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TAHRAN Skip to content İran İslâm Cumhuriyeti’nin başşehri.
Kuzey İran’da Elburz sıradağlarının hemen güneyinde denizden ortalama 1150 m. yükseklikte kurulmuştur. Adı Ortaçağ kaynaklarında umumiyetle Tihrân, bazan Tehrân-Tahrân şeklinde kaydedilmiştir. Adının nereden geldiği ve bu yerleşim yerinin ne zaman kurulduğu bilinmemektedir. X. yüzyıl İslâm coğrafyacılarından İstahrî’nin Mesâlikü’l-memâlik adlı eserinin farklı nüshalarında Behzân veya Behrân şeklinde geçen yerleşim yerinin Tahran ile ilişkisinin olup olmadığı tartışmalıdır. Bununla birlikte XII. yüzyıl müelliflerinden Sem‘ânî tarafından 261’de (875) Askalân’da vefat ettiği kaydedilen (el-Ensâb, VIII, 275) muhaddis Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hammâd’ın “Tihrânî Râzî” nisbesini taşıması Tahran’ın yerleşim yeri olarak en geç III. (IX.) yüzyıldan beri mevcut olduğunu göstermektedir. Tahran’ın yaklaşık 6 km. güneydoğusunda bulunan Rey (Rhages) kalıntılarının kuzeyinde yer alan Çeşme-i Alî tepesi ve Elburz dağları eteklerinde Kaytariye tepelerindeki arkeolojik buluntular Tahran’ın yakın çevresinde yerleşik hayatın oldukça eskilere uzandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Tahran adı kaynaklarda VI. (XII.) yüzyıldan itibaren sıkça geçmeye başlar. İbnü’l-Belhî, Fars eyaletindeki Gevâr’dan bahsederken narının tıpkı Tihran narı gibi olduğunu belirtir (Fârsnâme, s. 134). Aynı bilginin Sem‘ânî tarafından tekrarlanması dikkat çekicidir. Râvendî, Irak Selçuklu Hükümdarı Sultan Arslanşah b. Tuğrul’un annesinin 7 Receb 561 (9 Mayıs 1166) tarihinde Rey’den Nahcıvan’a giderken Tahran’ın yukarı kısmında konakladığını yazmaktadır (Râḥatü’ṣ-ṣudûr, s. 293). Tahran’la ilgili daha dikkate değer bir tasvir yaklaşık 618 (1221) yılında bölgeden geçen Yâkūt el-Hamevî’de görülür. Müellifin verdiği bilgiye göre Tahran bu sırada on iki mahalleden oluşan büyük bir köy durumundadır. Evler genellikle yer altına inşa edilmiştir. Yerleşim yerinin etrafı bağ ve bahçelerle çevrilidir (Muʿcemü’l-büldân, IV, 58-59).
Tahran, Rey’in Moğollar tarafından tahrip edilmesinden (617/1220) sonra şehir halkından bazılarının göç ederek buraya yerleşmesiyle gelişme gösterdi. Zekeriyyâ el-Kazvînî büyük bir köy olarak nitelediği Tahran’da pek çok ağaç, bağ ve bahçe bulunduğunu kaydetmektedir. Tahran adı İlhanlı kaynaklarında zaman zaman küçük bir yerleşim yeri diye geçer (Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, III, 181, 287). XIV. yüzyılın ortalarında Hamdullah el-Müstevfî Tahran’ı muteber bir kasaba olarak zikreder. Müellif bu kasabanın havasının Rey’den daha güzel olduğunu söyler (Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb, s. 55). Tahran, Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Kiyâ el-Mâzenderânî tarafından yaklaşık 765 (1363) yılında kaleme alınan Risâle-i Felekiyye adlı eserde (s. 155) 750 (1349) yılına ait bütçe içerisinde görülmektedir. Söz konusu bütçede Tahran, vergi gelirleri Rey idarî birimine dahil olan toplam on bir yerleşim yerinden biri olarak kaydedilmiştir. İspanyol seyyahı Don Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, Semerkant’a giderken 1404’te Tahran’dan geçmiştir. Müellifin verdiği bilgilerden bu dönemde şehrin surlarının bulunmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (Embassy to Tamerlane, s. 167). Ortaçağ’da Tahrânî nisbesiyle anılan âlimler arasında muhaddis Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hammâd’ın adı zikredilebilir (Sem‘ânî, VIII, 274-275).
Safevîler devrinden itibaren Tahran gittikçe önem kazandı. Rızâ Kulı Han’ın naklettiğine göre Safevîler’in atası Seyyid Hamza’nın mezarı Tahran’ın güneydoğusundaki Şah Abdülazîm Türbesi yakınlarında idi. Buna batıda Osmanlı, doğuda Özbek tehdidi karşısındaki elverişli konumu da eklenince Tahran’ın etrafını Şah I. Tahmasb surlarla çevirtti ve bir pazar yeri inşa ettirdi. Şehri çeviren surlarda dört ana kapı ve 114 burç bulunmaktaydı. II. Şah İsmâil’in yerine tahta çıkmak isteyen Şehzade Hasan Mirza 985 (1577) yılında bu şehirde idam edildi. Şah I. Abbas 998’de (1589-90) Özbekler’e karşı sefere çıkarken Tahran’da hastalandığı ve bu durumdan istifade eden Özbekler Meşhed’i ele geçirdiği için Tahran bu dönemde bir süre uğursuz sayıldı. 1618 yılında Pietro della Valle, Tahran’ın Kâşân’dan daha küçük olduğunu ve beylerbeyinin burada ikamet ettiğini belirtmektedir. Sir Thomas Herbert 1627’de ziyaret ettiği Tahran’ın nüfusunu yaklaşık 3000 hâne diye vermektedir. Avrupalı seyyahların yazdığına göre Tahran, Afgan istilâsı esnasında Afganlılar’a direnerek onlara ağır kayıplar verdirdi; ancak sonunda şehir düştü. Afganlılar, 1141’de (1728) Mihmândûst savaşını kaybedince Tahran’da büyük katliam yaparak İsfahan’a döndüler. 1173 (1760) yılında Kerim Han Zend, muhtemelen ileride devlet merkezi şeklinde kullanılması düşüncesiyle Tahran’da hükümet binaları, divanhâne, saray, harem ve muhafızla için yapılar inşa ettirdi. Senîuddevle bunlara bir bahçe ekledi. Fakat Kerim Han Zend’in daha sonra Şîraz’ı başşehir edindiği görülmektedir. Kerim Han Zend’in 1193’te (1779) ölümünün ardından Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar, devlet merkezi haline getirdiği Tahran yakınlarındaki Rey’de önemli bir dinî merkez olan Şah Abdülazîm semtinde tahta çıktı. Ancak Ca‘fer Han Zend, 1200 (1786) yılında Fars’tan hareketle savaşmadan Tahran’a girdi ve burasını başşehir yaptı. Tahran, Zendler’in ardından Kaçarlar’ın da başşehri oldu ve bu durum günümüze kadar devam etti. Mescid-i Şah Camii, Sipehsâlâr Camii ve Medresesi, Gülistan Sarayı devrin önemli yapılarıdır.
Tahran, XIX. yüzyıl başlarındaki Fransız-İngiliz rekabeti döneminde her iki devletten gelen elçiler tarafından ziyaret edildi. Şehir, Nâsırüddin Şah’ın uzun iktidarı zamanında (1848-1896) gelişme imkânı buldu. Eski hendekle surlar ortadan kaldırılarak şehre sekizgen bir şekil verildi. İplik, silâh, kâğıt, kibrit ve şeker fabrikaları kuruldu. Eğitimi yaymak amacıyla yeni medreseler açıldı. Tahran, Meşrutiyet devrinden itibaren gelişmesini devam ettirerek bütün İran’ın gerçek anlamda siyasî ve kültürel başşehri oldu. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Tahran ile Hazar denizi arasındaki bölge Rus hâkimiyetine girdi. General Muhammed Rızâ Han, 21 Şubat 1921 tarihinde Kazvin’de bulunan 2500 kadar Kazak askeriyle birlikte Tahran’a girerek idareyi ele geçirdi. 1923 yılı sonunda son Kaçar hükümdarı Ahmed Şah ülkeyi terketmek zorunda kaldı. Gücü tamamen ele geçiren Rızâ Şah Pehlevî 25 Nisan 1926’da Tahran’da tahta çıktı.
Tahran’ın çehresi Rızâ Şah zamanında hızla değişti. 1930’da Belediye Kanunu, 1933 yılında büyük caddelerin inşası için yeni bir kanun çıkarıldı. Birbirini dikine kesen geniş ve iki tarafı ağaçlıklı caddeler açılarak Tahran’a modern bir görünüm kazandırıldı. Kısa bir süre sonra bakanlık ve hükümet binaları inşa edildi. Tahran Üniversitesi (Kitâbhâne-i Millî), Mûze-i Îrân-ı Bâstân, Tahran Demiryolu İstasyonu ve Mihrâbâd Havaalanı bu dönemde hizmete girdi. Tahran II. Dünya Savaşı’nda Sovyet ve İngiliz askerleri tarafından işgal edildi. Şehir, 1943 yılında Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill ve Joseph Stalin’in katılımıyla toplanan ve savaşın seyrini değiştiren önemli kararların alındığı konferansa ev sahipliği yaptı. Tahran’ın fizikî yapısı XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında hızlı bir değişim daha geçirdi. Şehir bu devirde büyük bir metropole dönüştü. Muhammed Rızâ Şah’a göre Gülistan Sarayı’nın büyük bir kısmı, Takıyye-i Devlet, Tophâne Meydanı, surlar ve eski kale çağdaş bir şehre uygun binalar değildi. Bu yapılar 1950 ve 1960’lı yıllarda yok edilerek yerine modern binalar inşa edildi. Tahran pazarı ikiye bölündü. Büyük ve geniş caddelerin yapımı için birçok tarihî bina yıkıldı. Pek çok eski ve önemli İran bahçesi ortadan kaldırılıp yeni yerleşim alanları açıldı.
1979 yılındaki İslâm devrimi Tahran’ın fiziksel ve demografik yapısını önemli ölçüde etkiledi. Bu devirde pek çok gecekondu binası yasal statüye kavuştu ve kısa sürede bunlara yenileri eklendi. Muhammed Rızâ Şah Pehlevî zamanında başlanan bazı projeler durduruldu ve şehirde yer alan pek çok önemli caddenin adı değiştirildi. 1992 yılından itibaren bir imar planı yapılarak yeni caddeler ve kültür merkezleri açıldı. Tahran’ın kuzeyinde yer alan İlâhiye ve Niyâverân’da şehrin silüetini tamamen değiştiren yüksek binalar inşa edilmeye başlandı. Bu durum aynı zamanda eski zengin soyluların yerini yeni zenginlerin almasıyla şehrin sosyal dokusunu da önemli ölçüde değiştirdi. Tahran, İran-Irak Savaşı esnasında (1980-1988) tahribata mâruz kaldı ve pek çok kişi hayatını kaybetti. Savaştan kaçan milyonlarca insanın Tahran’a gelmesiyle şehrin nüfusu hızla arttı. Savaştan sonra şehirde Sovyet tipi ucuz apartman binaları yapılmaya başlandı. Bu gelişme pek çok eski ev ve mahallenin yok olmasına sebep oldu. Tahran’a ait eski mimarinin tipik örneklerini bugün ancak Fermâniye, Zaferâniye, Niyâverân ve Şehrekigarp’ta görmek mümkündür.
Tahran’ın fiziksel yapısı gibi demografik yapısı da hızlı bir değişim gösterdi. Şehrin nüfusu 1268’de (1852) yapılan sayımda 155.736 kişiydi (Âmâr-i Dârü’l-ḫilâfe-yi Tahrân, s. 346, 355). Nüfus XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren hızla artarak 1922’de 210.000, 1940’ta 540.000, 1956’da 1,5 milyon, 1966’da 3 ve 1986’da 6 milyona ulaştı. Bu hızlı artış devam ederek 1996’da 6.759.845’e, 2009 yılının ortalarında 8.250.000’e yükseldi. Şehir XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren özellikle Azerbaycan’dan, 1970’li yıllardan itibaren Güneybatı İran’dan büyük oranda göç aldı. Tahran günümüzde İran’ın sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel hayatında çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Tahran Üniversitesi İran’ın önde gelen üniversitelerinden biri olup 1934 yılında dört fakülteyle (Tıp, Hukuk ve Siyasal Bilgiler, Edebiyat, Bilimler) öğretime başladı. Ardından Mühendislik, İlâhiyat, Güzel Sanatlar, Veterinerlik, Ziraat, Diş Hekimliği, Eczacılık, Eğitim, İdarî Bilimler, Orman, İktisat gibi yeni fakülteler açıldı (geniş bilgi için bk. EIr., IX, 140-156). Şehirde gıda, makine yapımı, otomotiv sanayii en başta gelen faaliyetlerdir. Bugünkü İsfahan eyaletine bağlı Necefâbâd’da yer alan eski bir kasaba Tahran adını taşımaktaydı. Muhaddis Ebû Sâlih Ukayl b. Yahyâ et-Tahrânî (ö. 258/872), Ebû Bekir İbrâhim b. Süleyman, Saîd b. Mihrân b. Muhammed, Ali b. Rüstem b. Mityâr ve Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed daha az bilinen bu kasabaya mensuptur (Sem‘ânî, VIII, 271-272; Yâkūt, IV, 58).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İstahrî, Mesâlik (de Goeje), s. 209; İbnü’l-Belhî, Fârsnâme (nşr. G. le Strange – R. A. Nicholson), London 1921, s. 134; Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb, VIII, 271-275; Râvendî, Râḥatü’ṣ-ṣudûr, s. 293; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân (Cündî), IV, 58-59; Zekeriyyâ b. Muhammed el-Kazvînî, Âs̱ârü’l-bilâd (nşr. F. Wüstenfeld), Göttingen 1848, s. 228; Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Abdülkerim Alioğlu Alizâde), Bakü 1957, III, 181, 287; Müstevfî, Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb (Strange), s. 55; R. G. de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane: 1403-1406 (trc. G. le Strange), London 1928, s. 167; Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Mâzenderânî, Risâle-i Felekiyye (nşr. W. Hinz), Wiesbaden 1952, s. 155; M. Hasan Han, Mir’âtü’l-büldân (nşr. Abdülhüseyin Nevâî – Mîr Hâşim Muhaddis), Tahran 1367, I, 823-951; G. le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, Cambridge 1905, s. 216-218, 229; Maḳālât-ı ʿAllâme Ḳazvînî (nşr. Abdülkerîm Cerbezedâr), Tahran 1362, I, 128-132; Nâsır Necmî, Dârü’l-ḫilâfe-yi Tahrân, Tahran 1362; a.mlf., Tahrân-i ʿAhd-i Nâṣırî, Tahran 1367, tür.yer.; Âmâr-i Dârü’l-ḫilâfe-yi Tahrân: Esnâdî ez Târîḫ-i İctimâʿî-yi Tahrân der ʿAṣr-ı Ḳācâr (nşr. Sîrûs Sa‘dvendiyân – Mansûre İttihâdiyye [Nizâm Mâfî]), Tahran 1368, s. 346-355; Ca‘fer Şehrî, Târîḫ-i İctimâʿî-yi Tahrân der Ḳarn-i Sîzdehum, Tahran 1367-68, I-VI, tür.yer.; Mahmûd Tâlekānî, Cemʿiyyet, Mütâlaʿât-i Câmiʿaşinâsî-yi Şehr-i Tahrân, Tahran 1370/1992, s. 3-18; V. V. Barthold, Teẕkire-yi Coġrâfyâ-yi Târîḫî-yi Îrân (trc. Hamza Serdâdver), Tahran 1372/1993, s. 151-152; Chahryar Adle – Bernard Hourcade, Tahrân, Pâyitâḫt-i Divîst Sâle (trc. Ebü’l-Hasan Servkad Mukaddem v.dğr.), Tahran 1375/1997; B. Hourcade, “Tihrān”, EI2 (İng.), X, 493-496; Muhsin Mu‘temedî, Coġrâfiyâ-yi Târîḫî-yi Tahrân, Tahran 1381/2002, s. 251-253, 472-483; P. Dagradi, “Due capitali nella steppa: Ankara e Tehran”, Rivista Geografica Italiana, III, Firenze 1963, s. 271-306; V. Minorsky, “Tahran”, İA, XI, 658-667; a.mlf., “Tihrān”, EI2 (İng.), X, 483-487; C. E. Bosworth, “Tihrān”, a.e., X, 482-483; a.mlf., “Faculties”, EIr., IX, 156; J. Calmard, “Tihrān”, EI2 (İng.), X, 487-493; Muhammad-Hasan Mahdavī Ardabīlī, “Faculties of The University of Tahran”, EIr., IX, 140-142; Mortazā Momayyez, “Faculties”, a.e., IX, 142-143; Ahmad Ashraf, “Faculties”, a.e., IX, 143-146; Ahmad Tafazzolī, “Faculties”, a.e., IX, 146-149; Yūnos Karāmatī, “Faculties”, a.e., IX, 149-156; Hasan Enûşe, “Tahrân”, DMT, V, 176-180; Ferzâne Sâsânpûr v.dğr., “Tahrân”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1383/2004, VIII, 705-753.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 416-419 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.