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TÂHİRÎLER Skip to content TÂHİRÎLER , Yemen’de Resûlîler’den sonra 1454-1517 yılları arasında hüküm süren Sünnî bir hânedan.
Müellif: Mehmet Salih Arı
Adını devleti birlikte kuran Ali ve Âmir kardeşlerin babası olan Tâhir b. Maûda’dan alır. Hânedanın etnik kökeni bilinmemektedir. Benî Ümeyye’ye (Emevîler) veya Kureyş’in başka bir koluna mensup bulundukları söylenmekle birlikte bu rivayet teyit edilememektedir. Hânedanın nesebi hakkında bilgi veren kaynaklarda Yemen’e ne zaman ve nasıl geldiklerinden bahsedilmez. Ancak ailenin Yemen asıllı olduğu görüşü yaygındır. Rada‘ (Ruda‘) bölgesinin güney kısmında bulunan Cüben ve Mikrâne şehirlerinde yaşayan aile hakkındaki ilk bilgiler bu hânedanın Resûlîler’in hizmetine giriş tarihi olan IX. (XV.) yüzyılın başlarına aittir. Buna göre Şâfiî mezhebini benimseyen Tâhirîler bölgede nüfuz sahibi kabile liderleri ve âlimleriyle ünlü geniş bir ailedir.
Tâhirî ailesinin liderleri, Resûlîler’in son büyük sultanı el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Ahmed’in (1400-1424) çağdaşı olan Maûda b. Tâceddin’den itibaren Resûlîler’le irtibat kurdular. Nitekim Tâhir b. Maûda, 818 (1415) yılında huzuruna çıktığı el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Ahmed tarafından iltifatla karşılandı ve Zimâr’ın güneyini almaya çalışan Zeydî imamına karşı yürütülen mücadelenin başına getirildi. 835’te (1431) Resûlî Sultanı el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Yahyâ’nın Tâhir b. Maûda’nın kızı ile evlenmesinden sonra Tâhirîler’in Resûlîler’le olan ilişkileri daha da sağlamlaştı ve yönetimde nüfuzları artmaya başladı (M. Abdülâl Ahmed, s. 249). Bulundukları bölgedeki şehirlerin ve ardından Aden’in valilikleri onlara verildi. el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Ahmed’in vefatının ardından başlayan taht mücadelesi ve Resûlîler’in küçük hânedanlara bölünmesi Tâhirîler’e iktidar yolunu açtı. Bu sırada Tâhir’in iki oğlu Ali ve Âmir, Sultan el-Melikü’l-Muzaffer II. Yûsuf ile ona karşı isyan ederek sultanlığını ilân eden el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd arasındaki mücadelede büyük rol oynadı. Aden, Lehic ve Taiz’de el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd’un ordularına karşı savaştılar. 847’de (1443) onun ordusunu yenip Lehic’i aldılar. el-Melikü’l-Müeyyed Hüseyin’in taht iddiasına kalkışması Resûlî hânedanı içindeki mücadeleleri şiddetlendirdi ve askerler arasında büyük ihtilâflar ortaya çıktı. Resûlîler’in sonunun yaklaştığını gören Ali ve Âmir kardeşler saltanatı ellerine geçirmek amacıyla harekete geçtiler ve Aden’i el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd’dan almak için hazırlık yaptılar. 858 (1454) yılı başlarında Lehic’e saldıran el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd, Aden’deki iki büyük kabile arasında çıkan karışıklıklar yüzünden geri dönmek zorunda kaldı. Bunun ardından Ali ve Âmir kardeşler Aden halkından Benî Ahmed’in yardımıyla Aden’i kuşattılar ve kendilerine karşı duramayacağını anlayan el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd’un terketmek zorunda kaldığı Aden’i ele geçirdiler (Receb 858/Temmuz 1454). Kuşatma esnasında şehre girmeyi başaran el-Melikü’l-Müeyyed’i esir almakla birlikte ona karşı iyi davrandılar ve bir süre sonra oradan ayrılmasına izin verdiler. Zebîd’e çekilen el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd, şevval ayı sonlarında (Ekim 1454) saltanatı bıraktığını açıklayıp Mekke’ye gitmek için şehirden ayrıldı.
Tâhirî liderleri, Resûlîler’in içinde bulunduğu durumdan faydalanıp onların idaresindeki diğer şehirleri ele geçirmeye başladılar. el-Melikü’l-Mes‘ûd’un Zebîd’den ayrılmasının ardından önce Taiz’i hâkimiyetleri altına aldılar, daha sonra şehrin ileri gelenleri tarafından davet edildikleri Zebîd’e yöneldiler ve şehri ele geçirdiler (859/1455). Zebîd’de hutbe el-Melikü’z-Zâfir unvanını alan küçük kardeş I. Âmir adına okundu ve onun adına sikke kestirildi (İbnü’d-Deyba‘, Buġyetü’l-müstefîd, s. 124). 864 (1459) yılından itibaren hutbe el-Melikü’l-Mücâhid unvanı verilen Ali adına okunmaya ve sikkeler onun adına kesilmeye başlandı. Kaynaklarda emirliğe önce küçük kardeş Âmir’in getirilmesinin sebeplerinden bahsedilmemişse de bu uygulama Âmir’in devletin kuruluşunda daha önemli bir rol üstlenmesiyle ilgili olmalıdır (M. Abdülâl Ahmed, s. 258).
Resûlîler’in çöküş yıllarında bağımsızlığını ilân eden Şihr Emîri Ebû Dücâne’nin Aden’e saldırması yüzünden başlayan mücadelede Şihr itaat altına alındı (863/1459). Üç yıl sonra Ebû Dücâne’nin kardeşi Şihr’i ele geçirince el-Melikü’z-Zâfir I. Âmir onun üzerine yürüyerek şehri geri aldı. Öte yandan Tâhirîler, hânedanın kuruluşundan itibaren komşuları Zeydî imamlarıyla mücadele etmek zorunda kaldılar. 865’te (1460) I. Âmir’in kumandasında Zeydîler’in elinden Zimâr’ı alan Tâhirî kuvvetleri ardından San‘a’ya yöneldiler. Ancak San‘a civarında yapılan savaşta I. Âmir öldürüldü ve ordusu yenilgiye uğradı (8 Zilkade 870/22 Haziran 1466). Bundan sonra idareyi el-Melikü’l-Mücâhid Ali yürüttü. el-Melikü’l-Mücâhid Ali döneminde güçlerini daha da arttıran Tâhirîler, Tihâme bölgesinde yaşayan kabilelerin çoğunu egemenlikleri altına aldılar. Ancak Zeydîler’le savaşa girmekten çekinen Ali saltanatı süresince daha çok isyanlarla uğraştı. Başta Taiz’deki büyük medrese olmak üzere pek çok eser inşa ettirdi ve 10 Rebîülâhir 883’te (11 Temmuz 1478) vefat etti.
el-Melikü’l-Mücâhid’in yerine veliaht tayin ettiği yeğeni el-Melikü’l-Mansûr Abdülvehhâb b. Dâvûd geçti. Ancak I. Âmir’in oğulları ona karşı çıktılar. Önce Yûsuf b. Âmir isyan ederek Zebîd’i ele geçirdi. Bunun üzerine hazineyi Aden’den Mikrâne’ye taşıyan Abdülvehhâb, Zebîd’e yürüyüp Yûsuf’un teslim olmasını sağladı (883/1478). Daha sonra isyan eden kardeşi İbrâhim b. Âmir de tutuklanıp hapse atıldı (891/1486). Zebîd, Mikrâne ve Cüben’de medreseler yaptıran Abdülvehhâb, Cüben’de öldü ve orada defnedildi (894/1489). Abdülvehhâb’ın ardından oğlu Selâhaddin Âmir’e biat edildi. el-Melikü’z-Zâfir unvanını alan II. Âmir döneminde I. Âmir’in diğer oğulları Ömer, Muhammed ve Abdullah isyan edip Cüben şehrini yağmaladı ve kalesini ele geçirdi. Büyük bir orduyla üzerlerine giden II. Âmir, Cüben Kalesi’ni iki ay boyunca kuşatma altında tuttu. İsyancı kardeşlerin teslim olmayı kabul etmesiyle kuşatmayı kaldırdı. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra antlaşmayı bozan kardeşlerden Muhammed b. Âmir, Taiz’e saldırdıysa da Taiz halkının güçlü direnişi karşısında maksadına ulaşamadı. Ardından II. Âmir onu ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı (Ramazan 894 / Ağustos 1489). Daha sonra bu defa hânedan mensuplarından Abdülbâkī b. Muhammed b. Tâhir ayaklanıp Aden’e saldırdı. Fakat sultanın amcasının oğlu olan Aden Valisi Muhammed b. Abdülmelik b. Dâvûd karşısında yenilip geri çekildi (a.g.e. , s. 274-276). I. Âmir’in oğullarının tahtı ele geçirme gayretleri devam etti. Bazı kaleleri ellerine geçirerek yönetimi uzun süre uğraştırdılar. Bunlardan sultanı en çok uğraştıran Abdullah b. Âmir oldu. Nihayet kendisine eman verip teslim olmasını sağlayan II. Âmir onu Rada‘da hapsetti ve Abdullah Şevval 907’de (Nisan 1502) hapishanede öldü. Böylece hânedan mensuplarının taht kavgaları sona erdi ve kabilelerin çoğu Tâhirîler’e boyun eğdi. Ardından Tâhirîler, San‘a’yı ve kuzeyinde bulunan birçok şehir ve kaleyi de alarak Yemen’in büyük bir kısmına hâkim oldular.
Öte yandan Portekizliler’in Hint Okyanusu’nda ve Kızıldeniz’de görünmesi de II. Âmir döneminde başladı. II. Âmir, Memlük Sultanı Kansu Gavri’ye başvurup Kızıldeniz limanlarına saldırmakta olan Portekizliler’e karşı yardım istedi. Kansu Gavri tarafından gönderilen Memlük donanması Kızıldeniz’deki Kemerân adasına yerleşti (921/1515). Ancak donanma kumandanı Hüseyin Bey’in Tâhirî sultanından erzak talebinde bulunmasıyla iki taraf arasında ilişkiler bozuldu. II. Âmir’in Kansu Gavri’ye verdiği sözden dönüp Memlük donanmasının âcil ihtiyacı olan erzak ve malî yardım teklifini geri çevirmesi üzerine Memlükler Tâhirîler’e savaş açtı. Tâhirî sultanının aleyhine dönen Yemen kabileleri ve Zeydîler de Memlükler’i destekledi. İki taraf arasında Şevval 922’de (Kasım 1516) Zebîd yakınlarında yapılan savaşta Tâhirî ordusu ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Zebîd ele geçirildi ve San‘a yakınında meydana gelen savaşta el-Melikü’z-Zâfir II. Âmir öldürüldü (23 Rebîülevvel 923/15 Nisan 1517). Tâhirî ülkesinin büyük kısmı ve Mikrâne’de bulunan beytülmâl Memlükler’in eline geçti. Böylece Tâhirîler hânedanına son verildi. Hânedan mensuplarından bazılarının Mikrâne, Taiz ve Aden gibi merkezlerde devleti yeniden kurma teşebbüsleri neticesiz kaldı. Mikrâne’de II. Âmir’in oğlu Ahmed’e biat edildi. Ahmed’in ölümünden sonra (924/1518) hânedan mensupları arasında taht kavgaları başladı ve pek çok çatışma oldu. Hânedan mensuplarının en etkilisi, 927’de (1521) Aden’de yönetimi eline geçiren Aden Tâhirî liderlerinin sonuncusu Âmir b. Dâvûd oldu. Ancak bölgedeki önemli gelişmeler onun da tahtını kaybetmesine yol açtı. Sahip olduğu stratejik ve ticarî mevki dolayısıyla Aden, Kızıldeniz ve Hint Okyanusu’nda faaliyet gösteren Portekizliler’e karşı girişilecek mücadeleler için önemli bir üs durumundaydı ve XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı Devleti’nin güney siyaseti içine girmişti. Hadım Süleyman Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı donanması, Âmir b. Dâvûd’un Portekizliler’e karşı yardım teklifini reddetmesi üzerine 3 Ağustos 1538’de Aden’e girdi. Bu sırada Süleyman Paşa, bir süre önce Osmanlı padişahı adına sikke kestirdiği halde sonradan bağımsız hareket eden, hatta Portekizliler’e temayül gösteren (İA , XI, 195) Âmir b. Dâvûd’u idam ettirdi ve şehrin idaresine Mısır ümerâsından Behram Bey’i getirdi.
Genellikle iç çatışmalar ve Zeydîler’le mücadeleyle uğraşan Tâhirî sultanları ticarî ve kültürel faaliyetlere önem vermişlerdir. Şâfiî mezhebine bağlı olan Tâhirîler bu mezhebe ait bazı fıkıh kitaplarını ilk defa Yemen’e getiren hânedan olmuştur. Onların zamanında Zebîd, Aşağı Yemen’deki başlıca Şâfiî merkezlerinden biriydi. Tâhirîler Aden körfezinde deniz ticaretine önem vererek özellikle Aden-Cidde arasındaki deniz ticaretini geliştirmişlerdir. Resûlîler kadar olmamakla birlikte mimari alanda da önemli eserler inşa ettirmişlerdir. Bunların en meşhuru 910 (1504) yılında Rada‘ şehrinde II. Âmir tarafından yaptırılan Âmiriyye Medresesi’dir. Beyaz renkteki dış cephesiyle inci gibi parlayan medrese günümüze ulaşmıştır. Rada‘ bölgesinde uzun süre başşehir olarak kullanılan Mikrâne’yi kuran Tâhirî sultanları Mikrâne, Aden, Taiz, Cüben, Zebîd gibi şehirlerde başta cami ve medreseler olmak üzere mimari eserler yaptırmışlardır. Aynı zamanda hadis âlimi, fakih ve şair olan İbnü’d-Deyba‘ dönemin en önemli tarihçisidir. İbnü’d-Deyba‘, Tâhirîler döneminin en önemli kaynakları sayılan Buġyetü’l-müstefîd fî aḫbâri (târîḫi) medîneti Zebîd ve ona zeyil olarak el-Fażlü’l-mezîd ʿalâ Buġyeti’l-müstefîd gibi eserler kaleme almıştır.
TÂHİRÎ HÜKÜMDARLARI el-Melikü’z-Zâfir I. Âmir b. Tâhir 858 (1454) el-Melikü’l-Mücâhid Ali b. Tâhir 864-870 (1459-1466) el-Melikü’l-Mansûr Abdülvehhâb b. Dâvûd 883 (1478) el-Melikü’z-Zâfir II. Âmir b. Abdülvehhâb 894-923 (1489-1517)
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’d-Deyba‘, Buġyetü’l-müstefîd (nşr. Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî), Beyrut-San‘a 1979, s. 121-217. a.mlf., el-Fażlü’l-mezîd ʿalâ Buġyeti’l-müstefîd fî aḫbâri medîneti Zebîd (nşr. Yûsuf Şülhud), Beyrut 1983. Yahyâ b. Hüseyin es-San‘ânî, Ġāyetü’l-emânî fî aḫbâri’l-ḳuṭri’l-Yemânî (nşr. Saîd Abdülfettâh Âşûr), Kahire 1388/1968, II, 548, 558, 563, 586-610, 614, 617, 642, 645-654, 660, 684. Ahmed Hüseyin Şerefeddin, el-Yemen ʿabre’t-târîḫ, Âbidîn 1384/1964, s. 227-241. M. Abdülâl Ahmed, Benû Resûl ve Benû Ṭâhir ve ʿalâḳātü’l-Yemen el-ḫâriciyye fî ʿahdihimâ, İskenderiye 1980. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Akīlî, Târîḫu’l-Miḫlâfi’s-Süleymânî, Riyad 1402/1982, I, 252-259. Hulûsi Yavuz, Kâbe ve Haremeyn İçin Yemen’de Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: 1517-1571, İstanbul 1984, s. 39-46. M. Yahyâ el-Haddâd, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿâm li’l-Yemen, Beyrut 1407/1986, IV, 5-22. C. E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Edinburgh 2004, s. 110. G. R. Smith, “The Tāhirids Sultans of the Yemen (858-923/1454-1517) and their Historian Ibn al-Daybaʿ”, JSS , XXIX/1 (1984), s. 141-154. a.mlf., “Ṭāhirids”, EI2 (İng.), X, 106. N. A. Koenig, “Âmir”, İA , I, 406-407. Şerafettin Turan, “Süleyman Paşa (Hadım)”, a.e. , XI, 195. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, “İbnü’d-Deyba‘”, DİA , XXI, 13. Abdurrahman el-Baytâr, “Benû Ṭāhir”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye, Dımaşk 2005, XII, 446-447.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 405-407 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.