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TAHMASB Skip to content (ö. 984/1576)
Safevî şahı (1524-1576).
26 Zilhicce 919’da (22 Şubat 1514) İsfahan yakınlarındaki Şahâbâd’da doğdu. Safevî Devleti’nin kurucusu Şah İsmâil’in en büyük oğludur. Henüz iki yaşındayken lalası Türkmen Emîr Han Musullu ile birlikte Horasan’a gönderildi ve altı yıl orada kaldı. 1521 baharında lalası ile beraber geri çağrıldı, yerine kardeşi Sâm Mirza yollandı. Bundan sonra babasının yanından ayrılmadı. Şah İsmâil’in vefatı üzerine henüz on yaşında iken tahta çıktı (19 Receb 930/23 Mayıs 1524). Saltanatının ilk yılları güçlü kabilelerin iktidar mücadelesiyle geçti. O sırada doğuda Özbekler, batıda Osmanlılar tarafından baskı altına alınmış durumdaydı. Emîrülümerâlık makamına tayin edilen Dîv Sultân-ı Rûmlû’nun iktidarı tamamıyla ele geçirmesi diğer kızılbaş kabileleri arasında oymakçılık taassubunun meydana çıkmasına sebep oldu ve iktidar mücadelesi alevlendi. Ustaclu Köpek Sultan’ın Dîv Sultân-ı Rûmlû’ya muhalefeti açığa çıktığında Özbekler de Herat’a saldırmışlardı. Dîv Sultan, Özbekler’e karşı koyma bahanesiyle ordusuyla harekete geçti ve kendisine destek veren Tekelü, Şamlû, Dulkadırlı, Varsak gibi kabilelerin yardımıyla Ustaclular üzerine yürüdü (Abdî Beg Şîrâzî, s. 61). 932’de (1526) Şah Tahmasb’ın bizzat katıldığı savaşta Ustaclu Köpek Sultan ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Bu sayede Tekelüler’in gücü arttı. Ertesi yıl Dîv Sultân-ı Rûmlû’nun öldürülmesiyle iktidar Tekelü aşiretinden Çuha Sultan’a geçti. 937’de (1530) Tahmasb’ın desteklediği Şamlûlar, Çuha Sultan’ı öldürüp Tekelüler’i mağlûp etti (Hasan-ı Rûmlû, s. 308-310). Tekelüler Bağdat’a gittilerse de Bağdat hâkimi Muhammed Han Şerefeddinoğlu bunların ileri gelenlerini öldürttü (Bûdâk Münşî Kazvînî, s. 162) ve emîrülümerâlık makamı Hüseyin Han Şamlû’nun eline geçti. Öte yandan Çuha Sultan’ın sadık adamlarından olan ve Azerbaycan beylerbeyiliği görevini yürüten Tekelü Ulama Han, Tebriz’i yağmaladıktan sonra Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığındı. Şah Tahmasb, güçlü kabilelerin mücadelesine şahit olduktan sonra yavaş yavaş idareyi eline almaya başladı. Özellikle Hüseyin Han Şamlû’nun 1533’te öldürülmesinin ardından tam anlamıyla duruma hâkim oldu.
Bu arada Safevî Devleti’ndeki iç karışıklıklardan faydalanan Özbek Hükümdarı Ubeydullah Han 930’da (1524) Horasan’a saldırarak Herat’ı kuşatmışsa da başarılı olamamış, 932’de (1526) kızılbaş reislerinin arasında çatışmalar yeniden başlayınca Horasan’a yürüyüp Merv’i ve Meşhed’i ele geçirdikten sonra Esterâbâd’a yönelmiş, Zeynel Han Şamlû’nun Özbekler’e karşı durmayıp Rey’e çekilmesiyle burayı ele geçirmişti. Bunun üzerine 10 Muharrem 935’te (24 Eylül 1528) Tahmasb büyük bir orduyla Horasan’a yöneldi. Türkistan emîrlerinden teşkil ettiği kuvvetli bir orduyla Rûdicâm’da Ubeydullah Han’ı yenilgiye uğrattı (Hasan-ı Rûmlû, s. 274, 279). Ardından Horasan bölgesine hâkim olan Özbekler’e karşı yürüdü. Onun Horasan’a gelmekte olduğu haberi yayılınca Özbekler Merv’e çekildiler. Herat alındı, Tahmasb burayı kardeşi Behrâm Mirza’nın idaresine bıraktı (936/1529). Tahmasb 937’de (1530) Horasan’dan ayrıldıktan sonra Ubeydullah Han, Kamışoğlu kumandasında bir orduyu Meşhed’e yolladı. Başarı sağlanamayan bu seferin ardından ertesi yıl yine büyük bir orduyla Horasan’a girdi, fakat Tahmasb’ın geldiğini duyunca geri çekildi ve Herat yeniden Safevîler’e bağlandı (939/1533). Bu esnada Osmanlılar’ın Irak’a saldırması üzerine Şah Tahmasb, Mâverâünnehir bölgesinin idaresini kardeşi Sâm Mirza’ya bırakıp batıya yöneldi.
Sâm Mirza, Herat hâkimliğiyle yetinmeyip Kandehar’a akınlar düzenledi; ancak Kandehar Kalesi’ni kuşattığı sırada Lahor’dan yardıma gelen Kâmrân Mirza’ya yenilip Germsîr’e çekildi. Burada iken Tahmasb’a karşı muhalefete başladı. Ubeydullah Han bu iç karışıklıklardan faydalanarak yine Herat’a saldırdı. 942’de (1535) Ceyhun’u geçip Meşhed’i kuşattı ve Herat’ı aldı (943/1536). Osmanlılar’ın Irakeyn Seferi sona erdiğinden Şah Tahmasb Horasan’a yürüyünce Özbekler Buhara’ya çekildi. Tahmasb, Herat’ta iken pişmanlığını dile getiren Sâm Mirza’yı affetti ve ardından Kandehar’a saldırarak şehri ele geçirdi. Bu fetih Özbekler tarafından da tebrik edildi. Ubeydullah Han bundan sonra Horasan’a bir daha hücum etmedi. Onun 946’da (1540) vefatıyla Horasan toprakları uzun süreli bir barış dönemine kavuşmuş oldu. Öte yandan Kandehar 950’de (1543) Safevîler’in elinden çıktı. Ertesi yıl Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Hümâyun, Tahmasb’dan aldığı yardımlara karşılık Kandehar’ı Safevîler’e teslim ettiyse de kısa süre sonra burası tekrar kaybedildi ve 965’te (1558) yeniden Safevî hâkimiyetine girdi.
Tahmasb’ın Osmanlılar’la olan mücadelesi ise iç buhranların bir parçası olarak gelişme gösterdi. Tekelüler’in iktidardan uzaklaştırılmasının ardından Osmanlılar’a sığınan Ulama Han’ın kışkırtmasıyla Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Irakeyn Seferi’ne çıktı (940/1533). Vezîriâzam İbrâhim Paşa Tebriz’i ele geçirdi. Bu esnada Horasan’da Özbekler’e karşı savaşmakta olan Tahmasb hızla Rey’e döndü. Ancak yorgunluktan dolayı askerleri büyük ölçüde dağılmıştı. Kazvin’e gelindiğinde ordunun tamamı 7000 kişiye kadar düştü. Tahmasb, kardeşleri Elkas ve Sâm Mirza’yı Hüseyin Han Şamlû ile beraber Tebriz’e yolladı. Bu sırada Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Irak taraflarında idi. Sultâniye’ye yaklaştığında Dulkadıroğlu Mehmed Bey ve Hüseyin Han Tekelü bazı kızılbaş Türkmenler’le birlikte Osmanlılar’ın safına geçti. Safevîler ümitsizliğe kapılmışken kuvvetli bir kar yağışı ve soğuk Osmanlı ordusuna büyük zorluklar yaşattı. Kanûnî, Ulama Sultan’ı ve Dulkadıroğlu Mehmed Bey’i Tebriz’e gönderip kendisi Musul’a çekildi. Bu sırada Gazi Han Tekelü de Osmanlılar’ın safına geçip Tebriz yakınlarında Ulama Sultan’a katıldı. Tahmasb, Bağdat hâkimi Şerefeddinoğlu Muhammed Han’a haber göndererek geri çekilmesini istedi. Muhammed Han, Bağdat’taki bütün erzakı tahrip ettikten sonra şehri boşaltıp Şîraz’a çekildi. Böylece Bağdat savaş yapılmadan Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti (941/1534). Şah Tahmasb bu arada Tebriz’e girip Van Kalesi’ni kuşatma altına alınca Osmanlılar Bağdat üzerinden yeniden Safevî topraklarına girdi. Tahmasb, Van kuşatmasını kaldırarak geri çekildi. Osmanlı ordusu Dergezîn’e kadar ilerlediyse de Tahmasb onların karşısına çıkmadı. Kanûnî’nin dönüşünden sonra Tebriz’e yeniden hâkim oldu, Van’ı da aldı.
Şah İsmâil zamanında Safevîler’e bağlanan Şirvan bölgesi yine eski hâkimlerinin idaresine bırakılmış, Şirvanşah II. Halîl Şah, Tahmasb’ın kızı ile evlenmişti. Ancak onun 1535’te ölümünün ardından Şirvan bölgesi itaatten çıkmaya başladı. Tahmasb, 945’te (1538) bölgeyi bütünüyle hâkimiyeti altına aldıktan sonra kardeşi Elkas Mirza’nın idaresine bıraktı. Elkas Mirza burada tam bir serbestlikle hareket etmeye başladı; şahın Gürcistan seferi sırasında isyan ederek kendi adına para bastırdı (953/1546). Tahmasb Şirvan’a ordu gönderince Elkas Mirza, Şemhal’den Kefe’ye geçip oradan Osmanlılar’a sığındı. Şirvan bölgesinin idaresi İsmâil Mirza’ya verildi. Elkas Mirza, İran’a sefer yapılması halinde ordunun ve halkın kendisine destek vereceğini söyleyerek Kanûnî’yi yeni bir İran seferine ikna etti. 955’te (1548) Osmanlılar İran üzerine yürüdü. Tahmasb, Osmanlı ordusunun geçebileceği veya konaklayabileceği yerlerdeki bütün ürünleri yaktırıp su kanallarını kapattırdı, kendisi de Merend’e çekildi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, Ulama’yı Van’a, Elkas Mirza’yı Merend’e yolladı, kendisi de Tebriz’e yürüdü. Burada kırk gün kaldıktan sonra Van’ı ele geçirdi. Rüstem Paşa’yı Van’da bırakıp Kars’a yöneldi ve Kars Kalesi’ni tamir ettirdi. Ordu Muş’a çekilince İsmâil Mirza, Kars’a saldırıp Osmanlılar’a zayiat verdirdi. Şah Tahmasb da Hınıs’ı ve Muş’u ateşe verdi; Erciş, Ahlat, Adilcevaz’ı yağmalattı. Ulama’nın bulunduğu Tercan’a yürüdü, Erzincan’a kadar geldi, bütün bölgeyi yağma ve talan ettirdi. Osmanlılar’ın karşı harekâtı üzerine Karabağ’a döndü. Bu yağma ve tahribin öcünü almak için Elkas Mirza, Irâk-ı Acem’e yollandı. Elkas Kum, Kâşân ve İsfahan’a kadar uzandı, fakat sonra Safevîler tarafından yakalanıp Kahkaha (Alamut) Kalesi’ne hapsedildi, bir müddet sonra da öldürüldü (1550).
Şah Tahmasb 961’de (1554) yeni bir Osmanlı seferiyle daha karşı karşıya kaldı. Erzurum Valisi İskender Paşa’nın da etkisiyle Osmanlılar Safevîler üzerine yürüdü. Ancak küçük çatışmalardan ve bazı şehirlerin kısa süreli el değiştirmesinden başka bir netice alınamadı. Osmanlılar’ın kışı geçirdikten sonra kuvvetli bir orduyla Azerbaycan’a saldıracağı anlaşılınca Şah Tahmasb barış için mektuplar ve elçiler gönderdi. Kanûnî’nin de barışa eğilimli olması sayesinde Amasya’da mektup teâtisiyle antlaşma sağlandı (11 Receb 962/1 Haziran 1555), böylece uzun süreli bir barış dönemine girildi. Kanûnî’nin oğlu Şehzade Bayezid’in babasına isyan edip Safevîler’e sığınması iki devlet arasındaki ilişkileri gerginleştirdiyse de onun Osmanlılar’a teslim edilmesiyle barış durumu sürdürüldü (1559) ve bu süreç II. Selim ile III. Murad dönemlerinde devam etti.
Tahmasb’ın Kafkasya politikası da Osmanlılar ile olan ilişkilere bağlı olarak gelişmekteydi. Osmanlılar’ın Avrupa ile meşgul olmasından faydalanan Tahmasb 947’de (1540) Tiflis’i ele geçirdi; 953’te (1546) Kaheti Valisi Levend Han’ı itaat altına aldı. 958’de (1551) Şeki Safevîler’in eline geçti. Bu sayede Gürcistan üzerindeki Safevî baskısı arttırılmış oldu. Amasya Antlaşması’yla Osmanlı sınırının güvenliği sağlanınca yine Gürcistan’a saldırıp çok sayıda esir ve ganimet elde etti. Osmanlılar’la yapılan siyasî temaslar neticesinde Gürcistan, Osmanlılar’la Safevîler arasında paylaşıldı. Şah Tahmasb’ı meşgul eden diğer bir mesele Gîlân bölgesi hâkimlerinin itaatten çıkmasıydı. Osmanlılar’ın İran seferi esnasında Gîlân’ın Biyepes (Biyâpîş) bölgesinin hâkimlerinden, aynı zamanda Tahmasb’ın eniştesi olan Muzaffer Sultan, Kanûnî’ye itaatini bildirince Şah Tahmasb onun üzerine yürümüş ve ele geçirdikten sonra Tebriz’de öldürtmüştü (943/1536). Biyepes bölgesinin idaresini eline alan Han Ahmed’in küçük yaşta olmasından faydalanıp Behrâm Mirza’yı bölgenin fethiyle görevlendirdi. Onun başarılı olamaması üzerine de Han Ahmed’i bölgenin hâkimi olarak tanıdı. Fakat ardından gerek halkın şikâyetlerinin artması gerekse Han Ahmed’in itaatsizliği yüzünden Gîlân’a ordu sevkederek bölgeyi zaptetti ve Han Ahmed yakalanıp hapse atıldı (975/1568). Gîlânlılar 979’da (1572) Lâhîcân’da ayaklanmaya teşebbüs ettilerse de Tahmasb ayaklanmayı bastırdıktan sonra bölgenin idaresini İmamkulu Mirza’ya bıraktı (Bûdâk Münşî Kazvînî, s. 227-232).
Osmanlılar’a karşı Safevîler’den destek sağlamayı düşünen Avrupalı devletler elçiler gönderip Tahmasb’ı Osmanlılar’a karşı kışkırtmaya çalıştılar; fakat onun bunlara fazla itibar göstermediği anlaşılmaktadır. V. Karl tarafından Şah İsmâil’e yollanan elçi onun ölümünden hemen sonra İran’a ulaşmış ve mektubu Şah Tahmasb’a sunmuştu. Daha çok ticarî amaçlarla doğuya seyahat eden İngiliz Antony Jenkinson ise Tahmasb’dan umduğu ilgiyi görmemişti. Yine 1571’de İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı’ndan biraz sonra Papa Pius, Tahmasb’a elçiler göndererek karadan ve denizden Osmanlılar’a karşı harekete geçeceklerini söylemiş, bu arada kendisinin de Suriye ve Irak’a saldırıp daha önce kaybedilen toprakları geri alabileceklerini telkin etmiş, ancak bu teklif Safevî hükümdarınca kabul edilmemişti. Öte yandan Hint denizinde Osmanlılar’la mücadele halinde olan Portekizliler’in 1551 ve 1574’teki diplomatik girişimleri de Şah Tahmasb tarafından ilgisizlikle karşılanmıştı. Osmanlılar da onun yolladığı kalabalık elçilik heyetlerini kabul ederek kıymetli hediyelerle elçiler göndermek suretiyle barışı devam ettirmeye özen göstermiştir.
1574 yılında Şah Tahmasb hastalandığında şehzadeler ve kızılbaş Türkmenler arasında iktidar mücadelesi başladı. Bu mücadeleler sırasında Tahmasb 15 Safer 984’te (14 Mayıs 1576) zehirlenerek öldürüldü. Ustaclular’ın desteğiyle oğlu Haydar Mirza tahta geçtiyse de Avşar, Rumlu ve Türkmen beylerinin muhalefeti yüzünden tahttan indirildi ve yerine II. İsmâil tahta çıkarıldı.
Şah Tahmasb kaynaklarda uzun boylu, uzunca yüzlü, açık tenli, ak sakallı olarak tanımlanır. Malî konularda cimrilik derecesinde titiz olduğu, zaman zaman maliye defterlerini bizzat kontrol ettiği, savaşlar ve aşırı vergiler yüzünden halk arasında derin bir hoşnutsuzluğun bulunmasına rağmen onun kişiliğine karşı aşırı bir güven duyulduğu bilinmektedir. Orduya on dört yıl maaş vermediği halde hiçbir şikâyetin vâki olmadığı nakledilir. Sofu bir dindar olarak aşırı eğlenceyi, afyonu ve şarabı yasaklatmıştı (1533). Melankolik bir kişiliğe sahipti ve rüya yorumlarına önem verirdi. 1565’te ülkede bütün vergileri kaldırması yine bir rüyasının etkisiyle olmuştu (a.g.e., s. 225-226). Uzun saltanatı boyunca bizzat katıldığı iki büyük savaştan ilki Seksencik mevkiinde Ustaclular’la, diğeri Rûdicâm’da Özbekler’le yapılmıştır (Hasan-ı Rûmlû, s. 634-636). Osmanlılar’ın Irakeyn Seferi ve Azerbaycan’a yaptıkları saldırılarda onlara karşı koyacak bir ordu toplayamadığından savaşa yanaşmayıp her durumda Osmanlılar’ın bölgeden çekilmesini beklemiş, bu suretle elden çıkan yerleri geri alma imkânı bulmuştu. Babasının dinî düşünce ve uygulamalarını normalleştirmiş, Ca‘ferîliği hâkim kılmaya çalışmıştır. Kendi yazdığı Teẕkîre’de de belirttiği gibi Osmanlılar’la iyi geçinmeyi esas almış, Kanûnî’den daima iyi sözlerle bahsetmiştir. Vefatında dokuz oğlu ile sekiz kızı hayattaydı. Oğullarından Haydar’ın ve Mustafa Mirza’nın katlinden sonra II. İsmâil ve Muhammed Hudâbende şah olmuş, diğer oğulları Süleyman, Mahmûd, İmamkulu, Ali ve Ahmed, II. İsmâil tarafından öldürülmüştür. Tahmasb’ın Tebriz ve Meşhed surlarını tamir ettirdiği, Kazvin’de saray, cami ve hamam, Kum’da medrese, Sultâniye ile Zencan arasında bir ribât yaptırdığı bilinmektedir. Cülûsundan 966 (1559) yılına kadar İran’da cereyan eden olayları anlattığı Teẕkire adıyla bir hal tercümesi kaleme almıştır (Teẕkire-i Şâh Ṭahmasb, nşr. Emrullah Safevî, Tahran 1363 hş.; T trc. Hicabi Kırlangıç, İstanbul 2001).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Emîr Mahmûd Hândmîr, Târîḫ-i Şâh İsmâʿîl ve Şâh Ṭahmasb-ı Ṣafevî: Ẕeyl-i Târîḫ-i Ḥabîbü’s-siyer (nşr. M. Ali Cerrâhî), Tahran 1375 hş., s. 125-238; Gaffârî, Cihânʾârâ (nşr. Müctebâ Mînovî), Tahran 1343 hş., s. 281-310; Vincenzo D’Alessandri, Seyahatnâme (Seyyahların Gözüyle Sultanlar ve Savaşlar içinde, trc. Tufan Gündüz), İstanbul 2007, s. 219-236; Bûdâk Münşî Kazvînî, Cevâhirü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Muhsin Behrâm Nejâd), Tahran 1378 hş., s. 141-237; ʿÂlemʾârâ-yı Şâh Ṭahmasb (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1370 hş., bk. İndeks; Hasan-ı Rûmlû, Aḥsenü’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Abdülhüseyin Nevâî), Tahran 1357 hş., s. 241 vd., 308-310, 634-636; Abdî Beg Şîrâzî, Tekmiletü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Abdülhüseyin Nevâî), Tahran 1369 hş., s. 60-132; Nizamşâhî, Târîḫ-i Elçi-i Niẓâmşâh (nşr. M. Rızâ Nasîrî – K. Haneda), Tahran 1379 hş., s. 75, 84; M. Yûsuf Vâle İsfahânî Kazvînî, Ḫuld-i Berîn (nşr. Mîr Hâşim Muhaddis), Tahran 1372 hş., s. 321-400; Feridun Bey, Münşeât, I, 584, 619-625; İskender Bey Münşî, Târîḫ-i ʿÂlemʾârâ-yı ʿAbbâsî (nşr. M. İsmâil Rıdvânî), Tahran 1377 hş., I, 75 vd.; Rızâ Kulı Han Hidâyet, Târîḫ-i Ravżatü’ṣ-ṣafâ-yı Nâṣırî (nşr. Cemşîd-i Keyânfer), Tahran 1380 hş., XII, 6393 vd.; Bekir Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri: 1578-1590, İstanbul 1962, bk. İndeks; a.mlf., “Tahmasb I”, İA, XI, 637-647; Faruk Sümer, Safevî Devleti’nin Kuruluşunda ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü, Ankara 1976, s. 57-109; H. R. Roemer, “The Safavi Period”, CHIr., VI, 232 vd.; Abdülhüseyin Nevâî, Şâh Ṭahmasb-ı Ṣafevî, Mecmûʿa-i İsnâd ve Mükâtebât-ı Târîḫî, Tahran 1368 hş., bk. İndeks; a.mlf., Revâbıṭ-ı Siyâsî ve İḳtisâdî Îrân der Devre-i Ṣafevî, Tahran 1377 hş., s. 88, 114, 115; Mirzâ Bey Cünâbedî, Ravżatü’ṣ-Ṣafeviyye (nşr. Gulâm Rızâ Tabâtabâî-Mecd), Tahran 1378 hş., s. 361-572; M. Tâhir Vahîd-i Kazvînî, Târîḫ-i Cihânʾârâ-yı ʿAbbâsî (nşr. Seyyid Saîd Mîr M. Sâdık), Tahran 1383 hş., s. 39-80; R. M. Savory, “Tahmāsp”, EI2 (İng.), X, 108-110.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 413-415 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.