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TAHSİS Skip to content Âm bir lafızla, kapsadığı fertlerden bir kısmının kastedildiğinin bir delille açıklanması anlamında fıkıh usulü terimi.
Sözlükte “belirlemek, bir şeyi kendisiyle ortak olmayan diğer şeylerden temyiz etmek, özgülemek” anlamındaki tahsîs kelimesi fıkıh usulü terimi olarak âm bir lafzın anlamının bu lafız kapsamına giren fertlerden bir kısmıyla sınırlandırılmasını ifade eder. Fıkıh usulünün önemli konularından birini oluşturan tahsis elfâz bahisleri içinde aynı isimle veya âm, hâs gibi başlıklar altında geniş biçimde incelenir. Mutlakın takyidinin bir tür tahsis olup olmadığı usulcüler arasında tartışılmıştır (bk. MUTLAK ). Hanefî usulcülerinin açıklamalarından hareketle bu ekolde benimsenen tahsis anlayışını belirtmek üzere, “âm lafızla, baştan beri fertlerinden bir kısmının kastedildiğinin müstakil ve mukārin (eş zamanlı) bir delille açıklanması” şeklinde bir tanım yapılabilir (Cessâs, I, 142; Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, I, 306; İbn Melek, s. 77). Mütekellimîn usulcülerinden Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, “hitabın kapsadığı şeylerden bir kısmının mukārin bir delille ondan çıkarılması” biçiminde Hanefîler’inkine yakın bir tanım vermekle birlikte (el-Muʿtemed , I, 252) aynı ekole mensup usulcüler bunu kendi temel yaklaşımlarına uygun hale getirmeye çalışmışlardır. Meselâ Fahreddin er-Râzî tanımdaki “mukārin bir delil” ifadesine yer vermeyerek tahsisi “hitabın kapsadığı şeylerden bir kısmının ondan çıkarılması” biçiminde genişletmiş, Kādî Beyzâvî, Râzî’nin tarifindeki hitap kelimesini “lafız”la değiştirmiştir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, I/3, s. 7; Beyzâvî, II, 374-375). Aynı ekolün temsilcilerinden Mâlikî İbnü’l-Hâcib tahsisi “âmmı müsemmeyâtından bir kısmına hasretmek” diye tanımlamış (Muḫtaṣarü’l-müntehâ , II, 129), Tâceddin es-Sübkî burada geçen müsemmeyâttan maksadın âmmın müşterek fertleri olduğunu belirterek müsemmeyâtından yerine “fertlerinden” kaydını koymuştur (Cemʿu’l-cevâmiʿ , II, 31). Ancak neshi de kapsar genişlikte olduğu dikkate alınıp bu tariflere “hükmün istikrar kazanmasından önce” şeklinde bir kayıt konması uygun olur. Öte yandan Hanefî ve mütekellimîn usulcülerinin, özü itibariyle tahsisin “âmmın fertlerinden bir kısmının çıkarılması ve kapsamının daraltılması” anlamına geldiği noktasında birleştikleri ve tanımlarında görülen farklılıkların bilhassa âmmın tanımı, delâleti, bu delâleti daraltacak delillerin geliş zamanı ve delâlet derecesiyle ilgili ihtilâflardan kaynaklandığı göz önüne alınarak tahsis, “daha başlangıçta şâriin umumdan maksadının onun fertlerinin tamamı değil bir kısmının olduğunun açıklanması” veya “umumla ilgili hükmün meşruiyetinin başından beri bir kısım fertlerine ait olduğunun beyan edilmesi” şeklinde tarif edilebilir (Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, ʿİlmü uṣûli’l-fıḳh , s. 218).
Fakihler, hüküm veya haber içeren bütün umum lafızlarında tahsisin mümkün olduğu hususunda birleşmiştir. Zira bu aklen imkânsız olmadığı gibi dilde kullanıldığı da tümevarım metoduyla sabittir. Usulcüler arasında tahsisin mümkün olduğu düşüncesi o kadar yaygındır ki, “Bir kısmı tahsise uğramayan hiçbir âm yoktur” sözü darbımesel haline gelmiştir (Teftâzânî, I, 71). Tahsisin umum ve şümul anlamı taşıyan lafızlar için mümkün olduğu noktasında görüş birliği vardır. Mefhumların tahsise konu teşkil etmesi ise bunların umum vasfına sahip olup olmadığı meselesiyle ilişkilidir. Hanefîler’de “nassın delâleti” adı verilen mefhûm-i muvâfakat, bazı mütekellimîn usulcüleriyle İbnü’l-Hümâm gibi Hanefîler’e göre umum niteliğine sahip bulunduğundan tahsise konu olur. Bâkıllânî, Şîrâzî ve Gazzâlî gibi usulcülere göre ise mefhum ve fahve’l-kelâmla amel etmek lafızla değil sükûtla amel etmek mânasına gelir, dolayısıyla bunlar umum niteliğini taşımaz ve tahsise konu olmaz.
Âmmın kapsamındaki fertlerden bir kısmını onun dışına çıkaran delil veya karîneye “muhassıs” adı verilir. Gerçek muhassıs, mütekellimin âm lafızla onun fertlerinden bir kısmını kastetme yönündeki iradesi olmakla birlikte bu iradeye delâlet eden lafzî veya gayri lafzî delillere de mecazen muhassıs denmiştir. Hanefî usulcüleri bir delilin âmmı tahsis edebilmesi için onun hem âmdan ayrı (müstakil) hem de onunla eş zamanlı olmasını şart koşmuştur. Delilin müstakil oluşundan maksat, tahsis delilinin bizzat bir mâna veya hüküm ifade edecek tarzda olmasıdır. Zira tek başına bir anlam veya hüküm ifade etmeyip kendinden önceki sözün bir parçası olması beyan niteliğine aykırıdır. Hanefîler muttasıl lafızlarla âmmın daraltılıp fertlerinden bir kısmını ifade eder hale getirilmesine “kasr” adını verirler. Usul âlimlerinin çoğunluğu, ister âmma muttasıl ister ondan müstakil olsun beyan ifade ettiği sürece her lafzın tahsis delili sayılacağını ileri sürmüştür. Bu görüş dilcilerin anlayışıyla da örtüşmektedir. Tahsis delilinin eş zamanlı olması (mukārenet) veya gecikmesi (terâhî) hususundaki görüş ayrılığı, âm nassın nüzûl veya vürûd vaktinden itibaren uygulanmasına ihtiyaç duyulduğu zamana kadar geçen süreyle ilgilidir. Bu süreden sonra gelen delilin tahsis değil nesih sayılacağı konusunda usulcüler ittifak etmiştir. Hanefî usulcülerine göre tahsis beyanı âmdan önce ve -belirtilen süre içinde de olsa- âmdan sonra olamaz. Usulcülerin çoğunluğu ise tahsis delilinin âmdan önce, onunla beraber ve ondan sonra gelebileceğini, ancak âmdan sonraki sürenin ihtiyaç ve uygulama vaktiyle sınırlı olduğunu, bu vakitten sonra gelen beyanların tahsis değil nesih sayılacağını söylemiştir.
Hanefîler, yalnız müstakil delilleri muhassıs kabul ettiği için tahsis delillerini bu açıdan ayırıma tâbi tutmazken mütekellimîn usul âlimleri bunları âm lafza bitişik ve ondan ayrı oluşlarına göre iki kategoride incelemişlerdir. Muttasıl tahsis delilleri, tek başına mâna ifade etmeyen ve kendisine bitiştiği sözle alâkası bulunan lafızlardır. Bu deliller çoğunluk tarafından istisna, şart, sıfat ve gaye olarak sayılmış, İbnü’l-Hâcib bunlara bedelü’l-ba‘zı, Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî hal, temyiz, zaman zarfı, mekân zarfı, câr ile mecrur, mef‘ûl li-eclih ve mef‘ûl maahı, Birmâvî ise atf-ı beyânı ilâve etmiştir. Munfasıl tahsis delilleri ise tek başına bir mâna ifade edebilen ve kendinden önce herhangi bir söze ihtiyaç duymayan delillerdir.
Tahsis delillerini Cessâs Kur’an, sünnet, icmâ, akıl, haber-i vâhid ve kıyas; Gazzâlî his, akıl, icmâ, hususi nas, mefhum, Hz. Peygamber’in fiil ve takriri, âdet, sahâbî mezhebi ve hususi sebep diye sıralarken Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî, Ebü’l-Hattâb el-Kelvezânî, Alâeddin es-Semerkandî ve Karâfî gibi usulcüler aklî ve naklî (şer‘î, sem‘î); Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Kādî Beyzâvî akıl, duyu ve naklî; Sadrüşşerîa söz, akıl, his ve âdet şeklinde ayırıma tâbi tutmuştur. Hissin tahsis delili olmasından maksat, duyuların âm lafzın kapsamına giren bütün fertlerin mütekellim tarafından kastedilmediğine delâlet etmesidir. Meselâ, “Biz onlara kendi katımızdan bir rızık olarak her şeyin ürünlerinin toplanıp getirildiği, güvenli, dokunulmaz bir yeri (Mekke) mekân vermedik mi?” (el-Kasas 28/57) ve, “-Belkıs’a- her şey verilmiş ve onun büyük bir tahtı var” (en-Neml 27/23) meâlindeki âyetlerde geçen “her şey” ifadesi sözü edilen bölge ve kişinin içinde bulunduğu zaman ve mekân boyutuyla sınırlı olup şâri‘ bu sınırlandırmayı baştan itibaren kastetmiştir; zira duyular, Mekke halkına ve Belkıs’a varlık âlemindeki her ürünün veya her şeyin verilmediğini gösterir. Bu örneklerde his yoluyla tahsisin kabul edilmemesi durumunda şâriin haberlerinde gerçeğe aykırılık söz konusu olurdu. Aklın tahsis delili olmasından maksat ise âm lafızla onun fertlerinden bir kısmının kastedildiğine aklın hükmetmesidir. Meselâ, “O her şeyi yarattı” âyetindeki (el-En‘âm 6/101) “her şey” tabirinin umumi ifadesi Allah’ın zât ve sıfatlarını da içermekle birlikte O’nun zât ve sıfatlarının yaratılması aklen mümkün değildir. Bu durumda söz konusu âyet, “Allah -kendi zât ve sıfatları dışında- her şeyin yaratıcısıdır” şeklinde tahsis edilir.
Usul âlimleri şer‘î delillerle tahsisi her delil bakımından ayrı ayrı tartışmıştır. Kur’an’ın Kur’an’la tahsisi görüş birliğiyle kabul edilmiştir. Usulcülerin çoğunluğu Kur’an ile mütevâtir sünnetten birinin diğerini tahsis edebileceği görüşündedir. Hanefîler’e göre meşhur sünnet hem Kur’an’ı hem sünneti tahsis edebilir. Ebû Hanîfe, Mâlik, Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel ile usulcülerin çoğunluğuna nisbet edilen bir görüşe göre haber-i vâhid gerek kitap gerekse mütevâtir veya âhâd sünnette yer alan âm nassı tahsis edebilirken bazı Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’le Iraklılar’dan bir gruba, bazı kelâmcılara ve Mu‘tezile’ye nisbet edilen bir görüşe göre ise haber-i vâhid Kur’an ve mütevâtir sünneti tahsis edemez. Îsâ b. Ebân’a göre Kur’an veya mütevâtir sünnetin umumi ifadesi kendisi gibi kati nasla tahsis edildikten sonra haber-i vâhid tarafından da tahsis edilebilir. İcmâın tahsis delili olması, Kur’an ve Sünnet’in bazı umumi ifadelerinin aslında hususi bir mânaya delâlet ettiğinin icmâ yoluyla bilinmesi demektir. İcmâı kaynak kabul eden büyük çoğunluk onun tahsis delili olacağını da kabul etmiştir. Usul âlimleri kıyası mutlak şekilde tahsis delili kabul eden veya reddedenler, bazı şartlarla kabul edenler ve bu konuda tevakkuf edenler şeklinde çeşitli gruplara ayrılmıştır. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, Şîrâzî, Gazzâlî, Râzî ve Âmidî gibi usulcüler genelde örf ve âdetin delil olmadığını, dolayısıyla tahsis etme gücünün de bulunmadığını ileri sürmüştür. Hitabın gelişiyle eş zamanlı olan amelî örfün âm nassı tahsis edeceği Hanefîler’le Mâlikîler’in çoğunluğunca kabul edilir. Başta Şâfiîler gelmek üzere usul âlimlerinin büyük bir kısmı, İslâm hukukunda gerçek delilin ancak şâriin lafızları olduğu gerekçesiyle bunu uygun bulmaz. Fakihlerin ekserisi, maslahat-ı mürselenin sübût veya delâleti kati olan âm nassı tahsis edemeyeceği kanaatindedir; ancak Necmeddin et-Tûfî’nin maslahat hakkındaki düşünceleri dolayısıyla mürsel maslahatların tahsis delili olup olamayacağı meselesi bu bağlamda önemli tartışma konularından biri haline gelmiştir (bk. Koca, İLAM Araştırma Dergisi , I/1 [1996], s. 93-122; MASLAHAT ; TÛFÎ ). Öte yandan usul kitaplarında hususi sebep, siyak, zamir, âmmın şart, istisna, sıfat veya bir hükümle takyit edilmesi, hâssın âmmın hükmüne uygun olması ve hâssın âm üzerine atfedilmesi gibi bazı karîneler tahsis delili sayılıp sayılmamaları açısından geniş bir şekilde incelenmiştir.
Tahsisle ilgili önemli tartışma konularından biri de tahsisten sonra âm lafzın fertlerinden ne kadarına delâlet edeceği ve tahsisin sınırının ne olacağı meselesidir. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin ileri sürdüğü, İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî, Gazzâlî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Seyfeddin el-Âmidî ve Kādî Beyzâvî’nin benimsediği görüşe göre âm lafızlar geride çok sayıda fert kalıncaya kadar tahsis edilebilir. Basrî ile diğer bazı usulcüler bunu belirsiz çokluk, İbnü’l-Hâcib âmmın ifade ettiği fertlere yakın bir çokluk, İbn Abdüşşekûr çoğunluk, Bahrülulûm el-Leknevî yarıdan fazla şeklinde açıklamıştır. Pezdevî, Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Sadrüşşerîa, Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî ve İbnü’l-Hümâm gibi Hanefî usulcüleri ise belirsiz çoğul sîgalarının geride üç fert kalıncaya kadar tahsis edilebileceğini ileri sürmüştür. Buna karşılık Mâlikî ve Şâfiî usulcülerinin büyük bir kısmı âm lafzın geride bir fert kalıncaya kadar tahsis edilebileceğini söylemiştir. Bu bağlamda tartışılan diğer bir konu tahsise uğrayan âm nassın mânasının hakikat mi yoksa mecaz mı olacağıdır. Bir lafzın âm olarak kabul edilebilmesi için onun istiğrak ifade etmesini şart koşanlara göre hangi şekilde tahsis edilirse edilsin ve tahsisten sonra geriye kalan ister tek ister birden çok fert olsun âm lafız mecaz sayılır. Zira cüzün yok olmasıyla bütün de yok olur ve bunun sonucunda ortada âm diye bir lafız kalmaz. Âm lafızda çokluk şartını yeterli bulanlara göre ise tahsisten sonra geride kalan fertlerin miktarı üçten aşağı ise âm lafız mecaz, üç ve daha yukarı ise hakikat olur.
Hanefîler’den Cessâs ve Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Şâfiîler’den Gazzâlî, Râzî ve Âmidî, Mâlikîler’den İbnü’l-Hâcib ve Hanbelîler’den Ebü’l-Hattâb el-Kelvezânî başta olmak üzere usul âlimlerinin çoğunluğu, âmmın tahsisten sonra geride kalan fertler hakkında hüccet sayılabilmesi için tahsis edilen kısmın belli olmasını şart koşmuştur. Bu gruba göre tahsise uğrayan fertler belirsiz ve kapalı ise tahsisten sonra geride kalan fertler bilinemeyeceği için âmmın bu meçhul fertler hakkında hüccet sayılması da söz konusu değildir. Debûsî, Pezdevî, Serahsî ve Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî başta olmak üzere Hanefî usulcülerinin çoğunluğu, tahsis edilen kısım ister mâlûm ister meçhul olsun âmmın tahsisten sonraki kısım hakkında delil olmaya devam edeceği kanaatindedir. İbnü’s-Selcî, Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî ve Ebü’l-Hasan el-Kerhî’ye göre âm lafız tahsisten sonra geride kalan kısım hakkında mücmel hale gelir ve açıklanmaya (beyan) ihtiyaç duyar. Kādî Abdülcebbâr ve Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin tercih ettiği görüşe göre âm lafız tahsisten önce beyana muhtaç değilse tahsisten sonraki kısım hakkında delil olmaya devam eder; ancak tahsisten önce beyana muhtaçsa (mücmel) tahsisten geriye kalan kısım hakkında delil sayılamaz. Esasen bu ihtilâf, âm lafzın anlamının tahsisten sonra hakikat mi yoksa mecaz mı sayılacağına ilişkin görüş ayrılığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Hakikat olduğunu savunanlar âmmın geriye kalan fertler hakkında delil olmaya devam edeceğini, mecaz olduğunu savunanlar ise âmmın geriye kalan fertler hakkında delil olmaktan çıkacağını ileri sürmüştür.
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Şevkânî, İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl , s. 12-29, 90-183.
Mustafa Zeyd, el-Maṣlaḥa fi’t-teşrîʿi’l-İslâmî ve Necmüddîn eṭ-Ṭûfî , Kahire 1964, s. 206-240.
Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, ʿİlmü uṣûli’l-fıḳh , Küveyt 1388/1968, s. 188, 218, 246.
a.mlf., Meṣâdirü’t-teşrîʿi’l-İslâmî fîmâ lâ naṣṣa fîh , Küveyt 1392/1972, s. 99-145.
M. Mustafa Şelebî, Taʿlîlü’l-aḥkâm , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 295, 296-322.
M. Saîd Ramazan el-Bûtî, Ḍavâbiṭü’l-maṣlaḥa fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1982, s. 209-213.
Ferhat Koca, İslâm Hukuk Metodolojisinde Tahsis , İstanbul 1996, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “İslâm Hukukunda Maslahat-ı Mürsele ve Necmeddin et-Tûfî’nin Bu Konudaki Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”, İLAM Araştırma Dergisi , I/1, İstanbul 1996, s. 93-122.
a.mlf., “İslâm Hukuk Usûlünde Daraltıcı Yorum Metodu Olarak Tahsis”, İslâmî Araştırmalar Dergisi , XVI/3, Ankara 2003, s. 430-443.
İdrîs Hammâdî, “Mefhûmü’t-taḫṣîṣ ʿinde’l-uṣûliyyîn”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb ve’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye , sy. 16, Fas 1412/1991, s. 23-32.
Mahmûd Sâlih Câbir, “Taḫṣîṣü’l-ʿâm bi’l-ʿörf ʿinde’l-uṣûliyyîn”, Dirâsât , XXVIII/1, Amman 1422/2001, s. 86-104.
Muhammed el-Garâyibe, “Taḫṣîṣu ʿâmmi’n-naṣṣi’ş-şerʿî bi’l-ʿörf”, el-Mecelletü’l-Ürdüniyye fi’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , I/1, Amman 1426/2005, s. 31-54.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 432-434 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.