın metodu olmuştur (bk. LİKĀ ). Şeyhin okuduğu hadislerin talebe tarafından yazılmasına “imlâ metodu” denir. İlk asırda tahammül daha çok ezbere dayanırken sonraki asırlarda hem yazma hem ezberleme şeklinde devam etmiştir. Semânın gerçekleşmesi için hadis öğrenen kimsenin rivayet sırasında şeyhin sözlerini bizzat işitmesi şarttır. Şeyh rivayeti ya ezberinden ya da elinde bulunan kitaptan yapar. Bu metotla alınan rivayetlerde “haddesenâ, ahberenâ, enbeenâ, semi‘tü fülânen yekūlü, kāle lenâ fülânün, zekera lenâ fülânün” gibi ifadeler kullanılmıştır.
2. Kıraat. Talebenin hadisi bizzat şeyhe okumasıdır. Bu metotta talebenin kitaptan veya ezberden okuması ile şeyhin okunanları yazılı kaynaktan yahut ezberinden kontrol etmesi arasında fark yoktur. Talebe okuduğunu şeyhe arzettiği için bazı muhaddisler bu metoda “arz” da demişlerdir (Hâkim, s. 256-257). Semâ ve kıraat metotları özellikle hadiste görülen yazım hatalarını düzeltme, hadisin yorumunu, rivayet edene aidiyetini ve sıhhatini öğrenme açısından önemlidir. Kıraat metodu ile alınan hadislerin rivayetinde “araztü, kara’tü, kara’tü alâ fülânin, kara’nâ alâ fülânin, karae aleyye fülânün” gibi edâ sîgaları kullanılır.
3. İcâzet. Bir âlimin elinde bulunan hadisleri sözlü veya yazılı olarak rivayet etmesi için talebesine izin vermesidir. Bu iş, hadis talebesinin şeyhten kitaplarındaki rivayetleri başkalarına rivayet etme hakkını istemesi, şeyhin de bu isteğe olumlu cevap vermesiyle gerçekleşir. İcâzetin başlıca şekilleri şeyhin belli bir kimseye veya kimselere belirli rivayetlerinin veya kitaplarının, belli kimseye veya kimselere belirli olmayan hadis veya kitaplarının rivayeti için icâzet vermesi, belirli olmayan kimselere genelleme yaparak icâzet vermesi, belirli kimselere adı belirtilmeyen kitabının rivayeti için icâzet vermesi, “Falan kimsenin doğacak çocuğuna icâzet verdim” diyerek o anda bulunmayan kimseye icâzet vermesi, henüz sahip olmadığı hadisleri veya kitabı sahip olduğu zaman rivayet için bir kimseye icâzet vermesi ve kendisine rivayet etmesi için icâzet verilen kitaplarını, “Mücâzâtımı rivayet etmen için sana izin verdim” demesi şeklinde olur. İcâzette “mücîz” (icâzeti veren şeyh), “müstecîz” (icâzeti isteyen kişi), “mücâzün leh” (kendisine icâzet verilen kişi) ve “mücâzün bih” (rivayetine izin verilen kitap, sahîfe vb.) olmak üzere dört unsur bulunur. Verilen icâzetin geçerli sayılması için de dört şart aranır: Talebenin kendi nüshasının icâzet verenin orijinal nüshasıyla mukabele edilmiş olması, icâzeti verenin adâlet ve zabt sahibi olması, icâzeti isteyenin ilim erbabı olması ve yazılı olarak verilen iznin sözlü olarak da belirtilmesi.
4. Münâvele. Şeyhin kitabını yahut bir sahîfeyi rivayet etmesi için talebeye vermesidir. Bir yönüyle icâzete benzemekle birlikte münâvelede hoca talebeye rivayetine izin verdiği hadisleri elden bizzat teslim eder. Hadisleri verirken bunları rivayet etme hakkını da veriyorsa bu durumda münâvele icâzetli, vermiyorsa icâzetsiz olur. İcâzetli münâvele icâzetin en yüksek şeklidir ve sıhhati konusunda ittifak vardır. Burada şeyh semâını ihtiva eden kitabı talebesine, “Bu benim semâımdır” yahut, “Falandan rivayetimdir, bunu benden rivayet et” demek suretiyle bizzat teslim eder. İcâzetsiz münâvelede ise rivayetlerini içeren kitabı ya da sahîfeyi talebeye, “Bu benim semâımdır” yahut “hadisimdir” der, fakat verdiği kitap ya da sahîfedeki hadisleri rivayet etmesi için talebeye icâzet verdiğini belirtmez. İcâzetsiz münâvele üzerinde farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bazı muhaddisler talebenin bunları rivayet edebileceğini söylerken bazıları aksi görüş belirtmiştir.
5. Kitâbet (mükâtebe). Hocanın, rivayetlerinin hepsini yahut bir kısmını başka bir yerde bulunan birine bizzat yazarak veya başkasına yazdırarak göndermesi ya da yanında bulunan birine yazdığı veya yazdırdığı rivayetleri vermesidir. Kitâbet metodunda hoca mesmûâtının rivayet hakkını gönderdiği kimseye verirse icâzeti ihtiva eden mükâtebe “el-kitâbetü’l-mukterine bi’l-icâze”, bu izni vermezse yahut açıkça belirtmezse “el-kitâbetü’l-mücerrede ani’l-icâze” adını alır. İlkinde hoca, “Eceztü leke mâ ketebtü leke” gibi ifadeler kullanır. İkincisinde izin kelimesinin geçtiği bu ve benzeri ibareler yer almaz. Hocanın yazarak gönderdiği hadisleri rivayet edip etmeyeceğine dair talebesine izin verdiğini belirtmemesi durumunda bundan hocanın zaten hadisleri yazmakla izin verdiği sonucunu çıkaranlar olduğu gibi aksini iddia edenler de vardır. Kitâbet metodu ile alınan hadislerin rivayetinde genellikle “ketebe ileyye fülânün, ahberenâ fülânün mükâtebeten, haddesenâ fülânün kitâbeten” gibi edâ sîgaları kullanılır.
6. İ‘lâmü’ş-şeyh. Şeyhin, talebesine gösterdiği hadisi veya kitabı kendisinden rivayetine izin verdiğini belirtmeksizin, “Bu benim falan kişiden aldığım ya da duyduğum merviyyâtım” demesidir. Muhaddislerin çoğu, böyle bir durumda talebenin bu hadisleri veya kitabı rivayet etmesinde bir sakınca görmemiştir. Bunu da semâ ve kıraatin ittifakla herhangi bir icâzete ihtiyaç duymamasına kıyasla ileri sürmüşlerdir. onlara göre şeyhin talebeye bu duyurusu o hadisi veya kitabı kendisinden rivayet etmesine rıza göstermesi demektir. Ancak şeyhin icâzet vermeksizin mücerret i‘lâmının rivayet için yeterli olmadığını ileri sürenler de vardır.
7. Vasiyet. Şeyhin, ölümünden önce veya bir seyahate çıkarken rivayetlerini ihtiva eden kitaplarını birine vasiyet etmesidir. Genellikle muhaddisler vasiyet yoluyla alınan hadislerin rivayetinde bir sakınca görmemiştir. Hatta Kādî İyâz, rivayetleri ihtiva eden bir kitabı şeyhin birine vasiyetle bırakmasını icâzetli münâvele ve i‘lâm metoduna benzetir (el-İlmâʿ , s. 115). İbnü’s-Salâh, Kādî İyâz’ın bu görüşüne karşı çıkmakla birlikte vasiyetin vicâde metodundan daha üstün olduğunu söyler (ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs ̱, s. 157). Ancak II (VIII) ve III. (IX.) yüzyıllarda bu metot ilk asırda gördüğü itibarı kaybetmiştir.
8. Vicâde. Bir kimsenin bir şeyhe ait hadisleri ihtiva eden bazı kitapları bulması ve bunlardaki hadisleri rivayet etmesidir. Makbul bir tahammül metodu olmakla birlikte kitabı bulan kimse bunları “haddesenî, ahberanî” gibi tabirler kullanarak rivayet edemez. Bu hadislerin rivayetinde umumiyetle “kara’tü fî kitâbi fülân, vecedtü bi-hatti fülân” gibi tabirler kullanılmıştır. Vicâde ile elde edilen rivayetlerin aktarılmasında “evsâ ileyye fülânün bi-kezâ, haddesenî fülânün vasiyyeten” gibi ibareler kullanılır. İbnü’s-Salâh, bulunan hadislerin vicâdeyi belirtmeyen sîgalarla rivayet edilmesini çirkin bir tedlîs diye nitelendirir (a.g.e. , s. 158).
Hadis tahammül yolları hadis naklinde ve rivayetlerin değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu metotlar ve lafızları üzerinde muhaddisler ittifak sağlayamamışsa da bunların ilk dönemlerden itibaren hadislerin kitaplara kaydedilmesine kadar rivayetlerin korunmasında bir görev ifa ettikleri açıktır. Hadis tahammül metotlarının hepsi hadisçiler arasında az veya çok uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Bu metotlardan herhangi biri hadisçilerin çoğunluğu tarafından zayıf kabul edilmişse bu yolla nakledilen hadislerin de zayıf olduğuna hükmedilmiş, o yolun sıhhatine inananlar ise hadisleri de sahih kabul etmiştir. Tahammül konusuyla ilgili çalışmalar arasında Nevzat Âşık’ın doktora tezinin yayımlanmış şekliyle (bk. bibl.) Abdülhakîm es-Seyyid Atlem’in el-İntiḳā fi’t-taḥammül ve’l-edâ adlı çalışması (Kahire 1406) ve Neşet Bodur’un Tahammülü’l-Hadîs ve Çeşitleri isimli yüksek lisans tezi (1993, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) sayılabilir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 380-382 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.